%PDF-1.3 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 44 0 R 100 0 R 142 0 R 170 0 R 172 0 R 202 0 R 223 0 R 244 0 R 264 0 R ] /Count 10 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 144 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 12 0 R /I2 13 0 R /I3 104 0 R /I4 107 0 R /I5 110 0 R /I6 117 0 R /I7 147 0 R /I8 176 0 R /I9 179 0 R /I10 182 0 R /I11 185 0 R /I12 208 0 R /I13 231 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Creator (DOMPDF) /CreationDate (D:20180723000358+00'00') /ModDate (D:20180723000358+00'00') /Title (Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster PLOS Currents Disasters) >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 14 0 R 16 0 R 18 0 R 20 0 R 22 0 R 24 0 R 26 0 R 28 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R 36 0 R 38 0 R 40 0 R 42 0 R ] /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Length 21065 >> stream q 375.000 0 0 39.000 222.000 738.000 cm /I2 Do Q q 15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(November 1, 2011)] TJ ET BT 91.635 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Field report)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET BT 31.671 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tahmina Rahman)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman T. Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster. PLOS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currents Disasters. 2011 Nov 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1280.)] TJ ET q 15.000 14.878 577.500 622.179 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: Construction of houses in homesteads and their settings occur in the context of traditional perceptions and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practices in the rural culture of Bangladesh. Functional spaces inside and around the house are produced according to need )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over time. Inhabitants construct their houses with locally available resources and knowledge. After devastating disasters houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are delivered as products by the development agencies to quickly cater to the needs of the sufferers. The extreme poor are the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receivers and inhabitants of these new houses, which can cause significant changes in the physical and environmental )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(characteristics of the neighborhood. In this regard the building and dwelling values of the inhabitants in relation with these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses may be changed or lost. But these values are otherwise inherent characters of the rural houses in the habitations that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are shaped by the aspirations of the dwellers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods and Findings: This paper investigates how relief houses serve the needs of the extreme poor after disasters and how )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses gradually blend with the surrounding environment matching with the aspirations of the inhabitants. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methodology followed was observation of the backgrounds of the pre and post disaster situations, focus group discussions, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals, use of secondary sources, and visits to the houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 440.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during and after construction to understand the techniques and space value.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: The present practice of distribution of relief houses without involvement of the owners either in the information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sharing or building processes and without understanding owners perceptions about dwellings, may compromise the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility and hence the sustainability of relief houses. Hence, houses may only be used as temporary or transitional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 384.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, and will not be used as houses long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.302 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was done in 2008 for the thesis dissertation for Masters in Disaster Management at Postgraduate Programs in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Management, BRAC University and was funded by Oxfam GB. The project concerning Adarsha Gram at Shatkhira was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 304.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done in 2010 and was funded by UNDP.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 275.436 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses as a relief item for the extreme poor have become a major reconstruction practice in the southwestern region of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bangladesh especially after the devastating cyclone Sidr of November, 2007. Natural disasters bring significant changes to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitations and the physical environment. But in spite of the negative consequences, these massive destructions may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived as catalyst of changes that can promote the practice of aspirations of the communities associated with it.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house constructions and habitations are reflected in the reconstruction phase. But the aspirations are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived in different directions by the different stakeholders. After substantial destruction, involvement of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in rapid house constructions became necessary. It has been observed that houses are given to the recipients )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(only as relief of basic necessity. The morphology of these houses, materials used or spaces created did not always reflect the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lifestyle or the vernacular patterns of the inhabitants. The building as a product \(noun\) and building as an activity \(verb\) often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(failed to support the dwelling as a quality \(adjective\). dwelling would in any case be the end that presides over all buildings. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dwelling and building are related as ends and means. However, as long as this is all we have in mind, we take dwelling and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(building as two separate activities, an idea that has something correct in it. Yet at the same time by the means-end schema we )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(block our view of the essential relations \(Heidegger, 1971\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 283.104 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 293.946 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . The quality of dwelling of man as builder and inhabitant on his )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation and his aspirations could not always be perceived clearly in the relief houses.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In this paper I aim to explore the qualities of these relief houses as structures and how they integrate into the homesteads and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the settlement.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(November 1, 2011)] TJ ET BT 91.635 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Field report)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET BT 31.671 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tahmina Rahman)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman T. Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster. PLOS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currents Disasters. 2011 Nov 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1280.)] TJ ET q 15.000 14.878 577.500 622.179 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: Construction of houses in homesteads and their settings occur in the context of traditional perceptions and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practices in the rural culture of Bangladesh. Functional spaces inside and around the house are produced according to need )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over time. Inhabitants construct their houses with locally available resources and knowledge. After devastating disasters houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are delivered as products by the development agencies to quickly cater to the needs of the sufferers. The extreme poor are the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receivers and inhabitants of these new houses, which can cause significant changes in the physical and environmental )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(characteristics of the neighborhood. In this regard the building and dwelling values of the inhabitants in relation with these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses may be changed or lost. But these values are otherwise inherent characters of the rural houses in the habitations that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are shaped by the aspirations of the dwellers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods and Findings: This paper investigates how relief houses serve the needs of the extreme poor after disasters and how )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses gradually blend with the surrounding environment matching with the aspirations of the inhabitants. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methodology followed was observation of the backgrounds of the pre and post disaster situations, focus group discussions, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals, use of secondary sources, and visits to the houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 440.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during and after construction to understand the techniques and space value.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: The present practice of distribution of relief houses without involvement of the owners either in the information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sharing or building processes and without understanding owners perceptions about dwellings, may compromise the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility and hence the sustainability of relief houses. Hence, houses may only be used as temporary or transitional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 384.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, and will not be used as houses long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.302 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was done in 2008 for the thesis dissertation for Masters in Disaster Management at Postgraduate Programs in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Management, BRAC University and was funded by Oxfam GB. The project concerning Adarsha Gram at Shatkhira was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 304.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done in 2010 and was funded by UNDP.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 275.436 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses as a relief item for the extreme poor have become a major reconstruction practice in the southwestern region of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bangladesh especially after the devastating cyclone Sidr of November, 2007. Natural disasters bring significant changes to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitations and the physical environment. But in spite of the negative consequences, these massive destructions may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived as catalyst of changes that can promote the practice of aspirations of the communities associated with it.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house constructions and habitations are reflected in the reconstruction phase. But the aspirations are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived in different directions by the different stakeholders. After substantial destruction, involvement of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in rapid house constructions became necessary. It has been observed that houses are given to the recipients )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(only as relief of basic necessity. The morphology of these houses, materials used or spaces created did not always reflect the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lifestyle or the vernacular patterns of the inhabitants. The building as a product \(noun\) and building as an activity \(verb\) often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(failed to support the dwelling as a quality \(adjective\). dwelling would in any case be the end that presides over all buildings. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dwelling and building are related as ends and means. However, as long as this is all we have in mind, we take dwelling and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(building as two separate activities, an idea that has something correct in it. Yet at the same time by the means-end schema we )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(block our view of the essential relations \(Heidegger, 1971\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 283.104 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 293.946 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . The quality of dwelling of man as builder and inhabitant on his )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation and his aspirations could not always be perceived clearly in the relief houses.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In this paper I aim to explore the qualities of these relief houses as structures and how they integrate into the homesteads and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the settlement.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(November 1, 2011)] TJ ET BT 91.635 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Field report)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET BT 31.671 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tahmina Rahman)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman T. Aspirations and Compromises: Changes in Homestead Space Relations of the Extreme Poor after Disaster. PLOS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currents Disasters. 2011 Nov 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1280.)] TJ ET q 15.000 14.878 577.500 622.179 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: Construction of houses in homesteads and their settings occur in the context of traditional perceptions and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practices in the rural culture of Bangladesh. Functional spaces inside and around the house are produced according to need )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over time. Inhabitants construct their houses with locally available resources and knowledge. After devastating disasters houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are delivered as products by the development agencies to quickly cater to the needs of the sufferers. The extreme poor are the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receivers and inhabitants of these new houses, which can cause significant changes in the physical and environmental )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(characteristics of the neighborhood. In this regard the building and dwelling values of the inhabitants in relation with these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses may be changed or lost. But these values are otherwise inherent characters of the rural houses in the habitations that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are shaped by the aspirations of the dwellers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods and Findings: This paper investigates how relief houses serve the needs of the extreme poor after disasters and how )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses gradually blend with the surrounding environment matching with the aspirations of the inhabitants. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methodology followed was observation of the backgrounds of the pre and post disaster situations, focus group discussions, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals, use of secondary sources, and visits to the houses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 440.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during and after construction to understand the techniques and space value.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: The present practice of distribution of relief houses without involvement of the owners either in the information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sharing or building processes and without understanding owners perceptions about dwellings, may compromise the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility and hence the sustainability of relief houses. Hence, houses may only be used as temporary or transitional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 384.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, and will not be used as houses long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.302 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was done in 2008 for the thesis dissertation for Masters in Disaster Management at Postgraduate Programs in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Management, BRAC University and was funded by Oxfam GB. The project concerning Adarsha Gram at Shatkhira was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 304.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done in 2010 and was funded by UNDP.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 275.436 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses as a relief item for the extreme poor have become a major reconstruction practice in the southwestern region of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bangladesh especially after the devastating cyclone Sidr of November, 2007. Natural disasters bring significant changes to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitations and the physical environment. But in spite of the negative consequences, these massive destructions may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived as catalyst of changes that can promote the practice of aspirations of the communities associated with it.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house constructions and habitations are reflected in the reconstruction phase. But the aspirations are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(perceived in different directions by the different stakeholders. After substantial destruction, involvement of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in rapid house constructions became necessary. It has been observed that houses are given to the recipients )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(only as relief of basic necessity. The morphology of these houses, materials used or spaces created did not always reflect the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lifestyle or the vernacular patterns of the inhabitants. The building as a product \(noun\) and building as an activity \(verb\) often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(failed to support the dwelling as a quality \(adjective\). dwelling would in any case be the end that presides over all buildings. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dwelling and building are related as ends and means. However, as long as this is all we have in mind, we take dwelling and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(building as two separate activities, an idea that has something correct in it. Yet at the same time by the means-end schema we )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(block our view of the essential relations \(Heidegger, 1971\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 283.104 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 293.946 105.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . The quality of dwelling of man as builder and inhabitant on his )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation and his aspirations could not always be perceived clearly in the relief houses.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In this paper I aim to explore the qualities of these relief houses as structures and how they integrate into the homesteads and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the settlement.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Times-Italic /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 500 /Height 52 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 144>> stream x1 0 'ݲ؎"e{dzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAtlM0\ endstream endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 500 /Height 52 /SMask 12 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 3627>> stream x?b!/w N BU!@rܥ>L%|"ɾeB~qbϧG0 0 0 ü<,a ,a ,a /)܋( daKnW>'IR2 0x1ͽ{0 Z4= 4M޶mY}'IĖ2 0ָML}GQ48Iy>i("u>s6ne0 YfB;S}b 5ba,ZP՚ћuFڶ= 0{ǤbA!>m{wwW׵ApssDZdU,K:fs_׿___qykQbfMii{$̂>}JdB um{Lh'پy2c\ifZypE|,Uݝ,h4ڶ],R*\U-rQ9l PUUQ#G80aef_-mI*gߋlil-d:5ec]RUa0\ͼ$ ֌8jE%4BH\m=ϣfY )!vDL^)4axt=3*E<' _?>>.7DYt]׆0gqwр,ajmۢ(HMB$ [ U5;gfw`2R]u]GQD0g[Tt:a1J#,AU}0hwb>&8V~*ȀIH fuiah aMl7\:\>|,L5w(YqOFsoBy|<3^=6.ym۾%)~`XHnݰ‹IDs'oZ7In}wV|C%H{lDsDQ6]4jcЊͭ;*ٶv&A.09e(ji2btXɄy4?!ZEI"+Yɲy%'hZch@C+q,U1TA+FEe_R18;z.􃰢c ( H| $I.hy {ss&` 26:#(RuGQmZtJӅ˲csоj$}3#rl& j }>  ]x] ъ|G[1lfu ϛIaVz0-mvy2h܉ေA^XD`b"W#ֵU{(Y BAaDL]z_ex6 (nMOÈ%֐m`04Ԝ0aℓ.*"^=KeY~-'iM``v,Z꺞fRf1c+! 85BX,HeEљ @N^ԚG`5p |!L]U).?"l5eFQŞu]ɍK'eW/o҆&(i VM_ = E/J,;sqq0 W>rM=gdќ陞qѼ:2X;.˲j#Ņ뺮fbi\ו.u݋1mgXEQꋋ q@P%~VL0%b`eF4M}'@Sp8v;FߊdY]@u[5 (96 V0~1Gj Ňg֏= >\'ͪ$yX`!dhq%I0fF5x]t,hRˮb"3鈰@'5ؽE2>GI@ KȲLrÿ*1ȰT5ffܱYjuqqC3v(uEsI'c^چ#X,hAk"ZH6`XPW,>}fY6t^C8,Fi#nica Jzlf0 >سX,)m_Bs' c oN c>TT'%x&ߘ fi$W܇g[@ mDZ7]:RQjƘ.ğ$:؝, s{HzxqZKmF|Ϗ~p7@ {1$Xu}p(ĉzZaJ%i&0L@#\}GaT~tTQ,asEOxhy.?,aC9oqE=MS9I%8~WmdG:agO\\$,yHg^Ab%Ĩ7Z}џd2!YmN0X-#*ڈ/&W4MAYT?3;f udJ 6%ag9IxINlȦ|[+ ٘{R0' uT?NP%A wD&1=4L&ĵg-G)+0*V} 62T75yiۣrѰڳ>$'?B'IeY0K1WH]NkiR m<˭XF.xaijT==}~&;ہHA7| \( s\? ~_{ޒ{ O?^AVtї~g~~mVfS XtU6wMUv8|xxG-ü[A܆m!g۾勜*N5,sP=0 cibCub=2xa? 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focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussions; drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals; use of secondary sources; visits to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses during the construction phase and after to understand the techniques used and how the spaces provided by these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses provide value and match with the aspirations of the inhabitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.793 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Study Setting)] TJ ET BT 26.250 594.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was carried out in some villages at Sarankhola upazilla of Bagerhat district in Bangladesh during the reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(period after cyclone Sidr in 2007, during the monsoon of 2008 \(Rahman, T, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 380.136 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([2])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 390.978 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Bagerhat was declared as one of the four )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worst affected districts in the cyclone with 118,899 houses totally and 130,675 partially damaged \(MoFDM, 2008\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 512.882 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [3])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 526.435 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported to be among the maximum \(GoB, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 239.219 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([4] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 252.772 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Sarankhola suffered most of the damage including casualty, house and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other infrastructural damages.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses distributed at the selected region by BRAC \(with two of its models\), Islamic Development Bank and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 515.910 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid were selected as case studies. Data was collected from the field from the users and craftsmen with limited )] TJ ET BT 26.250 504.006 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of open ended interviews and transect walk.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.403 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 447.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the ones who are unable to meet the minimum standards of basic needs, do not have a secure source of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 435.544 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income, are obliged to spend most of the earning on food but fail to fulfill the minimum calorie intake, and are in poor health that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(negatively affects their condition and resources \(Abed, F, H, in Matin, I and Walker, S, 2004\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 424.011 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [5])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.564 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 404.235 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor live in the most basic form of shelter with materials mostly natural and collected from the surroundings where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the quality of space is constantly changing as a result of its repair and renewal \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2006\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.797 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([6])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.639 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.425 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a normal process in the development with decay and regeneration. Spaces frequently change their quality and function in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.520 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(approach. After a disaster, on the contrary, the functional and spatial characters of habitation and the associated spaces are lost )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.616 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to some extent which needs to be readdressed soon for the sake of the habitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.211 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house construction of the inhabitants are reflected in the indigenous practices of a locality, the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(values and customs, space use patterns, materials and methods used \(Baqee, 1998\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 395.307 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([7])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 406.149 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Aspirations of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations concerned with relief houses can be perceived through the approaches, target groups and extents exercised in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field \(IFRC, 2007, UN-HABITAT and IFRC, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.618 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([8] [9])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.012 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . As the scale of rebuilding after major disasters is massive and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.592 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be completed within a short time, the possibilities to blend the potentialities of the both stake holders are often not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(explored fully. This creates gaps in the process of sustainability \(OBrien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 478.728 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([10])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 494.991 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It has been observed from different field experiences that the recipients know best what they need \(Oxfam America, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 554.622 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([11])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.885 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But it is often that the relief operations are driven as such that the specific needs of the recipients cannot be addressed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 234.473 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(package either in the product or the process manner.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 197.870 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Settlement, Homestead and Inhabitants)] TJ ET BT 26.250 177.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The settlement pattern in the studied region is dispersed because of the geographical setting and livelihood pattern. It is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surrounded by lowlands submerged in water most of the year, except in winter. The dispersion may also occur as the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inhabitants do not have large amount of common properties to share or guard. Higher density and squatter-like linear )] TJ ET BT 26.250 142.202 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(settlements occur near the embankments because of scarcity of high land that is free from the risk of flooding. Livelihood is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 130.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(share cropping, collection of shrimp fries from lowlands, and seasonal collection of forest materials from the Sundarbans, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mangrove forest.