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/Title (Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations Providing Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece � PLOS Currents Disasters)
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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Providing Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(November 17, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
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BT 101.385 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Research Article)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(George Tjensvoll Kitching)] TJ ET
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BT 137.332 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 142.753 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hanne J. Haavik)] TJ ET
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BT 214.279 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 219.700 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Birgit J. Tandstad)] TJ ET
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BT 295.565 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 300.986 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Muhammad Zaman)] TJ ET
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BT 385.508 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 390.929 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elisabeth Darj)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kitching GT, J. Haavik H, Tandstad BJ, Zaman M, Darj E. Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations Providing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Nov 17 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1371/currents.dis.bd282cd90ade7d4eb63b6bbdb1904d10.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 598.430 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: Syrian refugees displaced into Turkey have attempted high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Europe, most often initially arriving on the Greek island of Lesvos. These refugees were often in need of basic humanitarian )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance that has been provided in part by a new category of ad hoc grassroots organizations \(AHGOs\). The aim of this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was to understand the internal and external operations of these AHGOs and their role on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The experiences of AHGOs were investigated through a qualitative research design utilizing semi-structured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews with organization leaders and spokespersons. AHGOs identified through media and social media sources as new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos-specific organizations were purposively invited to complete an interview over phone, Skype or email. Data analysis of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the transcribed interviews was performed by Systematic Text Condensation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Forty-one organizations were contacted and 13 interviews were conducted. Most organizations were formed in autumn )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015 responding to the greater influx of refugees and migrants at that time and reported an absence of professional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian agencies providing aid on Lesvos. Three categories emerged from the material. Features of organizations; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of volunteers and; Evolution of AHGOs. The organizations perceived themselves capable of evaluating needs, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobilizing resources, funding and providing quick response. The volunteers came with limited humanitarian experience and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from a wide variety of nationalities and professional backgrounds, and the organizations developed while on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: Knowledge from our findings of AHGOs response to this complex disaster on Lesvos could be utilized in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catastrophes. We conclude that AHGOs may prove effective at providing humanitarian aid in a surge response when )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international non-governmental organizations are unable to respond quickly. In future complex disasters AHGOs should be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recognized as new humanitarian actors and conditions should be made favourable for their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this work and have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.936 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ongoing conflict in Syria and the surrounding region has led to the displacement of people within and out of Syria, into )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neighbouring countries within the region)] TJ ET
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BT 203.400 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The total number of Syrians displaced out of Syria was estimated to have reached 4.3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million by the end of 2015)] TJ ET
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BT 137.351 225.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
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BT 142.170 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The United Nations \(UN\) has repeatedly requested other countries outside of the region to accept )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 212.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vulnerable refugees to ease the pressure on Syria�s neighbouring countries)] TJ ET
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BT 350.320 213.775 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 355.139 212.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees in the neighbouring countries often attempt high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in Europe. One major )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(route involves crossing the Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to the archipelago of Greece in small over crowded vessels )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organized by smuggler groups)] TJ ET
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BT 157.387 170.561 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 162.206 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In October 2015 was the peak period for crossings, with 135,053 arrivals to Lesvos, the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(common point of arrival)] TJ ET
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BT 132.391 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the period before 20 March 2016 refugees and migrants arriving to Lesvos were registered and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(began a migration to other destinations in Europe. Hereafter a political agreement was implemented between the European )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Union \(EU\) and Turkey, which limited the movement of prior arrivals in Greece and secured deportation of new arrivals)] TJ ET
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BT 537.218 134.846 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
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BT 542.037 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The refugees and migrants arriving by boat are in need of basic humanitarian assistance)] TJ ET
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BT 412.576 117.823 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 414.986 115.442 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 419.804 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Humanitarian aid organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 102.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(both governmental and non-governmental, have worked to provide this basic assistance at many points on the path from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 90.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(landing beaches. Media \(grey sources\) have indicated some of the organizations providing humanitarian aid are specifically )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(focused to tackle this particular disaster and draw from a different volunteer base, than typical Emergency Medical Teams, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 66.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(classified by the World Health Organizations \(WHO\))] TJ ET
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BT 255.377 70.204 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 262.605 70.204 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 265.014 67.823 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
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BT 269.833 66.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . In our study these organizations are called ad hoc, not existing before )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(this disaster, and grassroots, organized by collaborations and partnerships between non-professional individuals. Limited )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information is available regarding the full picture of ad hoc grassroots organizations \(AHGOs\) active in Greece)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations )] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(November 17, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
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BT 101.385 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Research Article)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(George Tjensvoll Kitching)] TJ ET
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BT 137.332 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.753 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hanne J. Haavik)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.279 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 219.700 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Birgit J. Tandstad)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.565 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 300.986 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Muhammad Zaman)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 385.508 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 390.929 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elisabeth Darj)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kitching GT, J. Haavik H, Tandstad BJ, Zaman M, Darj E. Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations Providing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Nov 17 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1371/currents.dis.bd282cd90ade7d4eb63b6bbdb1904d10.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 598.430 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: Syrian refugees displaced into Turkey have attempted high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Europe, most often initially arriving on the Greek island of Lesvos. These refugees were often in need of basic humanitarian )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance that has been provided in part by a new category of ad hoc grassroots organizations \(AHGOs\). The aim of this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was to understand the internal and external operations of these AHGOs and their role on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The experiences of AHGOs were investigated through a qualitative research design utilizing semi-structured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews with organization leaders and spokespersons. AHGOs identified through media and social media sources as new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos-specific organizations were purposively invited to complete an interview over phone, Skype or email. Data analysis of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the transcribed interviews was performed by Systematic Text Condensation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Forty-one organizations were contacted and 13 interviews were conducted. Most organizations were formed in autumn )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015 responding to the greater influx of refugees and migrants at that time and reported an absence of professional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian agencies providing aid on Lesvos. Three categories emerged from the material. Features of organizations; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of volunteers and; Evolution of AHGOs. The organizations perceived themselves capable of evaluating needs, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobilizing resources, funding and providing quick response. The volunteers came with limited humanitarian experience and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from a wide variety of nationalities and professional backgrounds, and the organizations developed while on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: Knowledge from our findings of AHGOs response to this complex disaster on Lesvos could be utilized in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catastrophes. We conclude that AHGOs may prove effective at providing humanitarian aid in a surge response when )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international non-governmental organizations are unable to respond quickly. In future complex disasters AHGOs should be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recognized as new humanitarian actors and conditions should be made favourable for their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this work and have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.936 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ongoing conflict in Syria and the surrounding region has led to the displacement of people within and out of Syria, into )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neighbouring countries within the region)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 198.581 237.584 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 203.400 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The total number of Syrians displaced out of Syria was estimated to have reached 4.3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million by the end of 2015)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 137.351 225.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.170 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The United Nations \(UN\) has repeatedly requested other countries outside of the region to accept )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 212.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vulnerable refugees to ease the pressure on Syria�s neighbouring countries)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 350.320 213.775 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 355.139 212.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees in the neighbouring countries often attempt high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in Europe. One major )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(route involves crossing the Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to the archipelago of Greece in small over crowded vessels )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organized by smuggler groups)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 157.387 170.561 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 162.206 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In October 2015 was the peak period for crossings, with 135,053 arrivals to Lesvos, the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(common point of arrival)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 127.572 158.656 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 132.391 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the period before 20 March 2016 refugees and migrants arriving to Lesvos were registered and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(began a migration to other destinations in Europe. Hereafter a political agreement was implemented between the European )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Union \(EU\) and Turkey, which limited the movement of prior arrivals in Greece and secured deportation of new arrivals)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 537.218 134.846 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 542.037 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The refugees and migrants arriving by boat are in need of basic humanitarian assistance)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.758 115.442 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 412.576 117.823 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 414.986 115.442 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 419.804 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Humanitarian aid organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 102.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(both governmental and non-governmental, have worked to provide this basic assistance at many points on the path from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 90.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(landing beaches. Media \(grey sources\) have indicated some of the organizations providing humanitarian aid are specifically )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(focused to tackle this particular disaster and draw from a different volunteer base, than typical Emergency Medical Teams, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 66.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(classified by the World Health Organizations \(WHO\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 250.559 67.823 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 255.377 70.204 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 257.787 67.823 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 262.605 70.204 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 265.014 67.823 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 269.833 66.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . In our study these organizations are called ad hoc, not existing before )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(this disaster, and grassroots, organized by collaborations and partnerships between non-professional individuals. Limited )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information is available regarding the full picture of ad hoc grassroots organizations \(AHGOs\) active in Greece)] TJ ET
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BT 500.392 44.013 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 505.211 42.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. AHGOs have )] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Providing Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(November 17, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 96.510 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