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The limited road network connects only a small portion of the locality. Most of the roads are unpaved. During focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussion and drawing the inhabitants of a village drew a map of the paved road of the locality showing connections of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.178 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses of affluent persons to present an idea of the built environment \(Fig: 3\). The main transport in the paved road is rickshaw )] TJ ET BT 26.250 63.273 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(van.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 53.392 577.500 723.608 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Objective and Methodology)] TJ ET BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The objective of the paper is to investigate how relief houses serve the needs of the very poor after disasters, in the context of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 718.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster relief and in addition to understand how is used, and how these relief houses gradually blend with the surrounding )] TJ ET BT 26.250 706.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environment and match with the aspirations of the inhabitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The methodology was observation to understand the backgrounds of the pre and post disaster situations ; focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussions; drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals; use of secondary sources; visits to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses during the construction phase and after to understand the techniques used and how the spaces provided by these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses provide value and match with the aspirations of the inhabitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.793 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Study Setting)] TJ ET BT 26.250 594.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was carried out in some villages at Sarankhola upazilla of Bagerhat district in Bangladesh during the reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(period after cyclone Sidr in 2007, during the monsoon of 2008 \(Rahman, T, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 380.136 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([2])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 390.978 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Bagerhat was declared as one of the four )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worst affected districts in the cyclone with 118,899 houses totally and 130,675 partially damaged \(MoFDM, 2008\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 512.882 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [3])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 526.435 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported to be among the maximum \(GoB, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 239.219 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([4] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 252.772 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Sarankhola suffered most of the damage including casualty, house and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other infrastructural damages.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses distributed at the selected region by BRAC \(with two of its models\), Islamic Development Bank and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 515.910 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid were selected as case studies. Data was collected from the field from the users and craftsmen with limited )] TJ ET BT 26.250 504.006 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of open ended interviews and transect walk.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.403 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 447.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the ones who are unable to meet the minimum standards of basic needs, do not have a secure source of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 435.544 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income, are obliged to spend most of the earning on food but fail to fulfill the minimum calorie intake, and are in poor health that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(negatively affects their condition and resources \(Abed, F, H, in Matin, I and Walker, S, 2004\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 424.011 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [5])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.564 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 404.235 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor live in the most basic form of shelter with materials mostly natural and collected from the surroundings where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the quality of space is constantly changing as a result of its repair and renewal \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2006\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.797 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([6])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.639 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.425 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a normal process in the development with decay and regeneration. Spaces frequently change their quality and function in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.520 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(approach. After a disaster, on the contrary, the functional and spatial characters of habitation and the associated spaces are lost )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.616 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to some extent which needs to be readdressed soon for the sake of the habitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.211 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house construction of the inhabitants are reflected in the indigenous practices of a locality, the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(values and customs, space use patterns, materials and methods used \(Baqee, 1998\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 395.307 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([7])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 406.149 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Aspirations of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations concerned with relief houses can be perceived through the approaches, target groups and extents exercised in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field \(IFRC, 2007, UN-HABITAT and IFRC, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.618 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([8] [9])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.012 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . As the scale of rebuilding after major disasters is massive and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.592 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be completed within a short time, the possibilities to blend the potentialities of the both stake holders are often not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(explored fully. This creates gaps in the process of sustainability \(OBrien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 478.728 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([10])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 494.991 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It has been observed from different field experiences that the recipients know best what they need \(Oxfam America, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 554.622 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([11])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.885 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But it is often that the relief operations are driven as such that the specific needs of the recipients cannot be addressed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 234.473 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(package either in the product or the process manner.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 197.870 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Settlement, Homestead and Inhabitants)] TJ ET BT 26.250 177.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The settlement pattern in the studied region is dispersed because of the geographical setting and livelihood pattern. It is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surrounded by lowlands submerged in water most of the year, except in winter. The dispersion may also occur as the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inhabitants do not have large amount of common properties to share or guard. Higher density and squatter-like linear )] TJ ET BT 26.250 142.202 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(settlements occur near the embankments because of scarcity of high land that is free from the risk of flooding. Livelihood is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 130.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(share cropping, collection of shrimp fries from lowlands, and seasonal collection of forest materials from the Sundarbans, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mangrove forest.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The limited road network connects only a small portion of the locality. Most of the roads are unpaved. During focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussion and drawing the inhabitants of a village drew a map of the paved road of the locality showing connections of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.178 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses of affluent persons to present an idea of the built environment \(Fig: 3\). The main transport in the paved road is rickshaw )] TJ ET BT 26.250 63.273 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(van.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 53.392 577.500 723.608 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Objective and Methodology)] TJ ET BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The objective of the paper is to investigate how relief houses serve the needs of the very poor after disasters, in the context of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 718.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster relief and in addition to understand how is used, and how these relief houses gradually blend with the surrounding )] TJ ET BT 26.250 706.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environment and match with the aspirations of the inhabitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The methodology was observation to understand the backgrounds of the pre and post disaster situations ; focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussions; drawings sessions and interviews with the inhabitants, craftsmen and locals; use of secondary sources; visits to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses during the construction phase and after to understand the techniques used and how the spaces provided by these )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses provide value and match with the aspirations of the inhabitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.793 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Study Setting)] TJ ET BT 26.250 594.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study was carried out in some villages at Sarankhola upazilla of Bagerhat district in Bangladesh during the reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(period after cyclone Sidr in 2007, during the monsoon of 2008 \(Rahman, T, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 380.136 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([2])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 390.978 582.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Bagerhat was declared as one of the four )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worst affected districts in the cyclone with 118,899 houses totally and 130,675 partially damaged \(MoFDM, 2008\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 512.882 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [3])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 526.435 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported to be among the maximum \(GoB, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 239.219 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([4] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 252.772 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Sarankhola suffered most of the damage including casualty, house and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other infrastructural damages.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses distributed at the selected region by BRAC \(with two of its models\), Islamic Development Bank and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 515.910 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid were selected as case studies. Data was collected from the field from the users and craftsmen with limited )] TJ ET BT 26.250 504.006 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of open ended interviews and transect walk.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.403 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 447.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the ones who are unable to meet the minimum standards of basic needs, do not have a secure source of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 435.544 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income, are obliged to spend most of the earning on food but fail to fulfill the minimum calorie intake, and are in poor health that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(negatively affects their condition and resources \(Abed, F, H, in Matin, I and Walker, S, 2004\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 424.011 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [5])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.564 423.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 404.235 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor live in the most basic form of shelter with materials mostly natural and collected from the surroundings where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the quality of space is constantly changing as a result of its repair and renewal \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2006\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.797 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([6])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.639 392.330 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . This is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.425 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a normal process in the development with decay and regeneration. Spaces frequently change their quality and function in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.520 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(approach. After a disaster, on the contrary, the functional and spatial characters of habitation and the associated spaces are lost )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.616 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to some extent which needs to be readdressed soon for the sake of the habitants.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.211 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aspirations concerning house construction of the inhabitants are reflected in the indigenous practices of a locality, the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(values and customs, space use patterns, materials and methods used \(Baqee, 1998\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 395.307 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([7])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 406.149 325.306 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Aspirations of development )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations concerned with relief houses can be perceived through the approaches, target groups and extents exercised in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field \(IFRC, 2007, UN-HABITAT and IFRC, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.618 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([8] [9])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.012 301.497 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . As the scale of rebuilding after major disasters is massive and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.592 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be completed within a short time, the possibilities to blend the potentialities of the both stake holders are often not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(explored fully. This creates gaps in the process of sustainability \(OBrien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 478.728 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([10])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 494.991 277.687 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It has been observed from different field experiences that the recipients know best what they need \(Oxfam America, 2010\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 554.622 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([11])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.885 258.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But it is often that the relief operations are driven as such that the specific needs of the recipients cannot be addressed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 234.473 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(package either in the product or the process manner.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 197.870 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(The Settlement, Homestead and Inhabitants)] TJ ET BT 26.250 177.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The settlement pattern in the studied region is dispersed because of the geographical setting and livelihood pattern. It is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surrounded by lowlands submerged in water most of the year, except in winter. The dispersion may also occur as the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inhabitants do not have large amount of common properties to share or guard. Higher density and squatter-like linear )] TJ ET BT 26.250 142.202 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(settlements occur near the embankments because of scarcity of high land that is free from the risk of flooding. Livelihood is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 130.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(share cropping, collection of shrimp fries from lowlands, and seasonal collection of forest materials from the Sundarbans, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mangrove forest.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The limited road network connects only a small portion of the locality. Most of the roads are unpaved. During focus group )] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(discussion and drawing the inhabitants of a village drew a map of the paved road of the locality showing connections of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.178 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses of affluent persons to present an idea of the built environment \(Fig: 3\). The main transport in the paved road is rickshaw )] TJ ET BT 26.250 63.273 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(van.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(2)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 47 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 380.1360 582.0323 390.9780 591.9529 ] >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 49 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 512.8822 570.1276 526.4348 580.0482 ] >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 51 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 239.2192 558.2228 252.7717 568.1434 ] >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 53 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 424.0110 422.7376 437.5635 432.6582 ] >> endobj 53 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 54 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 55 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 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15.000 -111.155 577.500 888.155 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 674.345 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 674.345 m 581.250 674.345 l 581.250 675.095 l 26.250 675.095 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 709.500 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 685.595 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 693.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Rickshaw vans, the main transport and paved roads in the community)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 564.190 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 666.845 m 581.250 666.845 l 581.250 666.095 l 26.250 666.095 l f 26.250 564.190 m 581.250 564.190 l 581.250 564.940 l 26.250 564.940 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 599.345 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 575.440 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 583.821 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Houses with natural materials)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 344.536 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 556.690 m 581.250 556.690 l 581.250 555.940 l 26.250 555.940 l f 26.250 344.536 m 581.250 344.536 l 581.250 345.286 l 26.250 345.286 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 379.690 cm /I5 Do Q q 35.250 355.786 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 364.167 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Diagram from Focus Group Drawing and Discussion showing road network)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 327.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Homesteads are on plinths made from mud gathered from surrounding. It is sticky and gets hard when dry. The house is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 315.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprised of one large structure with rooms inside it, it may be one or two storied. Only toilet and kitchen are outside this main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house structure. Mostly locally available primary and natural materials are used for house constructions. Wood is abundantly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used both as frame and walling materials that is gathered from the harvest of social forestry and from the forest. Thatch )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.893 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials, palm fronds, sun grass and nipa leaves \(from nipa palm, grows in mangrove environment\) are extensively used as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filler material and for roofing by the poor.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 248.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses of the extreme poor have one or two rooms under a common roof. Hipped roof is preferred as it gets less damage in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(strong wind \(Agrawal, A, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 162.262 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([12])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Verandas are important in part for multipurpose uses like social gathering, and for keeping )] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(goats and chickens. Verandas can be covered to be used as extra room. This semi covered space is called pashchati in local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 212.869 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tongue. The roof of the veranda is structurally separate from the roof of the main house over the pashcahti. These usually do )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not share same angles. It has the best record of wind resistance in cyclone \(Seraj, S, M and Ahmed, K, I, 2004\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 508.563 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([13] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.536 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Plinth height is low. This may be a result of people not digging enough ponds and thus not using the excavated earth for plinth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.655 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction. Ponds are not common in the habitations in this region like the other regions of the country as pond water gets )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(saline if it is at level with the ground water table.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Grain and other valuables are stored inside the houses on platform over the head space. In this way it remains safe in case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 126.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is flooding in high tide or storm surge.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Columns are not embedded inside the mud plinth with a footing, but these remain free standing over burnt clay plates on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(edge of the plinth. It is traditionally constructed in this manner. So if the houses are carried away in strong current in a storm, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure would have minimum damage and can be put back over the plinth again.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -111.155 555.000 184.500 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 73.345 m 581.250 73.345 l 581.250 72.595 l 26.250 72.595 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 -105.155 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 -111.155 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -111.155 577.500 888.155 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 674.345 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 674.345 m 581.250 674.345 l 581.250 675.095 l 26.250 675.095 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 709.500 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 685.595 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 693.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Rickshaw vans, the main transport and paved roads in the community)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 564.190 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 666.845 m 581.250 666.845 l 581.250 666.095 l 26.250 666.095 l f 26.250 564.190 m 581.250 564.190 l 581.250 564.940 l 26.250 564.940 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 599.345 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 575.440 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 583.821 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Houses with natural materials)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 344.536 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 556.690 m 581.250 556.690 l 581.250 555.940 l 26.250 555.940 l f 26.250 344.536 m 581.250 344.536 l 581.250 345.286 l 26.250 345.286 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 379.690 cm /I5 Do Q q 35.250 355.786 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 364.167 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Diagram from Focus Group Drawing and Discussion showing road network)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 327.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Homesteads are on plinths made from mud gathered from surrounding. It is sticky and gets hard when dry. The house is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 315.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprised of one large structure with rooms inside it, it may be one or two storied. Only toilet and kitchen are outside this main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house structure. Mostly locally available primary and natural materials are used for house constructions. Wood is abundantly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used both as frame and walling materials that is gathered from the harvest of social forestry and from the forest. Thatch )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.893 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials, palm fronds, sun grass and nipa leaves \(from nipa palm, grows in mangrove environment\) are extensively used as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filler material and for roofing by the poor.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 248.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses of the extreme poor have one or two rooms under a common roof. Hipped roof is preferred as it gets less damage in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(strong wind \(Agrawal, A, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 162.262 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([12])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Verandas are important in part for multipurpose uses like social gathering, and for keeping )] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(goats and chickens. Verandas can be covered to be used as extra room. This semi covered space is called pashchati in local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 212.869 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tongue. The roof of the veranda is structurally separate from the roof of the main house over the pashcahti. These usually do )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not share same angles. It has the best record of wind resistance in cyclone \(Seraj, S, M and Ahmed, K, I, 2004\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 508.563 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([13] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.536 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Plinth height is low. This may be a result of people not digging enough ponds and thus not using the excavated earth for plinth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.655 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction. Ponds are not common in the habitations in this region like the other regions of the country as pond water gets )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(saline if it is at level with the ground water table.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Grain and other valuables are stored inside the houses on platform over the head space. In this way it remains safe in case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 126.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is flooding in high tide or storm surge.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Columns are not embedded inside the mud plinth with a footing, but these remain free standing over burnt clay plates on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(edge of the plinth. It is traditionally constructed in this manner. So if the houses are carried away in strong current in a storm, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure would have minimum damage and can be put back over the plinth again.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -111.155 555.000 184.500 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 73.345 m 581.250 73.345 l 581.250 72.595 l 26.250 72.595 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 -105.155 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 -111.155 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -111.155 577.500 888.155 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 674.345 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 674.345 m 581.250 674.345 l 581.250 675.095 l 26.250 675.095 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 709.500 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 685.595 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 693.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Rickshaw vans, the main transport and paved roads in the community)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 564.190 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 666.845 m 581.250 666.845 l 581.250 666.095 l 26.250 666.095 l f 26.250 564.190 m 581.250 564.190 l 581.250 564.940 l 26.250 564.940 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 599.345 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 575.440 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 583.821 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Houses with natural materials)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 344.536 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 556.690 m 581.250 556.690 l 581.250 555.940 l 26.250 555.940 l f 26.250 344.536 m 581.250 344.536 l 581.250 345.286 l 26.250 345.286 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 379.690 cm /I5 Do Q q 35.250 355.786 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 364.167 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Diagram from Focus Group Drawing and Discussion showing road network)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 327.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Homesteads are on plinths made from mud gathered from surrounding. It is sticky and gets hard when dry. The house is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 315.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprised of one large structure with rooms inside it, it may be one or two storied. Only toilet and kitchen are outside this main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house structure. Mostly locally available primary and natural materials are used for house constructions. Wood is abundantly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used both as frame and walling materials that is gathered from the harvest of social forestry and from the forest. Thatch )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.893 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials, palm fronds, sun grass and nipa leaves \(from nipa palm, grows in mangrove environment\) are extensively used as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filler material and for roofing by the poor.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 248.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses of the extreme poor have one or two rooms under a common roof. Hipped roof is preferred as it gets less damage in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(strong wind \(Agrawal, A, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 162.262 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([12])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 236.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Verandas are important in part for multipurpose uses like social gathering, and for keeping )] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(goats and chickens. Verandas can be covered to be used as extra room. This semi covered space is called pashchati in local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 212.869 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tongue. The roof of the veranda is structurally separate from the roof of the main house over the pashcahti. These usually do )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not share same angles. It has the best record of wind resistance in cyclone \(Seraj, S, M and Ahmed, K, I, 2004\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 508.563 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([13] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.536 200.964 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Plinth height is low. This may be a result of people not digging enough ponds and thus not using the excavated earth for plinth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.655 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction. Ponds are not common in the habitations in this region like the other regions of the country as pond water gets )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(saline if it is at level with the ground water table.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Grain and other valuables are stored inside the houses on platform over the head space. In this way it remains safe in case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 126.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is flooding in high tide or storm surge.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Columns are not embedded inside the mud plinth with a footing, but these remain free standing over burnt clay plates on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(edge of the plinth. It is traditionally constructed in this manner. So if the houses are carried away in strong current in a storm, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure would have minimum damage and can be put back over the plinth again.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -111.155 555.000 184.500 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 73.345 m 581.250 73.345 l 581.250 72.595 l 26.250 72.595 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 -105.155 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 -111.155 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 709.500 cm /I3 Do Q q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 599.345 cm /I4 Do Q q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 379.690 cm /I5 Do Q q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 -105.155 cm /I6 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 102 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 103 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 709.5000 260.2500 767.2500 ] >> endobj 103 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2011/11/fig1.jpg) >> endobj 104 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 77 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 10666>> stream JFIF;CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), quality = 90 C     C   M," }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?41}g>C $h68 ۨc+\AlmKؕ,`=녻O+%Ք`?1Xx^ko~F׵Kiac< aӚgy]Ү?hi F0x9jCM[krA? 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Timber and fruit trees are much appreciated as homestead plants for promotion of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 718.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social forestry. The fabric of the settlements is natural because of house construction materials being gathered from nature and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinctive green surroundings. This texture changes through the repair and maintenance activities but these are also in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 695.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(harmony with the seasonal changes.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 473.071 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 685.226 m 581.250 685.226 l 581.250 684.476 l 26.250 684.476 l f 26.250 473.072 m 581.250 473.072 l 581.250 473.822 l 26.250 473.822 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 508.226 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 484.322 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 492.702 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Homestead planning in the habitat)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 456.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the natural settlement, neighbors are isolated. Social customs do not encourage the females to participate in outdoor )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activities like farming or fishing. 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Homestead mounds were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 339.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damaged by surge water; the landscape remained unfit for rebuilding for a long time. Destruction of the Sundarbans and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(prohibition on collection of forest materials for the forest to re-grow \(The Daily Star, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.149 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([14] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 432.123 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(added to the scarcity of house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction materials.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(As property and livelihood was exceedingly damaged, large scale interventions in reconstructions became necessary. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(development organizations involved in reconstruction chose model designs for house structures and industry produced )] TJ ET BT 26.250 272.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials for building construction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In three of these case studies model houses designed by consultants were provided as grants except the DanChurchAid one, in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which the owners made their houses with a limited amount of money and C I \(corrugated iron\) sheet received as grants for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house construction. Quality control was facilitated by the providing NGOs or their local partners. It was agreed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh Shelter Recovery Strategy \(Shelter Coordination Group, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 419.136 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([15])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.399 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that shelter assistance would be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shifted from providing houses to the affected families to involving the community in decisions and actions helping them in better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coping ability and resilience.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Some of the features of these houses are described in the table:)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 86.467 555.000 78.263 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 163.604 177.080 0.750 re f 203.705 163.604 116.715 0.750 re f 26.625 132.723 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(BRAC House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 163.604 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 101.842 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 319.670 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Islamic Development )] TJ ET BT 324.920 138.618 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Bank House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 163.604 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 101.842 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 441.968 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 132.723 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Hipped roofed house)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.723 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Gabled roof house)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 86.467 577.500 690.533 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 747.845 555.000 29.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 747.845 m 581.250 747.845 l 581.250 748.595 l 26.250 748.595 l f q 35.250 759.095 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: wooden column in a traditional house)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 730.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The physical environment is intensely green. Timber and fruit trees are much appreciated as homestead plants for promotion of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 718.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social forestry. The fabric of the settlements is natural because of house construction materials being gathered from nature and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinctive green surroundings. This texture changes through the repair and maintenance activities but these are also in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 695.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(harmony with the seasonal changes.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 473.071 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 685.226 m 581.250 685.226 l 581.250 684.476 l 26.250 684.476 l f 26.250 473.072 m 581.250 473.072 l 581.250 473.822 l 26.250 473.822 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 508.226 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 484.322 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 492.702 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Homestead planning in the habitat)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 456.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the natural settlement, neighbors are isolated. Social customs do not encourage the females to participate in outdoor )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activities like farming or fishing. Moreover they are occasionally obliged to live without the male guardians taking care of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(family during November to February, the forest materials collecting season as the males are often in the forest then. But )] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(females in groups go far to fetch drinking water as many places lack services to distribute drinking water such as tube wells and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(community ponds. Tube wells are not popular because of the contamination of salinity in the water table.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.826 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Case Studies)] TJ ET BT 26.250 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Apart from damage to life and properties, many trees were destroyed in the cyclone \(GoB, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 444.603 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([4])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.445 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Homestead mounds were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 339.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damaged by surge water; the landscape remained unfit for rebuilding for a long time. Destruction of the Sundarbans and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(prohibition on collection of forest materials for the forest to re-grow \(The Daily Star, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.149 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([14] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 432.123 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(added to the scarcity of house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction materials.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(As property and livelihood was exceedingly damaged, large scale interventions in reconstructions became necessary. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(development organizations involved in reconstruction chose model designs for house structures and industry produced )] TJ ET BT 26.250 272.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials for building construction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In three of these case studies model houses designed by consultants were provided as grants except the DanChurchAid one, in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which the owners made their houses with a limited amount of money and C I \(corrugated iron\) sheet received as grants for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house construction. Quality control was facilitated by the providing NGOs or their local partners. It was agreed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh Shelter Recovery Strategy \(Shelter Coordination Group, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 419.136 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([15])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.399 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that shelter assistance would be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shifted from providing houses to the affected families to involving the community in decisions and actions helping them in better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coping ability and resilience.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Some of the features of these houses are described in the table:)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 86.467 555.000 78.263 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 163.604 177.080 0.750 re f 203.705 163.604 116.715 0.750 re f 26.625 132.723 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(BRAC House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 163.604 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 101.842 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 319.670 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Islamic Development )] TJ ET BT 324.920 138.618 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Bank House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 163.604 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 101.842 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 441.968 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 132.723 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Hipped roofed house)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.723 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Gabled roof house)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 86.467 577.500 690.533 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 747.845 555.000 29.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 747.845 m 581.250 747.845 l 581.250 748.595 l 26.250 748.595 l f q 35.250 759.095 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: wooden column in a traditional house)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 730.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The physical environment is intensely green. Timber and fruit trees are much appreciated as homestead plants for promotion of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 718.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social forestry. The fabric of the settlements is natural because of house construction materials being gathered from nature and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinctive green surroundings. This texture changes through the repair and maintenance activities but these are also in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 695.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(harmony with the seasonal changes.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 473.071 555.000 212.155 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 685.226 m 581.250 685.226 l 581.250 684.476 l 26.250 684.476 l f 26.250 473.072 m 581.250 473.072 l 581.250 473.822 l 26.250 473.822 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 508.226 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 484.322 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 492.702 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Homestead planning in the habitat)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 456.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the natural settlement, neighbors are isolated. Social customs do not encourage the females to participate in outdoor )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activities like farming or fishing. Moreover they are occasionally obliged to live without the male guardians taking care of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(family during November to February, the forest materials collecting season as the males are often in the forest then. But )] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(females in groups go far to fetch drinking water as many places lack services to distribute drinking water such as tube wells and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(community ponds. Tube wells are not popular because of the contamination of salinity in the water table.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.826 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Case Studies)] TJ ET BT 26.250 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Apart from damage to life and properties, many trees were destroyed in the cyclone \(GoB, 2008\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 444.603 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([4])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.445 351.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . Homestead mounds were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 339.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damaged by surge water; the landscape remained unfit for rebuilding for a long time. Destruction of the Sundarbans and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(prohibition on collection of forest materials for the forest to re-grow \(The Daily Star, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.149 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([14] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 432.123 328.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(added to the scarcity of house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 316.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(construction materials.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(As property and livelihood was exceedingly damaged, large scale interventions in reconstructions became necessary. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(development organizations involved in reconstruction chose model designs for house structures and industry produced )] TJ ET BT 26.250 272.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(materials for building construction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In three of these case studies model houses designed by consultants were provided as grants except the DanChurchAid one, in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which the owners made their houses with a limited amount of money and C I \(corrugated iron\) sheet received as grants for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house construction. Quality control was facilitated by the providing NGOs or their local partners. It was agreed in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh Shelter Recovery Strategy \(Shelter Coordination Group, 2007\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 419.136 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([15])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.399 217.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that shelter assistance would be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shifted from providing houses to the affected families to involving the community in decisions and actions helping them in better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coping ability and resilience.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Some of the features of these houses are described in the table:)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 86.467 555.000 78.263 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 163.604 177.080 0.750 re f 203.705 163.604 116.715 0.750 re f 26.625 132.723 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(BRAC House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 163.604 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 101.842 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 319.670 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Islamic Development )] TJ ET BT 324.920 138.618 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Bank House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 163.604 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 101.842 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 133.098 0.750 31.256 re f 441.968 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 580.125 101.842 0.750 31.256 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 146.249 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DanChurchAid House)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 132.723 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Hipped roofed house)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.723 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 101.842 0.750 31.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 115.368 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Gabled roof house)] TJ ET Q q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 508.226 cm /I7 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(4)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 144 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 145 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 146 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 508.2262 260.2500 675.4762 ] >> endobj 146 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2011/11/fig5.jpg) >> endobj 147 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 223 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 31319>> stream JFIF;CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), quality = 90 C     C   ," }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?4_BgfabCƏ)[oB5o>[h{=[7Hc2H˱?ZgkhScOͻ^>-M9cAEN>g] M)#F%#gw2 W׎yi^ 6S[Ɣ|=7o?l?6أ1U`gUi>[2Ji9\7~uy-Dkm n+4^\n,mz~[$!u{ ʢ6؍('2ÓҺ+xz)M $rFAE|O+|M4yGbo俓 !Vhǘ;v(,I_P4_h Op>gf\_*Ko :{j{JOF[;c j?(|=&$~y,7O Z! + G#汼'Jo5",6IW$ u ˳jI CzoȠG=9n&/+}[嶡my$oq lcp㡪z"gyR#;# 2{dPp{ϫ_W˫u%tۋ׎I3+$]G'jIa֣uFI5r;p4 Cf4?ٿ]5=NT7P(`x8r3PO%]3HcWnV*Ҁ1}~c][Η=ƝGixW'́gٽVёY[ 8 ;n7ng{4W6񌼰ܗUH>_ |FbMat˴η|;#zhk ]2I+okƀOTŤ[-˛k9Yae v$'!my=Oh~)o|SzGiH'!Td#3Or_|@l5]7VϚ{Yn,m^66C8f#AEjӛgdU,|w$@ '9'h.d夑hrrxj Qz|  Pdcs)!t$t۴kMU $nOLc]?y1S|W=3Ȥ7#ʏ~cfbv{m;+*Or^wO)qz2 nYx|ϾyU2$*_ʾO/%`'Q"հ090m?jI,V7* y'4_ !^.$^<"5fdwm( 2O#4], >#yJ}}k2)o,mbK`Um)*YNqs<9a[ڣ8v yڰzכ3]]($|5,RWu>אxߏ<-ks}]/Jȉk} 3t^IyHq+nsozQ2L*ps q\ݮ,ae;BuA.NG4xsp@2xL~$mm m-JT (RY<wC֡{ka$ !",1ïLڿ[o9)-2D#G݇hM{H]_&k f'tF]%a`cLa {7vTA6 $)Ar=*ni$*^(Dy%7ch>|D֧!oǮAO5&e8a2Y do℞[K^3HϾG<*"o%{U $ :6PPwIdqy$ttbKiu d1RYGB0A ( UOKg;iLɞ~p2$_k^$+"v &bL:AWyt}VVSXidX3" 1U@2I$cOu_D'~7xQA-vwOo qW#`7+ƃT'p3ɚgMo>#m4.Mw}$,P.#Us$kBT1ƤE㑵W!a${$pO"x#OwE= K7䎤W&oaC[xGCik,zFKr]Г*CuC fHJ 9rQRK6:\$$1,q)l5udY1\Mr"$'˕G(*\X<9{1FyeDwAԀp;A>xo6o5 ּsy y|qcǍ Smɩ sUaٲ01\i?_Py/EjD>808s>}#]!4I9M=#HڡrI82tR q:qd14qRpX^hCDW<op_^[{ ,cr[ D)9)nTO#= xYMFPLۀ1#mQ?«/y2xL{_[Bm/!z$nSynI!epE{t[ XV Ake^o?|/}aGar.MẀNT3y8ZnzuLvp 6>^: "" cPcx⿉6>#SL ?et;We-`q$k~z֩ [^\[1rG M]@0GvyApX`U0aG=y&L'BaPB>z}RK}cfvֲ u TRkom6% Fx8VAi_yU_pS n=(T$d?PɭZŪ%,pOSU^Ai{$p(vm]da@,@9jXuKDI?uN okbnw̰F bFI$tNq55h-#Җ?ʓ3Nϑv'-io|-$W}p=3J Mvhyn?z2=M֡ro,YNH=:=A1Hϫ T#{G$l`wg? 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It was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed before the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(new model with better )] TJ ET BT 208.580 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wind resistance was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(introduced.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 776.625 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 441.968 776.625 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was implemented )] TJ ET BT 447.218 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through Dustho Shasthya )] TJ ET BT 447.218 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kendra \(DSK\). Twenty )] TJ ET BT 447.218 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka and eighteen )] TJ ET BT 447.218 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bundles of C I sheets were )] TJ ET BT 447.218 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided as relief package )] TJ ET BT 447.218 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for house construction.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 699.956 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a room of fifteen feet by ten )] TJ ET BT 31.875 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feet, with a veranda of fifteen feet by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five feet at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 699.956 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Floor areas of both of )] TJ ET BT 208.580 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(same.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 699.956 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a main room with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an extended portion, but )] TJ ET BT 324.920 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(this could not be defined )] TJ ET BT 324.920 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a verandah or serve )] TJ ET BT 324.920 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as one.