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BT 101.385 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Research Article)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(George Tjensvoll Kitching)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 137.332 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.753 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hanne J. Haavik)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.279 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 219.700 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Birgit J. Tandstad)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.565 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 300.986 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Muhammad Zaman)] TJ ET
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BT 390.929 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elisabeth Darj)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kitching GT, J. Haavik H, Tandstad BJ, Zaman M, Darj E. Exploring the Role of Ad Hoc Grassroots Organizations Providing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Aid on Lesvos, Greece. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Nov 17 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1371/currents.dis.bd282cd90ade7d4eb63b6bbdb1904d10.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 598.430 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: Syrian refugees displaced into Turkey have attempted high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Europe, most often initially arriving on the Greek island of Lesvos. These refugees were often in need of basic humanitarian )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance that has been provided in part by a new category of ad hoc grassroots organizations \(AHGOs\). The aim of this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was to understand the internal and external operations of these AHGOs and their role on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The experiences of AHGOs were investigated through a qualitative research design utilizing semi-structured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews with organization leaders and spokespersons. AHGOs identified through media and social media sources as new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos-specific organizations were purposively invited to complete an interview over phone, Skype or email. Data analysis of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the transcribed interviews was performed by Systematic Text Condensation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Forty-one organizations were contacted and 13 interviews were conducted. Most organizations were formed in autumn )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015 responding to the greater influx of refugees and migrants at that time and reported an absence of professional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian agencies providing aid on Lesvos. Three categories emerged from the material. Features of organizations; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of volunteers and; Evolution of AHGOs. The organizations perceived themselves capable of evaluating needs, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobilizing resources, funding and providing quick response. The volunteers came with limited humanitarian experience and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from a wide variety of nationalities and professional backgrounds, and the organizations developed while on Lesvos.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: Knowledge from our findings of AHGOs response to this complex disaster on Lesvos could be utilized in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catastrophes. We conclude that AHGOs may prove effective at providing humanitarian aid in a surge response when )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international non-governmental organizations are unable to respond quickly. In future complex disasters AHGOs should be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recognized as new humanitarian actors and conditions should be made favourable for their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this work and have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.936 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ongoing conflict in Syria and the surrounding region has led to the displacement of people within and out of Syria, into )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neighbouring countries within the region)] TJ ET
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BT 203.400 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The total number of Syrians displaced out of Syria was estimated to have reached 4.3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million by the end of 2015)] TJ ET
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BT 137.351 225.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
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BT 142.170 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The United Nations \(UN\) has repeatedly requested other countries outside of the region to accept )] TJ ET
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BT 355.139 212.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees in the neighbouring countries often attempt high-risk sea migrations to reach safer destinations in Europe. One major )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(route involves crossing the Mediterranean Sea from Turkey to the archipelago of Greece in small over crowded vessels )] TJ ET
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BT 162.206 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In October 2015 was the peak period for crossings, with 135,053 arrivals to Lesvos, the most )] TJ ET
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BT 132.391 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the period before 20 March 2016 refugees and migrants arriving to Lesvos were registered and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(began a migration to other destinations in Europe. Hereafter a political agreement was implemented between the European )] TJ ET
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BT 542.037 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The refugees and migrants arriving by boat are in need of basic humanitarian assistance)] TJ ET
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BT 407.758 115.442 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 412.576 117.823 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 414.986 115.442 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
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BT 419.804 113.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Humanitarian aid organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 102.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(both governmental and non-governmental, have worked to provide this basic assistance at many points on the path from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 90.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(landing beaches. Media \(grey sources\) have indicated some of the organizations providing humanitarian aid are specifically )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(focused to tackle this particular disaster and draw from a different volunteer base, than typical Emergency Medical Teams, as )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were identified initially through searches on Google and social media sites, Facebook and Twitter, using combinations )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 580.517 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Methods)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.562 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study design)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was chosen in order to explore the broad range of experiences of AHGOs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos, and not to evaluate effectiveness. Specific objectives were to explore perceptions of the AHGOs internal structuring, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding, volunteer base characteristics, coordination with others and specific aid services provided to the refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migrants, as well as to the volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study participants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were identified initially through searches on Google and social media sites, Facebook and Twitter, using combinations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of keywords including: �Refugee�; �Syria�; �Asylum-seeker�; �Les\(v\)\(b\)os�; �Greece�; �Aid�; �Relief�; �Rescue�; �Humanitarian�. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified through Internet search were also corroborated with information from the UNHCR Lesvos Contact List.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Participants were purposively invited through email, for voluntary contribution, by GTK. The target group was senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives within the AHGOs in order to gain insight into the inner workings of the organizations. Inclusion criteria were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs, founded with the aim to relieve suffering on Lesvos and have or have had active volunteers providing aid on Lesvos. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations without active volunteers on Lesvos, or as being formed prior to this crisis in response to a different disaster, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were excluded from the sample.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.396 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study setting)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Areas of interest for AHGOs included the towns of Molyvos, Eftalou and fishing village of Skala Sykaminias on the North coast )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 325.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and campsites of Kara Tepe, Pikpa and Moria in the Southern part of the island, close to the capital Mitilini. Moria was identified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as the site of a registration camp operated by the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 301.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(External borders of the Member States of the European Union \(Frontex\), and for a period of time in partnership with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 289.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR, Danish Refugee Council.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 269.967 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Data collection)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Prior to the interviews, an interview guide was constructed with some specific questions regarding the characterization of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations and topics with open-ended questions to discuss regarding their operations and experiences providing aid on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos \(Appendix A\). Interview guide questions were formulated through discussion and consensus of the authors. All )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews were conducted in English, tape recorded with the permission of the participants, and transcribed verbatim from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audio-recordings. Identifying features within the interview were removed to ensure anonymity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Semi-structured interviews were conducted over Skype, Whatsapp call, phone call and for one interview, over email. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Participants were asked as the last question within their interview, to identify other relevant organizations that could be added to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the sample.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.325 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Data analysis)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Data analysis of the transcribed interviews was performed by Systematic Text Condensation)] TJ ET
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BT 423.982 122.427 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.619 120.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Mindjet manager software was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used to sort, code and analyze extracted units of meaning. GTK, HJH and BJT worked to transcribe the interviews and to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(develop multiple levels of coding. They met several times to discuss the results and develop final subcategories and categories, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which were further discussed with the international team of senior researchers. All authors had access to the material. Study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants were not contacted for comment or validation of the study findings.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 53.896 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Ethics statement)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 44.015 577.500 732.985 re W n
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(provided humanitarian relief to past disasters, such as the Earthquake in Haiti in 2010 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012)] TJ ET
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BT 524.280 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 529.099 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs continue to remain active on Lesvos following the EU-Turkey agreement, this report seeks to identify and characterize )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the emergent AHGO disaster response present in Greece focusing on the period prior to the major changes resulting from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agreement.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In this study we assign the term refugees and migrants to all peoples making the sea-crossing from Turkey to Lesvos in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(accordance with UN definition)] TJ ET
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BT 155.213 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.032 704.341 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 162.441 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 172.079 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Using refugees and migrants attempts to capture the entirety of arrivals, simultaneously )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(acknowledging that most people arriving on Lesvos are fleeing the regional instability resulting from the Syrian conflict, but also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that not all migrants may qualify as refugees. The majority of interview respondents utilized the term refugee alone. The term )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Non-Governmental Organization \(INGO\) refers here to all non-ad hoc grassroots, but international professional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian non-governmental organizations active on Lesvos. However, acknowledging the diversity of organizations within )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(this definition, we do not believe further refining this definition adds value to this report that aims to characterize the AHGOs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response on Lesvos. The aim of the study was to investigate internal and external operations of AHGOs and to explore their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perceptions and experiences of providing humanitarian aid during the crisis on Lesvos, Greece.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 580.517 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Methods)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.562 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study design)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was chosen in order to explore the broad range of experiences of AHGOs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos, and not to evaluate effectiveness. Specific objectives were to explore perceptions of the AHGOs internal structuring, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding, volunteer base characteristics, coordination with others and specific aid services provided to the refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migrants, as well as to the volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study participants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were identified initially through searches on Google and social media sites, Facebook and Twitter, using combinations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of keywords including: �Refugee�; �Syria�; �Asylum-seeker�; �Les\(v\)\(b\)os�; �Greece�; �Aid�; �Relief�; �Rescue�; �Humanitarian�. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified through Internet search were also corroborated with information from the UNHCR Lesvos Contact List.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Participants were purposively invited through email, for voluntary contribution, by GTK. The target group was senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives within the AHGOs in order to gain insight into the inner workings of the organizations. Inclusion criteria were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs, founded with the aim to relieve suffering on Lesvos and have or have had active volunteers providing aid on Lesvos. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations without active volunteers on Lesvos, or as being formed prior to this crisis in response to a different disaster, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were excluded from the sample.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.396 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Study setting)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Areas of interest for AHGOs included the towns of Molyvos, Eftalou and fishing village of Skala Sykaminias on the North coast )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 325.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and campsites of Kara Tepe, Pikpa and Moria in the Southern part of the island, close to the capital Mitilini. Moria was identified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as the site of a registration camp operated by the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 301.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(External borders of the Member States of the European Union \(Frontex\), and for a period of time in partnership with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 289.