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 699.956 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There was no set house )] TJ ET BT 447.218 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(model to follow. Recipients )] TJ ET BT 447.218 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(had freedom to choose size, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(form and materials )] TJ ET BT 447.218 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(according to need and also )] TJ ET BT 447.218 644.445 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(add own resources.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.919 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a hipped roof over the main )] TJ ET BT 31.875 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house, and a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah, both of C I sheet. These )] TJ ET BT 31.875 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two roofs were separate entities with )] TJ ET BT 31.875 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separate timber frames.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 630.919 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof )] TJ ET BT 208.580 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over the main room and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah. The )] TJ ET BT 208.580 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah roof was an )] TJ ET BT 208.580 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension of the main )] TJ ET BT 208.580 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roof sharing the same )] TJ ET BT 208.580 560.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(frame and angle.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 630.919 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an addition lean to )] TJ ET BT 324.920 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension. These two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roofs were separate from )] TJ ET BT 324.920 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(one another. The eave of )] TJ ET BT 324.920 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the roof at the front was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extended.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 630.919 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 580.125 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 26.625 546.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had four RCC pillars of four inch by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(four inch thickness and ten feet height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at the corners. These were )] TJ ET BT 31.875 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded three feet below the plinth, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and tied to a ten inch wide RCC base )] TJ ET BT 31.875 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with two inch long two metal clamps, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(screws and nuts. These were tied )] TJ ET BT 31.875 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with the timber roof frame with twisted )] TJ ET BT 31.875 468.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal clamps, screws, nuts and metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 460.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 546.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 447.431 0.750 99.938 re f 203.330 370.387 0.750 77.044 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(RCC main pillars with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reinforced base, )] TJ ET BT 208.580 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(additional wooden )] TJ ET BT 208.580 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pillars, bamboo mat )] TJ ET BT 208.580 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls, wood frames, C I )] TJ ET BT 208.580 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet roof, and metal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires and pegs were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 546.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood frame with C I )] TJ ET BT 324.920 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet were used in walls )] TJ ET BT 324.920 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and roof. Wood was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used extensively.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 546.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 580.125 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood, bamboo, betel nut )] TJ ET BT 447.218 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trunk were used in frame, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(iron pegs were used in )] TJ ET BT 447.218 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(joints. Frames of the )] TJ ET BT 447.218 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure rested directly on )] TJ ET BT 447.218 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(footing.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 447.056 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had six wooden pillars with metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps inside the house. Wooden )] TJ ET BT 31.875 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(horizontal frames were used in walls. )] TJ ET BT 31.875 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The verandah at the front had four )] TJ ET BT 31.875 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wooden pillars.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 447.056 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(All the wooden posts )] TJ ET BT 324.920 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were of same thickness )] TJ ET BT 324.920 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and not embedded into )] TJ ET BT 324.920 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the plinth. Only the four )] TJ ET BT 324.920 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(main posts were )] TJ ET BT 324.920 391.545 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded inside the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 383.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 447.056 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 26.625 370.387 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had low brick boundary )] TJ ET BT 31.875 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls and brick steps at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 370.387 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Brick boundary and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth heightening was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done later.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 370.387 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had brick )] TJ ET BT 324.920 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plastered boundary )] TJ ET BT 324.920 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around it with steps at )] TJ ET BT 324.920 330.139 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front. The plinth was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 322.507 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher compared to the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 314.876 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other case studies.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 370.387 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 26.625 301.350 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross bracings of wood was used on )] TJ ET BT 31.875 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outer walls.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 301.350 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wooden frame with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertical and horizontal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(members were used )] TJ ET BT 208.580 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(instead of cross )] TJ ET BT 208.580 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bracings.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 301.350 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 441.968 301.350 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients constructed )] TJ ET BT 447.218 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the houses without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(craftsmans help. It lacked )] TJ ET BT 447.218 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(improved techniques like )] TJ ET BT 447.218 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(cross bracings and metal )] TJ ET BT 447.218 245.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 232.312 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two windows at )] TJ ET BT 31.875 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 232.312 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 232.312 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(windows at the front and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 199.695 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two additional windows )] TJ ET BT 324.920 192.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at sides of the main room.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 232.312 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 26.625 178.537 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 161.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A platform above the head height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 153.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided a storing space inside the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 145.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 178.537 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 319.670 178.537 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 441.968 178.537 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 580.125 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 26.625 132.394 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Walls were of bamboo mat treated )] TJ ET BT 31.875 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with locally made oil varnish )] TJ ET BT 155.407 107.407 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(\(maitta )] TJ ET BT 31.875 99.776 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(tel\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.394 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 132.394 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The full structure had )] TJ ET BT 324.920 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(enclosures of C I sheet )] TJ ET BT 324.920 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from all sides and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resembled like a box.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 132.394 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many materials were reused, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for example wooden walls of )] TJ ET BT 447.218 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the old )] TJ ET BT 447.218 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 40.744 577.500 736.256 re W n 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 78.244 555.000 698.756 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 776.625 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Construction cost was sixty five )] TJ ET BT 31.875 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka, this included four )] TJ ET BT 31.875 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka as labor cost.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 776.625 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was an earlier )] TJ ET BT 208.580 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(model of BRAC relief )] TJ ET BT 208.580 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house. It was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed before the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(new model with better )] TJ ET BT 208.580 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wind resistance was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(introduced.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 776.625 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 441.968 776.625 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was implemented )] TJ ET BT 447.218 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through Dustho Shasthya )] TJ ET BT 447.218 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kendra \(DSK\). Twenty )] TJ ET BT 447.218 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka and eighteen )] TJ ET BT 447.218 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bundles of C I sheets were )] TJ ET BT 447.218 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided as relief package )] TJ ET BT 447.218 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for house construction.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 699.956 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a room of fifteen feet by ten )] TJ ET BT 31.875 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feet, with a veranda of fifteen feet by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five feet at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 699.956 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Floor areas of both of )] TJ ET BT 208.580 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(same.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 699.956 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a main room with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an extended portion, but )] TJ ET BT 324.920 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(this could not be defined )] TJ ET BT 324.920 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a verandah or serve )] TJ ET BT 324.920 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as one.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 699.956 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There was no set house )] TJ ET BT 447.218 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(model to follow. Recipients )] TJ ET BT 447.218 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(had freedom to choose size, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(form and materials )] TJ ET BT 447.218 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(according to need and also )] TJ ET BT 447.218 644.445 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(add own resources.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.919 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a hipped roof over the main )] TJ ET BT 31.875 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house, and a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah, both of C I sheet. These )] TJ ET BT 31.875 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two roofs were separate entities with )] TJ ET BT 31.875 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separate timber frames.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 630.919 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof )] TJ ET BT 208.580 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over the main room and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah. The )] TJ ET BT 208.580 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah roof was an )] TJ ET BT 208.580 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension of the main )] TJ ET BT 208.580 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roof sharing the same )] TJ ET BT 208.580 560.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(frame and angle.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 630.919 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an addition lean to )] TJ ET BT 324.920 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension. These two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roofs were separate from )] TJ ET BT 324.920 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(one another. The eave of )] TJ ET BT 324.920 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the roof at the front was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extended.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 630.919 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 580.125 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 26.625 546.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had four RCC pillars of four inch by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(four inch thickness and ten feet height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at the corners. These were )] TJ ET BT 31.875 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded three feet below the plinth, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and tied to a ten inch wide RCC base )] TJ ET BT 31.875 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with two inch long two metal clamps, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(screws and nuts. These were tied )] TJ ET BT 31.875 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with the timber roof frame with twisted )] TJ ET BT 31.875 468.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal clamps, screws, nuts and metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 460.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 546.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 447.431 0.750 99.938 re f 203.330 370.387 0.750 77.044 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(RCC main pillars with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reinforced base, )] TJ ET BT 208.580 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(additional wooden )] TJ ET BT 208.580 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pillars, bamboo mat )] TJ ET BT 208.580 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls, wood frames, C I )] TJ ET BT 208.580 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet roof, and metal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires and pegs were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 546.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood frame with C I )] TJ ET BT 324.920 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet were used in walls )] TJ ET BT 324.920 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and roof. Wood was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used extensively.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 546.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 580.125 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood, bamboo, betel nut )] TJ ET BT 447.218 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trunk were used in frame, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(iron pegs were used in )] TJ ET BT 447.218 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(joints. Frames of the )] TJ ET BT 447.218 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure rested directly on )] TJ ET BT 447.218 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(footing.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 447.056 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had six wooden pillars with metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps inside the house. Wooden )] TJ ET BT 31.875 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(horizontal frames were used in walls. )] TJ ET BT 31.875 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The verandah at the front had four )] TJ ET BT 31.875 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wooden pillars.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 447.056 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(All the wooden posts )] TJ ET BT 324.920 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were of same thickness )] TJ ET BT 324.920 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and not embedded into )] TJ ET BT 324.920 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the plinth. Only the four )] TJ ET BT 324.920 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(main posts were )] TJ ET BT 324.920 391.545 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded inside the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 383.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 447.056 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 26.625 370.387 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had low brick boundary )] TJ ET BT 31.875 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls and brick steps at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 370.387 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Brick boundary and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth heightening was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done later.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 370.387 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had brick )] TJ ET BT 324.920 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plastered boundary )] TJ ET BT 324.920 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around it with steps at )] TJ ET BT 324.920 330.139 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front. The plinth was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 322.507 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher compared to the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 314.876 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other case studies.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 370.387 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 26.625 301.350 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross bracings of wood was used on )] TJ ET BT 31.875 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outer walls.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 301.350 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wooden frame with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertical and horizontal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(members were used )] TJ ET BT 208.580 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(instead of cross )] TJ ET BT 208.580 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bracings.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 301.350 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 441.968 301.350 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients constructed )] TJ ET BT 447.218 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the houses without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(craftsmans help. It lacked )] TJ ET BT 447.218 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(improved techniques like )] TJ ET BT 447.218 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(cross bracings and metal )] TJ ET BT 447.218 245.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 232.312 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two windows at )] TJ ET BT 31.875 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 232.312 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 232.312 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(windows at the front and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 199.695 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two additional windows )] TJ ET BT 324.920 192.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at sides of the main room.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 232.312 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 26.625 178.537 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 161.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A platform above the head height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 153.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided a storing space inside the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 145.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 178.537 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 319.670 178.537 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 441.968 178.537 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 580.125 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 26.625 132.394 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Walls were of bamboo mat treated )] TJ ET BT 31.875 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with locally made oil varnish )] TJ ET BT 155.407 107.407 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(\(maitta )] TJ ET BT 31.875 99.776 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(tel\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.394 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 132.394 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The full structure had )] TJ ET BT 324.920 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(enclosures of C I sheet )] TJ ET BT 324.920 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from all sides and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resembled like a box.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 132.394 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many materials were reused, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for example wooden walls of )] TJ ET BT 447.218 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the old )] TJ ET BT 447.218 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 40.744 577.500 736.256 re W n 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 78.244 555.000 698.756 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 776.625 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Construction cost was sixty five )] TJ ET BT 31.875 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka, this included four )] TJ ET BT 31.875 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka as labor cost.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 776.625 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was an earlier )] TJ ET BT 208.580 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(model of BRAC relief )] TJ ET BT 208.580 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house. It was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed before the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(new model with better )] TJ ET BT 208.580 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wind resistance was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(introduced.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 776.625 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 441.968 776.625 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 699.956 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 759.270 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was implemented )] TJ ET BT 447.218 751.639 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through Dustho Shasthya )] TJ ET BT 447.218 744.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kendra \(DSK\). Twenty )] TJ ET BT 447.218 736.376 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(thousand taka and eighteen )] TJ ET BT 447.218 728.745 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bundles of C I sheets were )] TJ ET BT 447.218 721.114 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided as relief package )] TJ ET BT 447.218 713.483 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for house construction.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 699.956 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a room of fifteen feet by ten )] TJ ET BT 31.875 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feet, with a veranda of fifteen feet by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five feet at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 699.956 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Floor areas of both of )] TJ ET BT 208.580 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these houses were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(same.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 699.956 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a main room with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an extended portion, but )] TJ ET BT 324.920 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(this could not be defined )] TJ ET BT 324.920 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a verandah or serve )] TJ ET BT 324.920 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as one.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 699.956 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 630.919 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 682.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There was no set house )] TJ ET BT 447.218 674.970 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(model to follow. Recipients )] TJ ET BT 447.218 667.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(had freedom to choose size, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 659.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(form and materials )] TJ ET BT 447.218 652.076 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(according to need and also )] TJ ET BT 447.218 644.445 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(add own resources.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.919 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a hipped roof over the main )] TJ ET BT 31.875 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house, and a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah, both of C I sheet. These )] TJ ET BT 31.875 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two roofs were separate entities with )] TJ ET BT 31.875 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separate timber frames.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 630.919 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof )] TJ ET BT 208.580 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(over the main room and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a lean to roof over the )] TJ ET BT 208.580 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah. The )] TJ ET BT 208.580 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(verandah roof was an )] TJ ET BT 208.580 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension of the main )] TJ ET BT 208.580 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roof sharing the same )] TJ ET BT 208.580 560.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(frame and angle.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 630.919 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 613.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had a gabled roof with )] TJ ET BT 324.920 605.933 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an addition lean to )] TJ ET BT 324.920 598.