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR, Danish Refugee Council.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 269.967 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Data collection)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Prior to the interviews, an interview guide was constructed with some specific questions regarding the characterization of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations and topics with open-ended questions to discuss regarding their operations and experiences providing aid on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos \(Appendix A\). Interview guide questions were formulated through discussion and consensus of the authors. All )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews were conducted in English, tape recorded with the permission of the participants, and transcribed verbatim from the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audio-recordings. Identifying features within the interview were removed to ensure anonymity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Semi-structured interviews were conducted over Skype, Whatsapp call, phone call and for one interview, over email. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Participants were asked as the last question within their interview, to identify other relevant organizations that could be added to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the sample.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.325 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Data analysis)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Data analysis of the transcribed interviews was performed by Systematic Text Condensation)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 423.982 122.427 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.619 120.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Mindjet manager software was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used to sort, code and analyze extracted units of meaning. GTK, HJH and BJT worked to transcribe the interviews and to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(develop multiple levels of coding. They met several times to discuss the results and develop final subcategories and categories, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which were further discussed with the international team of senior researchers. All authors had access to the material. Study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants were not contacted for comment or validation of the study findings.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 53.896 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Ethics statement)] TJ ET
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The study has been assessed by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics \(REC\) of central Norway. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the evaluation by REC of central Norway, no ethical permission was found to be required, as no health information, test results )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or biological samples were collected, only anonymized verbal interviews. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants prior to conducting interviews. Participants were informed about the aim of the study, asked for voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participation and were informed that they could withdraw from the interviews at any time, without giving any reason.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Findings)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We initially identified and contacted 41 AHGOs, and conducted 13 interviews in a six-week period from 25 January 2016 and 3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(March 2016. Interviews lasted on average 50 minutes. One organization that provided an interview was subsequently excluded )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from the results because it was identified that, despite being a grassroots organization, it was not ad hoc as it had initially )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formed in 2005 and had been involved in other humanitarian activities since. Through the interviews several other AHGOs were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified beyond the initial that was found, and it was indicated that there were over 80 organizations, including INGOs, active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos. After 12 interviews, we decided the material was saturated as no new expressions evolved.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs interviewed originate from diverse nations including two from England, three from Greece, two from Holland, one from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Norway, one from Palestine, two from Sweden and one from the United States of America.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Most groups and individuals that were later founded as an AHGO began providing humanitarian aid on Lesvos, before they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(went through the process of becoming an official organization or registering as such. The earliest surveyed began working in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2014 and the latest surveyed in November 2015. Most of them started in September and October 2015 and were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(officially recognized a month later.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Trying to get an estimate of total volunteers, gave a mix of responses, such as total estimates, weekly rates of volunteers, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific time period estimates. Collating this information gave estimates of 2260-4240 volunteers in the period of November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014 to February 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Three categories emerged during the qualitative analysis; Features of AHGOs; Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs, and; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs.)] TJ ET
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26.625 348.862 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 332.981 0.750 15.881 re f
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580.125 380.250 0.750 16.631 re f
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296.246 364.369 0.750 16.631 re f
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296.246 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
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580.125 332.606 0.750 16.631 re f
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580.125 316.725 0.750 16.631 re f
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26.625 285.337 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 269.081 0.750 16.256 re f
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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 290.989 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 284.962 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 275.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Length of stay)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 269.081 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 221.437 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 253.575 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 237.694 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 221.437 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 269.081 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 253.200 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 243.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 237.319 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 227.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 166.539 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.134 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to refugees and migrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs provided a diversity of emergency humanitarian relief services to refugees and migrants arriving on Lesvos and most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations were involved in providing multiple services. Many boats arrived on beaches along the coast and organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worked to receive boats, check health status of the arrivals and provide food and dry clothes. The Greek coastguard transferred )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people from arriving boats to the harbor of Molyvos and to AHGOs reception camps. A critical need for patrolling cars was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(acknowledged. Organizations stressed the importance of ensuring that medical personnel examined refugees and migrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that families remained united. Some organizations had specialized teams of volunteers, pre-qualified to provide search and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rescue services:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.896 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We recruit wilderness trained people� Lifeguards, paramedics, anyone who has wilderness training. Anyone who is able to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 24.991 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(operate in a remote environment cause this place we work at is like an hour away from anything where they could get real help. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 13.086 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(So they all bring the training with them. We provide the organization, the kit, the procedures, and the protocol of how to operate )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 -1.199 577.500 778.199 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The study has been assessed by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics \(REC\) of central Norway. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the evaluation by REC of central Norway, no ethical permission was found to be required, as no health information, test results )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or biological samples were collected, only anonymized verbal interviews. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants prior to conducting interviews. Participants were informed about the aim of the study, asked for voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participation and were informed that they could withdraw from the interviews at any time, without giving any reason.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Findings)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We initially identified and contacted 41 AHGOs, and conducted 13 interviews in a six-week period from 25 January 2016 and 3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(March 2016. Interviews lasted on average 50 minutes. One organization that provided an interview was subsequently excluded )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from the results because it was identified that, despite being a grassroots organization, it was not ad hoc as it had initially )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formed in 2005 and had been involved in other humanitarian activities since. Through the interviews several other AHGOs were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified beyond the initial that was found, and it was indicated that there were over 80 organizations, including INGOs, active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos. After 12 interviews, we decided the material was saturated as no new expressions evolved.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs interviewed originate from diverse nations including two from England, three from Greece, two from Holland, one from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Norway, one from Palestine, two from Sweden and one from the United States of America.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Most groups and individuals that were later founded as an AHGO began providing humanitarian aid on Lesvos, before they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(went through the process of becoming an official organization or registering as such. The earliest surveyed began working in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2014 and the latest surveyed in November 2015. Most of them started in September and October 2015 and were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(officially recognized a month later.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Trying to get an estimate of total volunteers, gave a mix of responses, such as total estimates, weekly rates of volunteers, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific time period estimates. Collating this information gave estimates of 2260-4240 volunteers in the period of November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014 to February 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Three categories emerged during the qualitative analysis; Features of AHGOs; Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs, and; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs.)] TJ ET
q
26.250 432.944 555.000 0.000 re W n
Q
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
26.250 409.536 555.000 23.408 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
0.267 0.267 0.267 RG
26.250 432.944 m 581.250 432.944 l 580.500 432.194 l 27.000 432.194 l  f
581.250 432.944 m 581.250 409.536 l 580.500 409.536 l 580.500 432.194 l  f
26.250 432.944 m 26.250 409.536 l 27.000 409.536 l 27.000 432.194 l  f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 33.000 418.868 Td /F4 9.0 Tf  [(Table 1)] TJ ET
BT 64.014 418.868 Td /F1 9.0 Tf  [(. Categories and sub-categories for experiences of AHGOs active on Lesvos)] TJ ET
1.000 1.000 1.000 rg
26.250 221.062 555.000 188.474 re f
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
27.000 396.506 269.621 12.280 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 408.411 269.996 0.750 re f
26.625 396.131 0.750 13.030 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.500 399.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Categories)] TJ ET
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
296.621 396.506 283.879 12.280 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.621 408.411 284.254 0.750 re f
580.125 396.131 0.750 13.030 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.121 399.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sub-categories)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 396.131 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 380.625 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 364.744 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 348.862 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 332.981 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 316.725 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 386.276 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of AHGOS)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 396.131 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 380.250 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 380.250 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 386.276 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to refugees and migrants)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 380.250 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 364.369 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 364.369 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 370.395 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to volunteers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 364.369 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 354.514 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Internal structures of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 348.487 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 332.606 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 332.606 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 338.632 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Funding of organizations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 332.606 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 316.725 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 316.725 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 322.751 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coordination with others)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 316.725 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 301.219 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 285.337 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 269.081 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 306.870 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 316.725 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 300.844 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 300.844 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 306.870 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Diversity of volunteers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 300.844 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 284.962 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 284.962 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 290.989 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 284.962 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 275.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Length of stay)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 269.081 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 221.437 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 253.575 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 237.694 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 221.437 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 269.081 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 253.200 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 243.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 237.319 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 227.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 166.539 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.134 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to refugees and migrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs provided a diversity of emergency humanitarian relief services to refugees and migrants arriving on Lesvos and most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations were involved in providing multiple services. Many boats arrived on beaches along the coast and organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worked to receive boats, check health status of the arrivals and provide food and dry clothes. The Greek coastguard transferred )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people from arriving boats to the harbor of Molyvos and to AHGOs reception camps. A critical need for patrolling cars was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(acknowledged. Organizations stressed the importance of ensuring that medical personnel examined refugees and migrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that families remained united. Some organizations had specialized teams of volunteers, pre-qualified to provide search and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rescue services:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.896 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We recruit wilderness trained people� Lifeguards, paramedics, anyone who has wilderness training. Anyone who is able to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 24.991 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(operate in a remote environment cause this place we work at is like an hour away from anything where they could get real help. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 13.086 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(So they all bring the training with them. We provide the organization, the kit, the procedures, and the protocol of how to operate )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 -1.199 577.500 778.199 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The study has been assessed by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics \(REC\) of central Norway. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the evaluation by REC of central Norway, no ethical permission was found to be required, as no health information, test results )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or biological samples were collected, only anonymized verbal interviews. Informed verbal consent was obtained from all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants prior to conducting interviews. Participants were informed about the aim of the study, asked for voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participation and were informed that they could withdraw from the interviews at any time, without giving any reason.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Findings)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We initially identified and contacted 41 AHGOs, and conducted 13 interviews in a six-week period from 25 January 2016 and 3 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(March 2016. Interviews lasted on average 50 minutes. One organization that provided an interview was subsequently excluded )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from the results because it was identified that, despite being a grassroots organization, it was not ad hoc as it had initially )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formed in 2005 and had been involved in other humanitarian activities since. Through the interviews several other AHGOs were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified beyond the initial that was found, and it was indicated that there were over 80 organizations, including INGOs, active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos. After 12 interviews, we decided the material was saturated as no new expressions evolved.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs interviewed originate from diverse nations including two from England, three from Greece, two from Holland, one from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Norway, one from Palestine, two from Sweden and one from the United States of America.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Most groups and individuals that were later founded as an AHGO began providing humanitarian aid on Lesvos, before they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(went through the process of becoming an official organization or registering as such. The earliest surveyed began working in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2014 and the latest surveyed in November 2015. Most of them started in September and October 2015 and were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(officially recognized a month later.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Trying to get an estimate of total volunteers, gave a mix of responses, such as total estimates, weekly rates of volunteers, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific time period estimates. Collating this information gave estimates of 2260-4240 volunteers in the period of November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014 to February 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Three categories emerged during the qualitative analysis; Features of AHGOs; Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs, and; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs.)] TJ ET
q
26.250 432.944 555.000 0.000 re W n
Q
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
26.250 409.536 555.000 23.408 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
0.267 0.267 0.267 RG
26.250 432.944 m 581.250 432.944 l 580.500 432.194 l 27.000 432.194 l  f
581.250 432.944 m 581.250 409.536 l 580.500 409.536 l 580.500 432.194 l  f
26.250 432.944 m 26.250 409.536 l 27.000 409.536 l 27.000 432.194 l  f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 33.000 418.868 Td /F4 9.0 Tf  [(Table 1)] TJ ET
BT 64.014 418.868 Td /F1 9.0 Tf  [(. Categories and sub-categories for experiences of AHGOs active on Lesvos)] TJ ET
1.000 1.000 1.000 rg
26.250 221.062 555.000 188.474 re f
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
27.000 396.506 269.621 12.280 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 408.411 269.996 0.750 re f
26.625 396.131 0.750 13.030 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.500 399.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Categories)] TJ ET
0.965 0.965 0.965 rg
296.621 396.506 283.879 12.280 re f
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.621 408.411 284.254 0.750 re f
580.125 396.131 0.750 13.030 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.121 399.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sub-categories)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 396.131 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 380.625 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 364.744 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 348.862 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 332.981 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 316.725 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 386.276 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of AHGOS)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 396.131 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 380.250 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 380.250 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 386.276 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to refugees and migrants)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 380.250 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 364.369 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 364.369 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 370.395 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to volunteers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 364.369 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 348.487 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 354.514 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Internal structures of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 348.487 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 332.606 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 332.606 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 338.632 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Funding of organizations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 332.606 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 316.725 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 316.725 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 322.751 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coordination with others)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 316.725 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 301.219 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 285.337 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 269.081 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 306.870 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 316.725 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 300.844 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 300.844 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 306.870 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Diversity of volunteers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 300.844 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 284.962 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 284.962 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 290.989 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 284.962 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 269.081 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 275.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Length of stay)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
26.625 269.081 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 221.437 270.371 0.750 re f
26.625 253.575 0.750 16.256 re f
26.625 237.694 0.750 15.881 re f
26.625 221.437 0.750 16.256 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 31.875 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 269.081 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 253.200 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 259.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 253.200 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 237.319 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 243.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