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extension. These two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 590.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(roofs were separate from )] TJ ET BT 324.920 583.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(one another. The eave of )] TJ ET BT 324.920 575.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the roof at the front was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 567.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extended.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 630.919 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 580.125 546.619 0.750 85.050 re f 26.625 546.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had four RCC pillars of four inch by )] TJ ET BT 31.875 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(four inch thickness and ten feet height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at the corners. These were )] TJ ET BT 31.875 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded three feet below the plinth, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and tied to a ten inch wide RCC base )] TJ ET BT 31.875 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with two inch long two metal clamps, )] TJ ET BT 31.875 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(screws and nuts. These were tied )] TJ ET BT 31.875 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with the timber roof frame with twisted )] TJ ET BT 31.875 468.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal clamps, screws, nuts and metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 460.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 546.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 447.431 0.750 99.938 re f 203.330 370.387 0.750 77.044 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(RCC main pillars with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reinforced base, )] TJ ET BT 208.580 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(additional wooden )] TJ ET BT 208.580 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pillars, bamboo mat )] TJ ET BT 208.580 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls, wood frames, C I )] TJ ET BT 208.580 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet roof, and metal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wires and pegs were )] TJ ET BT 208.580 475.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 546.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood frame with C I )] TJ ET BT 324.920 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sheet were used in walls )] TJ ET BT 324.920 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and roof. Wood was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used extensively.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 546.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 580.125 447.056 0.750 100.313 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 529.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wood, bamboo, betel nut )] TJ ET BT 447.218 521.633 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trunk were used in frame, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 514.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(iron pegs were used in )] TJ ET BT 447.218 506.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(joints. Frames of the )] TJ ET BT 447.218 498.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(structure rested directly on )] TJ ET BT 447.218 491.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 483.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(footing.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 447.056 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had six wooden pillars with metal )] TJ ET BT 31.875 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps inside the house. Wooden )] TJ ET BT 31.875 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(horizontal frames were used in walls. )] TJ ET BT 31.875 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The verandah at the front had four )] TJ ET BT 31.875 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(wooden pillars.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 447.056 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 429.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(All the wooden posts )] TJ ET BT 324.920 422.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were of same thickness )] TJ ET BT 324.920 414.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and not embedded into )] TJ ET BT 324.920 406.807 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the plinth. Only the four )] TJ ET BT 324.920 399.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(main posts were )] TJ ET BT 324.920 391.545 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(embedded inside the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 383.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 447.056 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 580.125 370.387 0.750 77.419 re f 26.625 370.387 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had low brick boundary )] TJ ET BT 31.875 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(walls and brick steps at the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 370.387 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Brick boundary and )] TJ ET BT 208.580 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plinth heightening was )] TJ ET BT 208.580 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(done later.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 370.387 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 353.032 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mud plinth had brick )] TJ ET BT 324.920 345.401 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(plastered boundary )] TJ ET BT 324.920 337.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around it with steps at )] TJ ET BT 324.920 330.139 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front. The plinth was )] TJ ET BT 324.920 322.507 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher compared to the )] TJ ET BT 324.920 314.876 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(other case studies.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 370.387 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 301.350 0.750 69.787 re f 26.625 301.350 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross bracings of wood was used on )] TJ ET BT 31.875 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outer walls.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 301.350 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.580 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wooden frame with )] TJ ET BT 208.580 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertical and horizontal )] TJ ET BT 208.580 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(members were used )] TJ ET BT 208.580 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(instead of cross )] TJ ET BT 208.580 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bracings.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 319.670 301.350 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 441.968 301.350 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 580.125 232.312 0.750 69.787 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 283.995 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients constructed )] TJ ET BT 447.218 276.364 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the houses without any )] TJ ET BT 447.218 268.732 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(craftsmans help. It lacked )] TJ ET BT 447.218 261.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(improved techniques like )] TJ ET BT 447.218 253.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(cross bracings and metal )] TJ ET BT 447.218 245.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clamps.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 232.312 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two windows at )] TJ ET BT 31.875 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the front.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 232.312 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 232.312 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 214.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It had one door and two )] TJ ET BT 324.920 207.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(windows at the front and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 199.695 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two additional windows )] TJ ET BT 324.920 192.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at sides of the main room.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 232.312 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 178.537 0.750 54.525 re f 26.625 178.537 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 161.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A platform above the head height )] TJ ET BT 31.875 153.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided a storing space inside the )] TJ ET BT 31.875 145.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 178.537 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 319.670 178.537 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 441.968 178.537 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 580.125 132.394 0.750 46.894 re f 26.625 132.394 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 177.455 0.750 re f 26.625 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Walls were of bamboo mat treated )] TJ ET BT 31.875 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with locally made oil varnish )] TJ ET BT 155.407 107.407 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(\(maitta )] TJ ET BT 31.875 99.776 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(tel\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 203.330 132.394 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 117.090 0.750 re f 203.330 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 319.670 132.394 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 123.048 0.750 re f 319.670 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.920 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The full structure had )] TJ ET BT 324.920 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(enclosures of C I sheet )] TJ ET BT 324.920 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from all sides and )] TJ ET BT 324.920 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resembled like a box.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 441.968 132.394 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 138.907 0.750 re f 441.968 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 580.125 78.619 0.750 54.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 447.218 115.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many materials were reused, )] TJ ET BT 447.218 107.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for example wooden walls of )] TJ ET BT 447.218 99.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the old )] TJ ET BT 447.218 92.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(5)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 172 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 174 0 R 177 0 R 180 0 R 183 0 R 186 0 R 188 0 R 190 0 R 192 0 R 194 0 R 196 0 R 198 0 R 200 0 R ] /Contents 173 0 R >> endobj 173 0 obj << /Length 13625 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 22.598 577.500 754.402 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 615.095 555.000 161.905 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 615.095 m 581.250 615.095 l 581.250 615.845 l 26.250 615.845 l f q 225.000 0 0 117.000 35.250 650.250 cm /I8 Do Q q 35.250 626.345 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 634.726 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 6: Hipped roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 504.940 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 607.595 m 581.250 607.595 l 581.250 606.845 l 26.250 606.845 l f 26.250 504.940 m 581.250 504.940 l 581.250 505.690 l 26.250 505.690 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 540.095 cm /I9 Do Q q 35.250 516.190 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 524.571 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 7: Gabled roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 394.786 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 497.440 m 581.250 497.440 l 581.250 496.690 l 26.250 496.690 l f 26.250 394.786 m 581.250 394.786 l 581.250 395.536 l 26.250 395.536 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 429.940 cm /I10 Do Q q 35.250 406.036 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 414.417 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 8: Relief house by Islamic Development Bank)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 284.631 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 387.286 m 581.250 387.286 l 581.250 386.536 l 26.250 386.536 l f 26.250 284.631 m 581.250 284.631 l 581.250 285.381 l 26.250 285.381 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 319.786 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 295.881 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 304.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 9: House constructions from relief of DanChurchAid)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 250.409 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Findings from User Aspirations and Needs)] TJ ET BT 26.250 230.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses used materials and techniques many of which especially C I sheet, cross bracings, RCC \(reinforced cement )] TJ ET BT 26.250 218.550 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concrete\) columns added to the aspiration of the inhabitants. According to their perception, they could not previously have )] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(afforded these materials and these techniques would not have been within their capacity. The disaster had presented them a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chance to benefit from these. In their view these materials and techniques would reduce the repair cost and enhance their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(status in the society as they would not have to construct with leaf materials, which are considered fragile. Furthermore, they did )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not have the capacity and capital to build houses of such condition at this short time; it would have taken much more time to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 159.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reach this position.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 139.622 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The houses introduced some new affordable and low cost ideas and techniques in the community that was highly appreciated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by the users and craftsmen, e.g. the cross bracing. It was also well understood that metal angles and clamps in the joints and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal screws with bolts instead of only metal pegs make a structure much stronger and durable. RCC pillars with strong )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anchoring at the base prevent the house against getting uprooted and thus become more resistant to strong wind. The gradual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scarcity and incompatible standard of natural materials had been inclining people to construct with factory produced materials. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of these affordable techniques by intervention through relief houses has the possibility of improving the construction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methods in the locality.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 48.789 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of brick walls around the mud plinths was a new approach. It was observed that the inhabitants used bricks to cover )] TJ ET BT 26.250 36.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(portions of their yard especially the pedestrian routes to function better during the rainy days. But brick construction around the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 22.598 577.500 754.402 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 615.095 555.000 161.905 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 615.095 m 581.250 615.095 l 581.250 615.845 l 26.250 615.845 l f q 225.000 0 0 117.000 35.250 650.250 cm /I8 Do Q q 35.250 626.345 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 634.726 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 6: Hipped roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 504.940 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 607.595 m 581.250 607.595 l 581.250 606.845 l 26.250 606.845 l f 26.250 504.940 m 581.250 504.940 l 581.250 505.690 l 26.250 505.690 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 540.095 cm /I9 Do Q q 35.250 516.190 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 524.571 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 7: Gabled roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 394.786 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 497.440 m 581.250 497.440 l 581.250 496.690 l 26.250 496.690 l f 26.250 394.786 m 581.250 394.786 l 581.250 395.536 l 26.250 395.536 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 429.940 cm /I10 Do Q q 35.250 406.036 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 414.417 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 8: Relief house by Islamic Development Bank)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 284.631 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 387.286 m 581.250 387.286 l 581.250 386.536 l 26.250 386.536 l f 26.250 284.631 m 581.250 284.631 l 581.250 285.381 l 26.250 285.381 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 319.786 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 295.881 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 304.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 9: House constructions from relief of DanChurchAid)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 250.409 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Findings from User Aspirations and Needs)] TJ ET BT 26.250 230.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses used materials and techniques many of which especially C I sheet, cross bracings, RCC \(reinforced cement )] TJ ET BT 26.250 218.550 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concrete\) columns added to the aspiration of the inhabitants. According to their perception, they could not previously have )] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(afforded these materials and these techniques would not have been within their capacity. The disaster had presented them a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chance to benefit from these. In their view these materials and techniques would reduce the repair cost and enhance their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(status in the society as they would not have to construct with leaf materials, which are considered fragile. Furthermore, they did )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not have the capacity and capital to build houses of such condition at this short time; it would have taken much more time to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 159.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reach this position.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 139.622 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The houses introduced some new affordable and low cost ideas and techniques in the community that was highly appreciated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by the users and craftsmen, e.g. the cross bracing. It was also well understood that metal angles and clamps in the joints and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal screws with bolts instead of only metal pegs make a structure much stronger and durable. RCC pillars with strong )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anchoring at the base prevent the house against getting uprooted and thus become more resistant to strong wind. The gradual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scarcity and incompatible standard of natural materials had been inclining people to construct with factory produced materials. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of these affordable techniques by intervention through relief houses has the possibility of improving the construction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methods in the locality.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 48.789 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of brick walls around the mud plinths was a new approach. It was observed that the inhabitants used bricks to cover )] TJ ET BT 26.250 36.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(portions of their yard especially the pedestrian routes to function better during the rainy days. But brick construction around the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 22.598 577.500 754.402 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 615.095 555.000 161.905 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 615.095 m 581.250 615.095 l 581.250 615.845 l 26.250 615.845 l f q 225.000 0 0 117.000 35.250 650.250 cm /I8 Do Q q 35.250 626.345 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 634.726 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 6: Hipped roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 504.940 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 607.595 m 581.250 607.595 l 581.250 606.845 l 26.250 606.845 l f 26.250 504.940 m 581.250 504.940 l 581.250 505.690 l 26.250 505.690 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 540.095 cm /I9 Do Q q 35.250 516.190 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 524.571 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 7: Gabled roofed relief house by BRAC)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 394.786 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 497.440 m 581.250 497.440 l 581.250 496.690 l 26.250 496.690 l f 26.250 394.786 m 581.250 394.786 l 581.250 395.536 l 26.250 395.536 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 429.940 cm /I10 Do Q q 35.250 406.036 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 414.417 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 8: Relief house by Islamic Development Bank)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 284.631 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 387.286 m 581.250 387.286 l 581.250 386.536 l 26.250 386.536 l f 26.250 284.631 m 581.250 284.631 l 581.250 285.381 l 26.250 285.381 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 319.786 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 295.881 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 304.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 9: House constructions from relief of DanChurchAid)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 250.409 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Findings from User Aspirations and Needs)] TJ ET BT 26.250 230.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses used materials and techniques many of which especially C I sheet, cross bracings, RCC \(reinforced cement )] TJ ET BT 26.250 218.550 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concrete\) columns added to the aspiration of the inhabitants. According to their perception, they could not previously have )] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(afforded these materials and these techniques would not have been within their capacity. The disaster had presented them a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chance to benefit from these. In their view these materials and techniques would reduce the repair cost and enhance their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(status in the society as they would not have to construct with leaf materials, which are considered fragile. Furthermore, they did )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(not have the capacity and capital to build houses of such condition at this short time; it would have taken much more time to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 159.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reach this position.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 139.622 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The houses introduced some new affordable and low cost ideas and techniques in the community that was highly appreciated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by the users and craftsmen, e.g. the cross bracing. It was also well understood that metal angles and clamps in the joints and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(metal screws with bolts instead of only metal pegs make a structure much stronger and durable. RCC pillars with strong )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anchoring at the base prevent the house against getting uprooted and thus become more resistant to strong wind. The gradual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scarcity and incompatible standard of natural materials had been inclining people to construct with factory produced materials. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of these affordable techniques by intervention through relief houses has the possibility of improving the construction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(methods in the locality.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 48.789 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Introduction of brick walls around the mud plinths was a new approach. It was observed that the inhabitants used bricks to cover )] TJ ET BT 26.250 36.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(portions of their yard especially the pedestrian routes to function better during the rainy days. 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It is often that the full house structure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be dismantled to repair the plinth. So after the repair the house has to be reconstructed over it. The lower angles )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed in the roof slopes would reduce wind load. As the house structures have become smaller in size, the extension of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(eaves of the roof had to be trimmed down to reduce the wind pressure. This in turn makes the mud plinth susceptible to rain )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damage. It was found that the C I sheet roof was more suitable for collecting rain water and the inhabitants were using this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(benefit.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses with verandahs were appreciated well as the space could be used for domestic chores and keeping goats and chickens )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at night. The entry steps were appreciated as according to the users it gave a character to the house. Distinct entry steps in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front are a feature and part of aspiration of the users in this region. Platforms overhead gave them extra space to store. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feature is present in the traditional houses too, so the users felt connected with these quality spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients of these houses were females. Perhaps this practice is gradually bringing changes in the social system and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(helping them to be decision makers in the family which may gradually bring changes in the habitation planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But the drawbacks were that these relief houses were one room house irrespective of family size or need. Ventilation and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lighting were not given much priority; many houses had openings only in the front. This created problems in circulation. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Orientation within the site and surrounding was not considered while the houses were put up. They were generally oriented to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the east or south in consideration of the macro climate. Functional outdoor spaces in the homestead plan relating to the main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house were also not considered, e.g. placement of kitchen, storage for firewood, toilet, place to keep domestic animals inside )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the yard, play area of young children under adult supervision.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many houses did not have verandas suitable for domestic purposes. The verandas provided did not adequately connect this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(multipurpose space with the other functional spaces. The head height of the veranda was not enough to allow a person to enter )] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the house with a sack on his head. This created difficulties in bringing rice sacks inside as rice is stored on the platform for year )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(round consumption. The dwellers of these houses did not own enough agricultural land and the overhead platform served to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(store the harvest from share cropping. Furthermore, the users felt that if the veranda was wider, the functional quality of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(space would have been better, e.g. if a person is offering his prayer \(namaaz\) in the veranda, another person cannot pass as all )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the width space is taken for that particular function. The occupants as receivers of the houses had to compromise these primary )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and regular living spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the C I sheet roofs of the relief houses were suitable for collecting rain water \(especially important as drinking water is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an acute problem here\), none of the houses provided this service as a built-in approach. Some of the users customized the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses for this function themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The costs associated with the construction could not be judged as different approaches were used by the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. One organization hired craftsmen as contractual employees for the project; one implemented the job through )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local contractors and another one encouraged self help approach. A unit cost analysis was not possible for this and also for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(options and qualities of materials, e.g. gradation of CI sheet, amount of brick and cement used etc.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 228.989 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 331.643 m 581.250 331.643 l 581.250 330.893 l 26.250 330.893 l f 26.250 228.989 m 581.250 228.989 l 581.250 229.739 l 26.250 229.739 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 264.143 cm /I12 Do Q q 35.250 240.239 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 248.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 10: Kitchen and hen coops constructed on self help)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 211.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses had the potential to create more positive spaces if the users were allowed to add more elements like another )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(veranda, semi covered room, fences in the veranda. But they were not allowed so by the development organizations for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation and monitoring purpose. So it was found that the recipients were more interested in building their kitchens, chicken )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.250 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coops, cow sheds and other ancillary spaces in the homestead with the same care that would be used for domestic and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.346 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(commercial purposes. They could personalize these structures and implement their ideas. Materials were recycled there, often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from the damaged structures. The statement of Turner is found to be reflected here the vital aspects of housing are not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quantifiable at all. The most important product of any human activity is, of course, the satisfaction or frustration of needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Turner, J, F, C, 1972\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 125.407 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([17])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 141.671 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . It seemed from the house construction activities triggered by the outside help that the inhabitants )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were compelled to satisfy this need through these ancillary constructions. But they could have applied this energy in their house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or the basic structure construction and thus better participated in the building and dwelling process.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.417 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though it was decided on the Shelter Recovery Strategy that community involvement would be ensured in decision making and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actions, the full benefit of it could not be generated in the outcome in the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 54.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The dwellers were more familiar with the local haat unit in their construction and space use. Haat refers to the length from the tip )] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the middle finger to the elbow of an adult, i.e. eighteen inches. Constructions of dwelling spaces are practiced in an )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 27.917 577.500 749.083 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mud plinth reduces rain damage and thus increases stability \(Ahmed, K, I, 2005\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 375.241 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([16])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 391.504 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . It is often that the full house structure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be dismantled to repair the plinth. So after the repair the house has to be reconstructed over it. The lower angles )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed in the roof slopes would reduce wind load. As the house structures have become smaller in size, the extension of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(eaves of the roof had to be trimmed down to reduce the wind pressure. This in turn makes the mud plinth susceptible to rain )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damage. It was found that the C I sheet roof was more suitable for collecting rain water and the inhabitants were using this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(benefit.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses with verandahs were appreciated well as the space could be used for domestic chores and keeping goats and chickens )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at night. The entry steps were appreciated as according to the users it gave a character to the house. Distinct entry steps in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front are a feature and part of aspiration of the users in this region. Platforms overhead gave them extra space to store. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feature is present in the traditional houses too, so the users felt connected with these quality spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients of these houses were females. Perhaps this practice is gradually bringing changes in the social system and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(helping them to be decision makers in the family which may gradually bring changes in the habitation planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But the drawbacks were that these relief houses were one room house irrespective of family size or need. Ventilation and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lighting were not given much priority; many houses had openings only in the front. This created problems in circulation. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Orientation within the site and surrounding was not considered while the houses were put up. They were generally oriented to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the east or south in consideration of the macro climate. Functional outdoor spaces in the homestead plan relating to the main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house were also not considered, e.g. placement of kitchen, storage for firewood, toilet, place to keep domestic animals inside )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the yard, play area of young children under adult supervision.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many houses did not have verandas suitable for domestic purposes. The verandas provided did not adequately connect this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(multipurpose space with the other functional spaces. The head height of the veranda was not enough to allow a person to enter )] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the house with a sack on his head. This created difficulties in bringing rice sacks inside as rice is stored on the platform for year )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(round consumption. The dwellers of these houses did not own enough agricultural land and the overhead platform served to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(store the harvest from share cropping. Furthermore, the users felt that if the veranda was wider, the functional quality of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(space would have been better, e.g. if a person is offering his prayer \(namaaz\) in the veranda, another person cannot pass as all )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the width space is taken for that particular function. The occupants as receivers of the houses had to compromise these primary )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and regular living spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the C I sheet roofs of the relief houses were suitable for collecting rain water \(especially important as drinking water is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an acute problem here\), none of the houses provided this service as a built-in approach. Some of the users customized the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses for this function themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The costs associated with the construction could not be judged as different approaches were used by the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. One organization hired craftsmen as contractual employees for the project; one implemented the job through )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local contractors and another one encouraged self help approach. A unit cost analysis was not possible for this and also for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(options and qualities of materials, e.g. gradation of CI sheet, amount of brick and cement used etc.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 228.989 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 331.643 m 581.250 331.643 l 581.250 330.893 l 26.250 330.893 l f 26.250 228.989 m 581.250 228.989 l 581.250 229.739 l 26.250 229.739 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 264.143 cm /I12 Do Q q 35.250 240.239 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 248.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 10: Kitchen and hen coops constructed on self help)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 211.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses had the potential to create more positive spaces if the users were allowed to add more elements like another )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(veranda, semi covered room, fences in the veranda. But they were not allowed so by the development organizations for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation and monitoring purpose. So it was found that the recipients were more interested in building their kitchens, chicken )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.250 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coops, cow sheds and other ancillary spaces in the homestead with the same care that would be used for domestic and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.346 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(commercial purposes. They could personalize these structures and implement their ideas. Materials were recycled there, often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from the damaged structures. The statement of Turner is found to be reflected here the vital aspects of housing are not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quantifiable at all. The most important product of any human activity is, of course, the satisfaction or frustration of needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Turner, J, F, C, 1972\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 125.407 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([17])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 141.671 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . It seemed from the house construction activities triggered by the outside help that the inhabitants )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were compelled to satisfy this need through these ancillary constructions. But they could have applied this energy in their house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or the basic structure construction and thus better participated in the building and dwelling process.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.417 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though it was decided on the Shelter Recovery Strategy that community involvement would be ensured in decision making and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actions, the full benefit of it could not be generated in the outcome in the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 54.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The dwellers were more familiar with the local haat unit in their construction and space use. Haat refers to the length from the tip )] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the middle finger to the elbow of an adult, i.e. eighteen inches. Constructions of dwelling spaces are practiced in an )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 27.917 577.500 749.083 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mud plinth reduces rain damage and thus increases stability \(Ahmed, K, I, 2005\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 375.241 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([16])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 391.504 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . It is often that the full house structure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs to be dismantled to repair the plinth. So after the repair the house has to be reconstructed over it. The lower angles )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed in the roof slopes would reduce wind load. As the house structures have become smaller in size, the extension of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(eaves of the roof had to be trimmed down to reduce the wind pressure. This in turn makes the mud plinth susceptible to rain )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(damage. It was found that the C I sheet roof was more suitable for collecting rain water and the inhabitants were using this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(benefit.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses with verandahs were appreciated well as the space could be used for domestic chores and keeping goats and chickens )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at night. The entry steps were appreciated as according to the users it gave a character to the house. Distinct entry steps in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(front are a feature and part of aspiration of the users in this region. Platforms overhead gave them extra space to store. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(feature is present in the traditional houses too, so the users felt connected with these quality spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The recipients of these houses were females. Perhaps this practice is gradually bringing changes in the social system and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(helping them to be decision makers in the family which may gradually bring changes in the habitation planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(But the drawbacks were that these relief houses were one room house irrespective of family size or need. Ventilation and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lighting were not given much priority; many houses had openings only in the front. This created problems in circulation. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Orientation within the site and surrounding was not considered while the houses were put up. They were generally oriented to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the east or south in consideration of the macro climate. Functional outdoor spaces in the homestead plan relating to the main )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house were also not considered, e.g. placement of kitchen, storage for firewood, toilet, place to keep domestic animals inside )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the yard, play area of young children under adult supervision.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Many houses did not have verandas suitable for domestic purposes. The verandas provided did not adequately connect this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(multipurpose space with the other functional spaces. The head height of the veranda was not enough to allow a person to enter )] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the house with a sack on his head. This created difficulties in bringing rice sacks inside as rice is stored on the platform for year )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(round consumption. The dwellers of these houses did not own enough agricultural land and the overhead platform served to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(store the harvest from share cropping. Furthermore, the users felt that if the veranda was wider, the functional quality of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(space would have been better, e.g. if a person is offering his prayer \(namaaz\) in the veranda, another person cannot pass as all )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the width space is taken for that particular function. The occupants as receivers of the houses had to compromise these primary )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and regular living spaces.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the C I sheet roofs of the relief houses were suitable for collecting rain water \(especially important as drinking water is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an acute problem here\), none of the houses provided this service as a built-in approach. Some of the users customized the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses for this function themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The costs associated with the construction could not be judged as different approaches were used by the different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. One organization hired craftsmen as contractual employees for the project; one implemented the job through )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local contractors and another one encouraged self help approach. A unit cost analysis was not possible for this and also for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(options and qualities of materials, e.g. gradation of CI sheet, amount of brick and cement used etc.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 228.989 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 331.643 m 581.250 331.643 l 581.250 330.893 l 26.250 330.893 l f 26.250 228.989 m 581.250 228.989 l 581.250 229.739 l 26.250 229.739 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 264.143 cm /I12 Do Q q 35.250 240.239 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 248.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 10: Kitchen and hen coops constructed on self help)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 211.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relief houses had the potential to create more positive spaces if the users were allowed to add more elements like another )] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(veranda, semi covered room, fences in the veranda. But they were not allowed so by the development organizations for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 188.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation and monitoring purpose. So it was found that the recipients were more interested in building their kitchens, chicken )] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.250 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coops, cow sheds and other ancillary spaces in the homestead with the same care that would be used for domestic and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.346 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(commercial purposes. They could personalize these structures and implement their ideas. Materials were recycled there, often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(from the damaged structures. The statement of Turner is found to be reflected here the vital aspects of housing are not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quantifiable at all. The most important product of any human activity is, of course, the satisfaction or frustration of needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Turner, J, F, C, 1972\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 125.407 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([17])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 141.671 128.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . It seemed from the house construction activities triggered by the outside help that the inhabitants )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were compelled to satisfy this need through these ancillary constructions. But they could have applied this energy in their house )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or the basic structure construction and thus better participated in the building and dwelling process.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.417 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though it was decided on the Shelter Recovery Strategy that community involvement would be ensured in decision making and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actions, the full benefit of it could not be generated in the outcome in the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 54.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The dwellers were more familiar with the local haat unit in their construction and space use. Haat refers to the length from the tip )] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the middle finger to the elbow of an adult, i.e. eighteen inches. 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Ww\gHj'+䈴{mkQl5nh2ݹ>ߊᆜgtkdI`EXPsMMZVϿ?|A/b@#rǬ#$pN5m E-. ;G{__ulףTk":לƼm>UMl:/Z@gYa {tecc9\5~D\%GlвdH`v':zוY_Z  );ۚΕF^۬S(ds0=)I{v.ZNڞ-i4YI-9_Zӡ b}|k*57 w%7rHel1݌zp1[[#QAq\sJ攪~sJiA_6iyg=lo6&lr$35>#|i}HWżrH,a6y;/wa5@ bF͞F>#^_~4x@ŭKw+*ƭ#p~l}Rxŭ$Ε3'(tJUlPg5x(o2ނ,a" lm6#85~Ǎ5}9KKX\K2;OS^,UW+MhwSΥݏWd9V9U]PcOhW&˩ɢ%v &}t$ýs~.Cx.kR9mIhI8ݎt8kXk?a8f>t=+Gm/O@2\@g[C,ҧ[Do\2F@G:7ˋ1"'To-Z}))`Ȭyc#Me%\#m#yR2`S`dq_!יV)&k!$y@@>cӨ{w]'O&ԢiAl7\zg]sC9E܍ͻ%Ax5{&B- O0(zg98m]ܚB{h2YhITs6F `q;y5˽9n,oc[YeT}RyaGB-k;Yy;2 nl)\zÞ tk{!H611`F2u rԥ*p}Oּ-qo.XqrTA&H%eϋ{PUCu1KFx9{<cy$RrbFh7]#k!#6W^Y_gSЖVmfAɁ' ''5:MF[D_ږ7ڴj:]30Av00'q{>46b2dHXB{ו񕟏nu1qI67W X1œc+.h4:!1L[CA@?ӜcgZsq25o_fXw$M5 y8}* ;z|lA}nI=yC~q|9o}um cï\d/s-ƋHe4"C`i؂ss9>T:\Km?ž8u;Lu|[K@'*1x }4IywLJzwٵR2NH'<={᭕冥jXǐe 1>^Il; +WHm6xªq#;v}RVCOZ{W6m"2[ila;sw䴀Eh-MF GF9#$ߎ-|?ōmtFrG5vж]yt->TU,ŸĜUe&ѣSYYv"qVGuq\F/&MaQ# $# _,im$K) pIcȜtc7btX[3 -4Msj-#=M.|/mgPM6;ih1F~T' <;xX[\0˖p~Wd$`^muk #!Z8qtnյdkB.9o-VF۪dg#tpT}׋'4}j>[m`)*1Hk>~>-/ϊCqx%FRu"ijF˷y+=I$]:t[{G&D` d V2ړŶά3r>W>w"Ed Ѕ{JjmE2>I]u=wP𝏈7-U,'F?,ʗF֌$Gt9 rzuDѵMRV5RKeO;Ҁc#9oB^GY$f\ e. +rON ,-[4S2?Y_,4NdV q ]~[?$am]. >y#hHр>u1j!c;3$ %;֓;+g,'mZ 4x敠bA2x>LkVLӦج[p:J랞N_j/]x~K&IP;F p{8諫#n n6AP|WFRF強>v>3wXMsipaϏusTJu.Hǝ7!s#H־YծmOvlY%-`t=x9V>A杌=GEfd+.X4[[jazG\Ӭ4g$y! :H9?t/]]A%IcqPxlg(&ͣB:;=Z|k 'lNaXW Ig`8'5 î^j>,QOI%ިm0 0;O:[_ӿW.i#UôocyFymxYI1]I ,$BAS 2NLeys-){Ji4յX[&q, lо^Ef.J@=28)j)|:uh7!23RO,sT iSkZsq%FiIYXDl׾r>@;rx#RxoQ֨zw4p8#3a(v6FѨM*weo NԼ)l\\K}[Ҿe3"b㴺v2B9Ey|ʍ G*IУ >뻃^[Vn|ll%_1R@rxV~t'uηGWFT񾪖0[bMͽ¢ AǞ ''׆뺝yp]ȭ_.G|iuY[yiF^B gq Ns_,NC-`lMGm̠=Ep)8sIE7Y'o m=I<mH8oYm,RC@WsLe$\?셪Iu]=F8Gҽ⯄~"0ԓKpPK7̪9{WFɦp>5m^//,ًEl3"H8']u(tSWiӡkxג,{n*I'W<o[vz:PXe{ݲyI7 (p!l*J0/q2X>xz1ZP,oܪMFO!׊x'jv0\Hc60W'"gQQ D-CZCOW< UMYu J$G6Cqh MG(Xy9%t>:g Ag }n[InN1x.Dv:ޟ6º*ɟOc[gt)bw qszӓZB՟XAIox ӷqܮWCWԿΣ|ƥ1tD|/jIF"4Ď~q^_hٔ`" 񂪥y쟵]GA[Gdu`A$HŒElyWP2^Xfuk%IVV˝ 䜜׉59.dnop6FہϰK;#W5`D|ۧV{;M {vE $;qR8J/}י̺ju]-c<_ʾ6<6.송=͸G/)1AwOUI {'𶏸`&W =[98?\?jƃ<[{ %`$ {s~?KXӯo L`|$v 9=}:XmE6fxav{ݓӐq޼=MRO\=>^F6}_.lz}~(2yVc|h\g=+xIFKY#rUraԟR+鏁7 О37y0ntk)i' 6yʹw6r8asV|m?Sw`RY#=p}Nnw]&ta+޾|G&#C6 J`*vkR" !$lx,!'[@}+*X֚cO6s5mpqiq[KcF =5 f54F8H݉˿pX郛6X{WgS{`21YKoomy&w3CKHpvcu<9ʯ4boA❮ Xho=XB8l3jI;s Im?'e/d?}s!xi#b20 3A'&rK8nڨp}9^>fZ ԅ v 'R]")82^n_G=4`.{y\r2+O.fťFE1'=+ ^t]Ɠp;t62mRLmYxd> _d]6H.$t}vuOn]؞-:X:%e;LˀN qW9k|]3ZiWK0y`Ei^oNF/ Tg_P-21 +PmhrƋSϿe==>%x;6nu;sXةG!y;2 /ka}:kT8͖6pwk --UN<E7GJ%V<#>uO|xsZ<Fk 73]+16ثE'¦x_쿼I8)AT98_GXk&( pN `2; iڔT֗RNA AaW [2ajMFLI'_;qA'UzZm{Ir>lwb4om+Ȫ)`9#MuU N [.'gi12d(8郻{w]cуG,E| >fo_qؾF3_jMde'LZ$,hwFi\T˥9|ۻo K oڕrvz6Hr9"dkc3,ss9Z[8`sf6~oLy]TpOC)V\=+ F`9FCto)ȖHGN[tR)c`n=A$):8QV=_t6H&U 1>7è |c3RkddrΡM6zO*Pn;9|?ӢV.=5hDGkrVpwrd/<7c|f²ߐ5߀zY&o9:QpqڍeNdM0뗗ڍܶD!4(Q$@遜WK[mOZ-ٓl>o8|ͻ?+ >Wg}!K2yg}xs6|gzn5 +!דs=޾_[;) ЬJI 1WSQmb #.Ƚ1T:|*3O难 ŭmRL>9a|U< =⛫d҅a }5F?uVe-/ᧇd gi$@cq#ְ͘J;ͽ4_o#YtC?6 g_ZnwcW,zqMR7IVʪuX^៏<:fSى,9s;0}=8/ǫeqnm:iΙ m}]bful0Ia6&kYX+&Fd=2q s-.OH.A mԿ"n*36vHֺ/zy5e&xQDL['k{/>9 7[vxOiⷝd \:`nQZ7IqirO.-٭$NK&@@zr9#<>5/k8 vT|818g$5 A wY lp;u5 |=&h6@#w\53)ZKh4pJX<)|nzW?Qo-SLɰP˵u$ 2O8?sM]:qn$@c̍򃌎8S5i qx. B_G^!|Mji}VF HL- ޜzvDR^ (G #cc~o~Dge"E+34/q#Iv#;ٿ׼> ;He sӥ}!? 5=CQ`cyՃdI5_GhѮc:X%I#ύ>!QbL)WhV@XW8ϰ_Ta혘!{XQ~_ K,  E{0Pߊ/r=`cb$I䚻֓%G endstream endobj 209 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 210 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 125.4075 127.7296 141.6705 137.6502 ] >> endobj 210 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 211 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 212 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 375.2415 766.5743 391.5045 776.4950 ] >> endobj 212 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 214 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 264.1433 260.2500 321.8933 ] >> endobj 214 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2011/11/fig11.jpg) >> endobj 215 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 216 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 125.4075 127.7296 141.6705 137.6502 ] >> endobj 216 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 217 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 218 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 375.2415 766.5743 391.5045 776.4950 ] >> endobj 218 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 219 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 220 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 264.1433 260.2500 321.8933 ] >> endobj 220 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2011/11/fig11.jpg) >> endobj 221 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 222 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 125.4075 127.7296 141.6705 137.6502 ] >> endobj 222 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 223 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 225 0 R 227 0 R 229 0 R 232 0 R 234 0 R 236 0 R 238 0 R 240 0 R 242 0 R ] /Contents 224 0 R >> endobj 224 0 obj << /Length 23961 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 26.479 577.500 750.521 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anthropomorphic sense and the users dwell in it in the same manner. The users felt unaccustomed with the practice of feet and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inches in the inner spaces of the house as it did not match with their practice and perception.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore as the development organizations were assigned to deliver their house products in the particular areas, the visual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(planning developed like a colony or housing scheme, and it failed to produce a character to the place. The inhabitants needed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to cultivate the flavor from the organic qualities of the place that would reflect the personal needs and aspirations, the built )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environment and the nature. The materials especially the new shiny C I sheet seemed like a disturbance among the green )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environmental setting and the visual scenario from its materialistic qualities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the house relief of DanChurchAid did not have a model house and the users had freedom to design and construct )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses on their own according to needs; the constructions often became very ambitious. As there were no guidelines, it could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be apprehended from some constructions that it may not be possible to finish the work in the fixed budget. So the intention to let )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(people decide and build on their own could not be fully utilized. Furthermore, there were deficiencies of low cost techniques.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses were given to only those who had their own lands. On the contrary, DanChurchAid grant was given to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(landless. These people made houses on government land. This approach was courageous, one that needs more attention to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reduce vulnerability of the landless. But the fear of eviction and thus sustainability of the program remained a question.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.612 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Understanding Habitation and Dwelling Sense)] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Things which, as locations, allow a site we now in anticipation call building. They are so called because they are made by a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(process of building construction. Of what sort this making building must be, however, we find out only after we have first )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(given thought to the nature of those things which of themselves require building as the process by which they are made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Heidegger, 1971\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.825 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 118.378 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the group most connected with nature in this setting. Continuity with the changes of nature and thus )] TJ ET BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(staying sustainable is the character of their lifestyle \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2005\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.728 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([18] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 426.702 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. They are also the recipients of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relief items after disasters. Outside interventions through disasters shape their lives more than the other inhabitants in a locality. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hence, there are two opposite forces influencing the changes nature with its available resources through the continuous span )] TJ ET BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of time, and outside intervention with alien and often unaffordable supplies in short interrupted spans.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relationship between the relief houses and spaces in and around the homestead and the neighborhood failed to recreate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinct nature of the locality. The houses failed to merge with the landscape and the individual identity of the settlement was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lost.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The lifestyles of the different age groups in the settlements, their values and aspirations, culture and practices all derive from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation. The inhabitants in this locality who are hunters \(as fishermen\) and gatherers \(as forest material gatherers\) adapt to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the forces in the habitation. In this sense they need to continuously adjust to the dwelling in their territory. To build ones own )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house and provide it with the qualities of home is perhaps an instinct both from male and female mind sets and activities, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both from the construction and design perspectives. It seemed that the inhabitants had to compromise this quality as a result of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outside interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(One approach that was carried out in relation to relief houses is relevant here. A participatory workshop organized by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Department of Architecture, BRAC University and BRAC for the cyclone Aila affected community people of Adarsha Gram of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Padmapukur, Shyamnagar union, Shatkhira district was held during November, 2010. The inhabitants were landless people and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hence living in this Adarsha Gram, a resettlement scheme provided by the government in the 1990s. The area was surrounded )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by swamps for artificial shrimp cultivation, lacked large trees as wind barriers and had been suffering from the damages from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tidal actions, heavy erosion and salinity for about one and a half year since another cyclone, cyclone Aila of 2009.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 117.313 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 219.968 m 581.250 219.968 l 581.250 219.218 l 26.250 219.218 l f 26.250 117.313 m 581.250 117.313 l 581.250 118.063 l 26.250 118.063 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 152.468 cm /I13 Do Q q 35.250 128.563 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 136.944 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 11: Participatory workshop for the community of Adarsha Gram)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 100.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The workshop aimed to blend the indigenous and formal knowledge of house, homestead and habitation so the dwellers could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 88.384 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have their share in rebuilding their community with the development team. Carpenters, masons, house owners, community )] TJ ET BT 26.250 76.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(leaders, people with knowledge of earthworks and of local plants from the affected area and architects and engineers took part )] TJ ET BT 26.250 64.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in the workshop. In order to maintain the character of the habitation, local materials and techniques were considered important. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 52.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In addition, natural materials were also favored as a result of the remoteness of the area and transport difficulties, the need for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 40.765 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility against salinity, budget constraints and the understanding the of difficulties in construction because of the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 26.479 577.500 750.521 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anthropomorphic sense and the users dwell in it in the same manner. The users felt unaccustomed with the practice of feet and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inches in the inner spaces of the house as it did not match with their practice and perception.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore as the development organizations were assigned to deliver their house products in the particular areas, the visual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(planning developed like a colony or housing scheme, and it failed to produce a character to the place. The inhabitants needed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to cultivate the flavor from the organic qualities of the place that would reflect the personal needs and aspirations, the built )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environment and the nature. The materials especially the new shiny C I sheet seemed like a disturbance among the green )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environmental setting and the visual scenario from its materialistic qualities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the house relief of DanChurchAid did not have a model house and the users had freedom to design and construct )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses on their own according to needs; the constructions often became very ambitious. As there were no guidelines, it could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be apprehended from some constructions that it may not be possible to finish the work in the fixed budget. So the intention to let )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(people decide and build on their own could not be fully utilized. Furthermore, there were deficiencies of low cost techniques.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses were given to only those who had their own lands. On the contrary, DanChurchAid grant was given to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(landless. These people made houses on government land. This approach was courageous, one that needs more attention to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reduce vulnerability of the landless. But the fear of eviction and thus sustainability of the program remained a question.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.612 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Understanding Habitation and Dwelling Sense)] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Things which, as locations, allow a site we now in anticipation call building. They are so called because they are made by a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(process of building construction. Of what sort this making building must be, however, we find out only after we have first )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(given thought to the nature of those things which of themselves require building as the process by which they are made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Heidegger, 1971\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.825 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 118.378 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the group most connected with nature in this setting. Continuity with the changes of nature and thus )] TJ ET BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(staying sustainable is the character of their lifestyle \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2005\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.728 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([18] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 426.702 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. They are also the recipients of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relief items after disasters. Outside interventions through disasters shape their lives more than the other inhabitants in a locality. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hence, there are two opposite forces influencing the changes nature with its available resources through the continuous span )] TJ ET BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of time, and outside intervention with alien and often unaffordable supplies in short interrupted spans.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relationship between the relief houses and spaces in and around the homestead and the neighborhood failed to recreate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinct nature of the locality. The houses failed to merge with the landscape and the individual identity of the settlement was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lost.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The lifestyles of the different age groups in the settlements, their values and aspirations, culture and practices all derive from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation. The inhabitants in this locality who are hunters \(as fishermen\) and gatherers \(as forest material gatherers\) adapt to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the forces in the habitation. In this sense they need to continuously adjust to the dwelling in their territory. To build ones own )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house and provide it with the qualities of home is perhaps an instinct both from male and female mind sets and activities, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both from the construction and design perspectives. It seemed that the inhabitants had to compromise this quality as a result of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outside interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(One approach that was carried out in relation to relief houses is relevant here. A participatory workshop organized by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Department of Architecture, BRAC University and BRAC for the cyclone Aila affected community people of Adarsha Gram of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Padmapukur, Shyamnagar union, Shatkhira district was held during November, 2010. The inhabitants were landless people and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hence living in this Adarsha Gram, a resettlement scheme provided by the government in the 1990s. The area was surrounded )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by swamps for artificial shrimp cultivation, lacked large trees as wind barriers and had been suffering from the damages from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tidal actions, heavy erosion and salinity for about one and a half year since another cyclone, cyclone Aila of 2009.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 117.313 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 219.968 m 581.250 219.968 l 581.250 219.218 l 26.250 219.218 l f 26.250 117.313 m 581.250 117.313 l 581.250 118.063 l 26.250 118.063 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 152.468 cm /I13 Do Q q 35.250 128.563 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 136.944 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 11: Participatory workshop for the community of Adarsha Gram)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 100.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The workshop aimed to blend the indigenous and formal knowledge of house, homestead and habitation so the dwellers could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 88.384 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have their share in rebuilding their community with the development team. Carpenters, masons, house owners, community )] TJ ET BT 26.250 76.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(leaders, people with knowledge of earthworks and of local plants from the affected area and architects and engineers took part )] TJ ET BT 26.250 64.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in the workshop. In order to maintain the character of the habitation, local materials and techniques were considered important. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 52.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In addition, natural materials were also favored as a result of the remoteness of the area and transport difficulties, the need for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 40.765 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility against salinity, budget constraints and the understanding the of difficulties in construction because of the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 26.479 577.500 750.521 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(anthropomorphic sense and the users dwell in it in the same manner. The users felt unaccustomed with the practice of feet and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inches in the inner spaces of the house as it did not match with their practice and perception.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore as the development organizations were assigned to deliver their house products in the particular areas, the visual )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(planning developed like a colony or housing scheme, and it failed to produce a character to the place. The inhabitants needed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to cultivate the flavor from the organic qualities of the place that would reflect the personal needs and aspirations, the built )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environment and the nature. The materials especially the new shiny C I sheet seemed like a disturbance among the green )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(environmental setting and the visual scenario from its materialistic qualities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Though the house relief of DanChurchAid did not have a model house and the users had freedom to design and construct )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(houses on their own according to needs; the constructions often became very ambitious. As there were no guidelines, it could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be apprehended from some constructions that it may not be possible to finish the work in the fixed budget. So the intention to let )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(people decide and build on their own could not be fully utilized. Furthermore, there were deficiencies of low cost techniques.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Relief houses were given to only those who had their own lands. On the contrary, DanChurchAid grant was given to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(landless. These people made houses on government land. This approach was courageous, one that needs more attention to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reduce vulnerability of the landless. But the fear of eviction and thus sustainability of the program remained a question.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.612 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Understanding Habitation and Dwelling Sense)] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Things which, as locations, allow a site we now in anticipation call building. They are so called because they are made by a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(process of building construction. Of what sort this making building must be, however, we find out only after we have first )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(given thought to the nature of those things which of themselves require building as the process by which they are made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Heidegger, 1971\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.825 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( [1])] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 118.378 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( .)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The extreme poor are the group most connected with nature in this setting. Continuity with the changes of nature and thus )] TJ ET BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(staying sustainable is the character of their lifestyle \(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H, 2005\) )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.728 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [([18] )] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 426.702 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. They are also the recipients of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relief items after disasters. Outside interventions through disasters shape their lives more than the other inhabitants in a locality. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hence, there are two opposite forces influencing the changes nature with its available resources through the continuous span )] TJ ET BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of time, and outside intervention with alien and often unaffordable supplies in short interrupted spans.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The relationship between the relief houses and spaces in and around the homestead and the neighborhood failed to recreate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the distinct nature of the locality. The houses failed to merge with the landscape and the individual identity of the settlement was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lost.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 368.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The lifestyles of the different age groups in the settlements, their values and aspirations, culture and practices all derive from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 356.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(habitation. The inhabitants in this locality who are hunters \(as fishermen\) and gatherers \(as forest material gatherers\) adapt to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the forces in the habitation. In this sense they need to continuously adjust to the dwelling in their territory. To build ones own )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(house and provide it with the qualities of home is perhaps an instinct both from male and female mind sets and activities, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both from the construction and design perspectives. It seemed that the inhabitants had to compromise this quality as a result of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the outside interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 289.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(One approach that was carried out in relation to relief houses is relevant here. A participatory workshop organized by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 277.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Department of Architecture, BRAC University and BRAC for the cyclone Aila affected community people of Adarsha Gram of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Padmapukur, Shyamnagar union, Shatkhira district was held during November, 2010. The inhabitants were landless people and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hence living in this Adarsha Gram, a resettlement scheme provided by the government in the 1990s. The area was surrounded )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by swamps for artificial shrimp cultivation, lacked large trees as wind barriers and had been suffering from the damages from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tidal actions, heavy erosion and salinity for about one and a half year since another cyclone, cyclone Aila of 2009.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 117.313 555.000 102.655 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 219.968 m 581.250 219.968 l 581.250 219.218 l 26.250 219.218 l f 26.250 117.313 m 581.250 117.313 l 581.250 118.063 l 26.250 118.063 l f q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 152.468 cm /I13 Do Q q 35.250 128.563 537.000 17.905 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 136.944 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 11: Participatory workshop for the community of Adarsha Gram)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 100.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The workshop aimed to blend the indigenous and formal knowledge of house, homestead and habitation so the dwellers could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 88.384 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have their share in rebuilding their community with the development team. Carpenters, masons, house owners, community )] TJ ET BT 26.250 76.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(leaders, people with knowledge of earthworks and of local plants from the affected area and architects and engineers took part )] TJ ET BT 26.250 64.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in the workshop. In order to maintain the character of the habitation, local materials and techniques were considered important. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 52.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In addition, natural materials were also favored as a result of the remoteness of the area and transport difficulties, the need for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 40.765 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compatibility against salinity, budget constraints and the understanding the of difficulties in construction because of the )] TJ ET Q q 225.000 0 0 57.750 35.250 152.468 cm /I13 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(8)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 225 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 226 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 104.8252 497.0416 118.3777 506.9622 ] >> endobj 226 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 227 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 228 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 407.7285 465.7321 426.7020 475.6527 ] >> endobj 228 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 229 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 230 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 152.4675 260.2500 210.2175 ] >> endobj 230 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2011/11/fig12.jpg) >> endobj 231 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 77 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 11141>> stream JFIF;CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), quality = 90 C     C   M," }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?h߈٭ZVG[sn#v2,{׀|A%d~RWV3\6ECi}*oW]ʶ:fz%J--t>^V^%KyPN8h^"yĥu WڭT2r9zײ}-kyAUq<ֹq3dgNFpPԴj pJ.rr/(ז(6'u _>AT.ɺg@1<}GNkmFk.E& 8zbH~ x/O~;xgګ$p02F09#Q%M7`=_|FZ[??ZN>ukqqmNgY~yޔo}a%NJN7GVƊS'"Ķׯk|YC#.ӭ̍B$W(ܙʹ{zVd$W @\g);3)>UWQo<㌱*I8gʩt({-Nj#8,ߪs6vƒ LHY!+瞷M~ϟ'?V!ge ePo;Mj!QHT( @vO$ύF$+,N8Pk$Ґ M4lӻol>)x|Q5i22ե$\ޛ(8Q\kR pva`Np}czNca2hko?/ɷ |BFC"| )+p?شs=cP_q"s0I9ڼ_kx3_ 5WϤŚo*x]XG}!󽷊5Xnv9yPɍ!۔zŕWn52x^PJޏY?DLt(?ZFo*9S/)+ pv9yĶ}J966Tcׁ򠮕\;wZy=WJj{@#k][?gGb'mq_onnB][[o>࡚߉u?x˥u{8KLFO= |m?~k9wPGךxk崽Do&ff Ҷ|GlIAg2\Fۏ)| {օNSnPzQ{ SbYz@Jqo0[i֓^\yq%Gc?C_[xGYdiI+16(sToÞTor҆9$wڡpI'+R)ǐԄc.s>x~U! ǔ'c< B͹\ aWQmڞݤk4<8QN~ag_-xgzvVq"BB2pI$EoBokS5/g_;E՛HޭiV62n>btϽrwigQҙ4?mG*-P+K}{óXk~mͺr0ZcEKHe-ˎ( (=9zc3bg~[hn"h LF7p1'_<:рIFtjXbsjElc/)9]5(rZyNoc?xonXPy ?3Y^,t9J2G ?93{dƻqk$%Zred=s5a<7qu"&8ٵ.a*<+U/3g~};؟ƺ~!}'_Sn1T鞵Kzp2gw4ڏw*c6I20ɌҾu+k2RWJ%b}>Dž ~5kjnP>f}zńJW`KKd9"? {^Vm+a=7?tL' 8oZ%]A TbF"Ff yROu96_5OV~N+ΊWYhcB=GִOrIz{`c080#_;TlŵBKRGq׽/&&r[,<@`՛om2I:-6I A[Gx414an: ozs܎$TJ'k+mo杏Cn{OSR0z_eR>s u4 ׯ>e>Kd GA?^)O'wqJ5e|dn-K=YPqh^]"H8`"׼~Fo> }Zx/ËRnU#__s&xznԕGȾ+֭{U”8m'tqѾʏo Ix z+kmxnmfPHK#`P&:E<+G᎟Y,eLNY9yO n͖ͭ{%I]q|_%PK:ېF ǭ{ׁ>0YhIy:j iGcyjǁ5miM,6sqo =ⅹKԬj制T c :g$L*q[t:AC]x0w ˩}20V &s/ʽú8U( ~3uk g$:v>Mj= MO5 d@SL hψ|i[Q[=ŌM%s}K!Ā#L)`N wŶ0[F7-خ`skj~ 5:6If-{Qc1. 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This was followed by some more visits with a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop in the site where the inhabitants made models of their dream houses. The aspirations of the house owners were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reflected by this brainstorming session, and adaptability and wise use of the limited local resources were also echoed. Taking )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the practical points from this workshop a second workshop was organized to blend the ideas more rationally with engineering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and budget concerns. Two design options came out from these experiences gathered. Later only one option was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chosen by the community to be implemented and they had the freedom to customize it according to the position of their site. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The merits and gaps of this approach in sustainability and aspiration may be measured hopefully after the completion of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(project.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 616.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 596.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Settlements are recreated to a degree after every major disaster. The physical and environmental characteristics change and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(adapt in accordance with nature and to become more sustainable with time. Perhaps this is the way that settlements survive.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses are one of the major elements of a settlement, together with roads, links, growth centers, agricultural lands, water )] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bodies, habitable and non- habitable areas. But houses as units indeed give a character to a settlement. If a house cannot meet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(basic functional needs it may be abandoned later and be replaced by another house that can reflect the needs and aspirations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the owner better. This may be built by the inhabitants when they are able to make houses on their own. From the housing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practice in the rural areas, we find that usually homesteads do not move but houses may need to be shifted to suitable sites, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(especially where there is scarcity of land and constrains in land ownership. In counties like Bangladesh with a high population )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and limited land, relocation after disasters is often not possible. As many organizations provide housing reliefs after disasters, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ultra poor that suffer more in disasters receive this relief. But when they are not allowed to alter this product according to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their needs and aspirations, they do not feel attachment with it as their homes. This was found from field visits in other different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(places that had also suffered from cyclone Sidr where some other organizations provided housing.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The present practice of distribution of relief houses to which owners do not feel attached because they have not been involved )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in information sharing or the building process means that relief houses may not be acceptable to their owners. There are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concerns that the houses may only be used as temporary or transitional shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, but will not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be used as houses in the long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.103 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 309.546 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Heidegger, M [1971] Building Dwelling Thinking, in Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by Hofstadter, A, Harper and Row )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Publishers, New York, USA, SBN 06-090430-5, pp. 145-161.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman, T [2008] Structural Strengthening of Settlements in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh, thesis dissertation as a partial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 238.878 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters in Disaster Management, Postgraduate Programs in Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.973 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Management, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ministry of Food and Disaster Management [2008] Super Cyclone Sidr 2007 Impacts and Strategies for Intervention, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 183.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.cdmp.org.bd/cdmp_old/reports/Draft-Sidr-Report.pdf, accessed on 07.12.2010, pp. 17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 175.273 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh [2008] Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh Damage, Loss, and Needs Assessment for Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Recovery and Reconstruction, assisted by International Development Community with financial support from the European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission, gfdrr.org/docs/AssessmentReport_Cyclone%20Sidr_Bangladesh_2008.pdf, accesses on 23.09.2010, pp. 17-19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 124.427 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Abed, F, H [2004] Forward, in Exploring Changes in the Lives of the Ultra Poor, an Exploratory Study on CFPR/TUP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.972 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Members, CFPR-TUP Working Paper Series No. 3, September 2004, by Matin, I and Walker, S, BRAC Research and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Evaluation Division and Aga Khan Foundation Canada. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.163 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.bracresearch.org/workingpapers/exploring_changes_in_the_lives_of_the_ultra_poor_pdf.pdf, accessed on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.258 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.10.2010, pp. v)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.772 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 40.746 577.500 736.254 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(unfriendly weather.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(During the initial phase of the project the development team visited the site to get an understanding of the resources and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(constrains, organized focus group discussions and interviews of the inhabitants. This was followed by some more visits with a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop in the site where the inhabitants made models of their dream houses. The aspirations of the house owners were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reflected by this brainstorming session, and adaptability and wise use of the limited local resources were also echoed. Taking )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the practical points from this workshop a second workshop was organized to blend the ideas more rationally with engineering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and budget concerns. Two design options came out from these experiences gathered. Later only one option was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chosen by the community to be implemented and they had the freedom to customize it according to the position of their site. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The merits and gaps of this approach in sustainability and aspiration may be measured hopefully after the completion of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(project.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 616.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 596.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Settlements are recreated to a degree after every major disaster. The physical and environmental characteristics change and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(adapt in accordance with nature and to become more sustainable with time. Perhaps this is the way that settlements survive.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses are one of the major elements of a settlement, together with roads, links, growth centers, agricultural lands, water )] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bodies, habitable and non- habitable areas. But houses as units indeed give a character to a settlement. If a house cannot meet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(basic functional needs it may be abandoned later and be replaced by another house that can reflect the needs and aspirations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the owner better. This may be built by the inhabitants when they are able to make houses on their own. From the housing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practice in the rural areas, we find that usually homesteads do not move but houses may need to be shifted to suitable sites, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(especially where there is scarcity of land and constrains in land ownership. In counties like Bangladesh with a high population )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and limited land, relocation after disasters is often not possible. As many organizations provide housing reliefs after disasters, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ultra poor that suffer more in disasters receive this relief. But when they are not allowed to alter this product according to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their needs and aspirations, they do not feel attachment with it as their homes. This was found from field visits in other different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(places that had also suffered from cyclone Sidr where some other organizations provided housing.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The present practice of distribution of relief houses to which owners do not feel attached because they have not been involved )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in information sharing or the building process means that relief houses may not be acceptable to their owners. There are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concerns that the houses may only be used as temporary or transitional shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, but will not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be used as houses in the long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.103 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 309.546 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Heidegger, M [1971] Building Dwelling Thinking, in Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by Hofstadter, A, Harper and Row )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Publishers, New York, USA, SBN 06-090430-5, pp. 145-161.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman, T [2008] Structural Strengthening of Settlements in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh, thesis dissertation as a partial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 238.878 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters in Disaster Management, Postgraduate Programs in Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.973 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Management, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ministry of Food and Disaster Management [2008] Super Cyclone Sidr 2007 Impacts and Strategies for Intervention, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 183.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.cdmp.org.bd/cdmp_old/reports/Draft-Sidr-Report.pdf, accessed on 07.12.2010, pp. 17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 175.273 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh [2008] Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh Damage, Loss, and Needs Assessment for Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Recovery and Reconstruction, assisted by International Development Community with financial support from the European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission, gfdrr.org/docs/AssessmentReport_Cyclone%20Sidr_Bangladesh_2008.pdf, accesses on 23.09.2010, pp. 17-19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 124.427 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Abed, F, H [2004] Forward, in Exploring Changes in the Lives of the Ultra Poor, an Exploratory Study on CFPR/TUP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.972 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Members, CFPR-TUP Working Paper Series No. 3, September 2004, by Matin, I and Walker, S, BRAC Research and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Evaluation Division and Aga Khan Foundation Canada. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.163 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.bracresearch.org/workingpapers/exploring_changes_in_the_lives_of_the_ultra_poor_pdf.pdf, accessed on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.258 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.10.2010, pp. v)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.772 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 40.746 577.500 736.254 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(unfriendly weather.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(During the initial phase of the project the development team visited the site to get an understanding of the resources and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(constrains, organized focus group discussions and interviews of the inhabitants. This was followed by some more visits with a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop in the site where the inhabitants made models of their dream houses. The aspirations of the house owners were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reflected by this brainstorming session, and adaptability and wise use of the limited local resources were also echoed. Taking )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the practical points from this workshop a second workshop was organized to blend the ideas more rationally with engineering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and budget concerns. Two design options came out from these experiences gathered. Later only one option was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chosen by the community to be implemented and they had the freedom to customize it according to the position of their site. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The merits and gaps of this approach in sustainability and aspiration may be measured hopefully after the completion of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(project.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 616.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 596.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Settlements are recreated to a degree after every major disaster. The physical and environmental characteristics change and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(adapt in accordance with nature and to become more sustainable with time. Perhaps this is the way that settlements survive.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houses are one of the major elements of a settlement, together with roads, links, growth centers, agricultural lands, water )] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bodies, habitable and non- habitable areas. But houses as units indeed give a character to a settlement. If a house cannot meet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(basic functional needs it may be abandoned later and be replaced by another house that can reflect the needs and aspirations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the owner better. This may be built by the inhabitants when they are able to make houses on their own. From the housing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(practice in the rural areas, we find that usually homesteads do not move but houses may need to be shifted to suitable sites, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(especially where there is scarcity of land and constrains in land ownership. In counties like Bangladesh with a high population )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and limited land, relocation after disasters is often not possible. As many organizations provide housing reliefs after disasters, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ultra poor that suffer more in disasters receive this relief. But when they are not allowed to alter this product according to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their needs and aspirations, they do not feel attachment with it as their homes. This was found from field visits in other different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(places that had also suffered from cyclone Sidr where some other organizations provided housing.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The present practice of distribution of relief houses to which owners do not feel attached because they have not been involved )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in information sharing or the building process means that relief houses may not be acceptable to their owners. There are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concerns that the houses may only be used as temporary or transitional shelters to sustain life in the disaster phase, but will not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be used as houses in the long term.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.103 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 309.546 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 282.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Heidegger, M [1971] Building Dwelling Thinking, in Poetry, Language, Thought, translated by Hofstadter, A, Harper and Row )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Publishers, New York, USA, SBN 06-090430-5, pp. 145-161.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 250.782 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Rahman, T [2008] Structural Strengthening of Settlements in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh, thesis dissertation as a partial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 238.878 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Masters in Disaster Management, Postgraduate Programs in Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.973 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Management, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 207.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ministry of Food and Disaster Management [2008] Super Cyclone Sidr 2007 Impacts and Strategies for Intervention, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 183.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.cdmp.org.bd/cdmp_old/reports/Draft-Sidr-Report.pdf, accessed on 07.12.2010, pp. 17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 175.273 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 156.723 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Government of Bangladesh [2008] Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh Damage, Loss, and Needs Assessment for Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Recovery and Reconstruction, assisted by International Development Community with financial support from the European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission, gfdrr.org/docs/AssessmentReport_Cyclone%20Sidr_Bangladesh_2008.pdf, accesses on 23.09.2010, pp. 17-19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 124.427 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 105.877 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Abed, F, H [2004] Forward, in Exploring Changes in the Lives of the Ultra Poor, an Exploratory Study on CFPR/TUP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.972 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Members, CFPR-TUP Working Paper Series No. 3, September 2004, by Matin, I and Walker, S, BRAC Research and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Evaluation Division and Aga Khan Foundation Canada. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.163 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.bracresearch.org/workingpapers/exploring_changes_in_the_lives_of_the_ultra_poor_pdf.pdf, accessed on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.258 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.10.2010, pp. v)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.772 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(9)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 246 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 247 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 174.5790 91.2600 182.2102 ] >> endobj 247 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://www.cdmp.org.bd/cdmp_old/reports/Draft-Sidr-Report.pdf) >> endobj 248 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 249 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 123.7335 91.2600 131.3647 ] >> endobj 249 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://gfdrr.org/docs/AssessmentReport_Cyclone Sidr_Bangladesh_2008.pdf) >> endobj 250 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 251 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 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15.000 269.201 577.500 507.799 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K. H, and Mallick, F. H. [2006] Dynamic Vernacular: Outdoor Spaces in the Homesteads of the Ultra Poor, 3rd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Seminar on Vernacular Settlement, Indonesia.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Baqee, A [1998] Grameen Bashati: Boishishto, Unnayan o Porikalpana Proshongo \(Rural Settlement: Characteristics, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Development and Planning Issues\), 2nd edition, Banga Prokashane, Dhaka, ISBN 984 30 0083 3)] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2007] Emergency Appeal Bangladesh: Cyclone Sidr, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Appeal n MDRBD 003, GLIDE TC -2007-000208-BGD, 16th November 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/07/mdrbd003prelapp.pdf, accessed on 23.09.2010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 665.062 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN- HABITAT, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2010] Shelter Projects 2009, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 634.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/204800-sheltercatalogue2009-en.pdf, accessed on 09.01.2011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.121 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(O'Brien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D [2008] Housing Reconstruction in Aceh: Relationships between House Type and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 595.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Environmental Sustainability, in Building Abroad Procurement of Construction and Reconstruction Projects in the International )] TJ ET BT 26.250 583.761 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Context, edited by Lizarralde, G, Davidson, C, Pukteris, A and Blois, M, D, Groupe de Recherche IF, Facult de )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(l'amnagement, Universit de Montral, Canada, ISBN 978-0-9811282-0-7, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.grif.umontreal.ca/pages/conferencegrif08/32-OBrien.pdf, accessed on 06.10.2010, pp. 361-371)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 551.466 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Oxfam America [2010] Ownership in Practice Capacity: Helping Countries Lead, Oxfam America, September 2010, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/Capacity%20policy%20brief-lowres-singlepages.pdf, accessed on 04.10.2010, pp. 9-10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 512.525 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agrawal, A \(2007\) Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, Disaster Risk Management Program, Government of India - )] TJ ET BT 26.250 482.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP, https://www.ndmindia.nic.in/techAdvGroup/rvs/CycloneArchitecture.pdf, accessed on 09.02.2011.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 473.584 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Seraj, S. M. and Ahmed, K. I. [2004] Building Safer Houses in Rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh University of Engineering and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 443.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Technology, Dhaka, ISBN 984-32-1280-5, pp. 96)] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The Daily Star [2007] Sundarbans after Sidr - Foresters' Trick to Finish It Off, 11th December 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=15040, accessed on 26,09,2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shelter Coordination Group [2007] "Guideline Principles for Shelter Recovery Strategy- Cyclone Sidr", UNDP, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Meeting held on 23.11.2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ahmed, K. I. [2005] Design and Construction of Housing for Flood- Prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh, Asian Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand, ISBN 984-32-2163 X, pp. 17)] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Turner, J, F, C [1972] Housing as a Verb, in Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, edited by Turner, J, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 317.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(F, C, and Fichter, R, The Macmilan Publishing Company, New York, USA, ISBN-10: 0020896905, pp. 148-175)] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H [2005] Living Below the Line: Sustainability and the Houses of the Ultra Poor, the 22nd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon, 13-16 November, 2005.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 269.201 577.500 507.799 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K. H, and Mallick, F. H. [2006] Dynamic Vernacular: Outdoor Spaces in the Homesteads of the Ultra Poor, 3rd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Seminar on Vernacular Settlement, Indonesia.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Baqee, A [1998] Grameen Bashati: Boishishto, Unnayan o Porikalpana Proshongo \(Rural Settlement: Characteristics, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Development and Planning Issues\), 2nd edition, Banga Prokashane, Dhaka, ISBN 984 30 0083 3)] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2007] Emergency Appeal Bangladesh: Cyclone Sidr, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Appeal n MDRBD 003, GLIDE TC -2007-000208-BGD, 16th November 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/07/mdrbd003prelapp.pdf, accessed on 23.09.2010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 665.062 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN- HABITAT, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2010] Shelter Projects 2009, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 634.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/204800-sheltercatalogue2009-en.pdf, accessed on 09.01.2011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.121 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(O'Brien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D [2008] Housing Reconstruction in Aceh: Relationships between House Type and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 595.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Environmental Sustainability, in Building Abroad Procurement of Construction and Reconstruction Projects in the International )] TJ ET BT 26.250 583.761 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Context, edited by Lizarralde, G, Davidson, C, Pukteris, A and Blois, M, D, Groupe de Recherche IF, Facult de )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(l'amnagement, Universit de Montral, Canada, ISBN 978-0-9811282-0-7, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.grif.umontreal.ca/pages/conferencegrif08/32-OBrien.pdf, accessed on 06.10.2010, pp. 361-371)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 551.466 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Oxfam America [2010] Ownership in Practice Capacity: Helping Countries Lead, Oxfam America, September 2010, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/Capacity%20policy%20brief-lowres-singlepages.pdf, accessed on 04.10.2010, pp. 9-10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 512.525 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agrawal, A \(2007\) Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, Disaster Risk Management Program, Government of India - )] TJ ET BT 26.250 482.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP, https://www.ndmindia.nic.in/techAdvGroup/rvs/CycloneArchitecture.pdf, accessed on 09.02.2011.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 473.584 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Seraj, S. M. and Ahmed, K. I. [2004] Building Safer Houses in Rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh University of Engineering and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 443.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Technology, Dhaka, ISBN 984-32-1280-5, pp. 96)] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The Daily Star [2007] Sundarbans after Sidr - Foresters' Trick to Finish It Off, 11th December 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=15040, accessed on 26,09,2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shelter Coordination Group [2007] "Guideline Principles for Shelter Recovery Strategy- Cyclone Sidr", UNDP, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Meeting held on 23.11.2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ahmed, K. I. [2005] Design and Construction of Housing for Flood- Prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh, Asian Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand, ISBN 984-32-2163 X, pp. 17)] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Turner, J, F, C [1972] Housing as a Verb, in Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, edited by Turner, J, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 317.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(F, C, and Fichter, R, The Macmilan Publishing Company, New York, USA, ISBN-10: 0020896905, pp. 148-175)] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H [2005] Living Below the Line: Sustainability and the Houses of the Ultra Poor, the 22nd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon, 13-16 November, 2005.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 269.201 577.500 507.799 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K. H, and Mallick, F. H. [2006] Dynamic Vernacular: Outdoor Spaces in the Homesteads of the Ultra Poor, 3rd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Seminar on Vernacular Settlement, Indonesia.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Baqee, A [1998] Grameen Bashati: Boishishto, Unnayan o Porikalpana Proshongo \(Rural Settlement: Characteristics, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Development and Planning Issues\), 2nd edition, Banga Prokashane, Dhaka, ISBN 984 30 0083 3)] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2007] Emergency Appeal Bangladesh: Cyclone Sidr, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Appeal n MDRBD 003, GLIDE TC -2007-000208-BGD, 16th November 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/07/mdrbd003prelapp.pdf, accessed on 23.09.2010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 665.062 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 646.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN- HABITAT, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [2010] Shelter Projects 2009, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 634.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/204800-sheltercatalogue2009-en.pdf, accessed on 09.01.2011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.121 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(O'Brien, D, Ahmed, I and Hes, D [2008] Housing Reconstruction in Aceh: Relationships between House Type and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 595.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Environmental Sustainability, in Building Abroad Procurement of Construction and Reconstruction Projects in the International )] TJ ET BT 26.250 583.761 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Context, edited by Lizarralde, G, Davidson, C, Pukteris, A and Blois, M, D, Groupe de Recherche IF, Facult de )] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(l'amnagement, Universit de Montral, Canada, ISBN 978-0-9811282-0-7, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.grif.umontreal.ca/pages/conferencegrif08/32-OBrien.pdf, accessed on 06.10.2010, pp. 361-371)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 551.466 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 532.916 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Oxfam America [2010] Ownership in Practice Capacity: Helping Countries Lead, Oxfam America, September 2010, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.oxfamamerica.org/files/Capacity%20policy%20brief-lowres-singlepages.pdf, accessed on 04.10.2010, pp. 9-10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 512.525 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 493.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agrawal, A \(2007\) Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, Disaster Risk Management Program, Government of India - )] TJ ET BT 26.250 482.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP, https://www.ndmindia.nic.in/techAdvGroup/rvs/CycloneArchitecture.pdf, accessed on 09.02.2011.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 473.584 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 455.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Seraj, S. M. and Ahmed, K. I. [2004] Building Safer Houses in Rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh University of Engineering and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 443.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Technology, Dhaka, ISBN 984-32-1280-5, pp. 96)] TJ ET BT 26.250 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 423.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The Daily Star [2007] Sundarbans after Sidr - Foresters' Trick to Finish It Off, 11th December 2007, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 411.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=15040, accessed on 26,09,2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 392.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shelter Coordination Group [2007] "Guideline Principles for Shelter Recovery Strategy- Cyclone Sidr", UNDP, Dhaka, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 380.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Meeting held on 23.11.2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 361.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ahmed, K. I. [2005] Design and Construction of Housing for Flood- Prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh, Asian Disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand, ISBN 984-32-2163 X, pp. 17)] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 329.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Turner, J, F, C [1972] Housing as a Verb, in Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, edited by Turner, J, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 317.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(F, C, and Fichter, R, The Macmilan Publishing Company, New York, USA, ISBN-10: 0020896905, pp. 148-175)] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 298.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kabir, K, H and Mallick, F, H [2005] Living Below the Line: Sustainability and the Houses of the Ultra Poor, the 22nd )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon, 13-16 November, 2005.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(10)] TJ ET BT 25.000 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