296.246 237.319 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 284.629 0.750 re f
296.246 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
580.125 221.437 0.750 16.631 re f
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 301.496 227.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 166.539 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.134 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to refugees and migrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs provided a diversity of emergency humanitarian relief services to refugees and migrants arriving on Lesvos and most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations were involved in providing multiple services. Many boats arrived on beaches along the coast and organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worked to receive boats, check health status of the arrivals and provide food and dry clothes. The Greek coastguard transferred )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people from arriving boats to the harbor of Molyvos and to AHGOs reception camps. A critical need for patrolling cars was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(acknowledged. Organizations stressed the importance of ensuring that medical personnel examined refugees and migrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that families remained united. Some organizations had specialized teams of volunteers, pre-qualified to provide search and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rescue services:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.896 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We recruit wilderness trained people� Lifeguards, paramedics, anyone who has wilderness training. Anyone who is able to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 24.991 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(operate in a remote environment cause this place we work at is like an hour away from anything where they could get real help. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 13.086 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(So they all bring the training with them. We provide the organization, the kit, the procedures, and the protocol of how to operate )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in that environment. Their personal skills are something they bring with them.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In reception camps refugees and migrants could shelter, before traveling to the registration camp at Moria. Medical clinics were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted where volunteers with medical and first aid qualifications assisted refugees and migrants. Storage warehouses existed to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(receive donations of goods and non-food items \(NFI\), such as clothing, and organizations sorted and distributed supplies to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different locations around the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Clothes, for example is the biggest thing on Lesvos. There is both too many clothes and not enough of the right clothes on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(whole island, but there is an interesting system of warehouses and Whatsapp groups to pull resources from different volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(warehouses that somehow functions.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Targeted campaigns were held in organizations home countries to accumulate particular NFI supplies and were perceived as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful both at home, in raising awareness, and also with the refugees and migrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Food was provided to refugees and migrants, either produced and distributed by the AHGO volunteers, or produced by a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catering company on the island and distributed by volunteers. Food distribution was often coordinated between multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Further the refugees and migrants were indirectly aided by AHGOs providing logistical support to other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, transporting donated items from warehouses and pick up points to areas of need based upon their requests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation services for Arabic, Farsi and Dari languages were provided on the beaches, in support of other organizations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to the Greek police. Information was also provided to refugees and migrants regarding their continued journey and funeral )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrangements for victims of sea-crossings. Organizations provided psychosocial support and guidance, including referral to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific clinics and services in destination countries, online chat support via Skype and Whatsapp, and designated safe spaces )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for vulnerable refugees and migrants including children.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accumulation of life-vests and rubber boats discarded by the arriving refugees and migrants was identified as an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environmental issue and organizations were engaged in beach cleanup activities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��there is a great environmental problem, there are thousands of tons of life-vest and there are many boats. You can�t recycle, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you can�t reuse them. This is a environmental bomb.� \(Interview 3\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations considered ways to �up-cycle� the discarded life-vests into products worth more than the discarded materials.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(New volunteers received orientation training that varied between organizations. Orientations included learning work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expectations, how the organization functions, the different roles of responsibility within the organizations, discussions about how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to work effectively as volunteers providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants, and acted as a formal registration point )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The provision of task specific training varied among the AHGOs. They reported that volunteers brought their own qualifications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for first aid and medical tasks. The simplicity of many of the other tasks such as warehouse sorting and distribution were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 315.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered not to require formal training beyond supervised learning through experience. Occasionally there were opportunities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 304.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to send longer-term volunteers to do training provided by other organizations including training in psychological first aid, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 292.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection training, or first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation \(CPR\) Organizations that provided task specific training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 280.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specified psychosocial training provided to volunteers in their home country, before they went to Lesvos, and significant training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 268.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the use of a secure online dispatch system for coordinating logistical support between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ability to provide volunteers with accommodation and food varied. Volunteers could be completely responsible for their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual accommodation and food or organizations providing meal services designed to ensure that volunteers maintained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their health:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 205.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��many people starting in the beginning, they totally forgot themselves, just ate when they got home, after so many hours just )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(running on adrenaline and losing many kilos�� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The crisis put emotional strain on volunteers, including engaging in long hours, and ability to provide psychological support to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers ranged from a prescribed debrief service when volunteers returned home, to free access to a Red Cross )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(psychological first aid provider and psychologist, or limited support when volunteers were on Lesvos, such as social debrief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings. One way of support was to remain �in touch� with volunteers when they returned home and in some cases referral of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers to counseling within their home countries. AHGOs were aware that volunteers have difficult readjusting to their return )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(home and plan return trips:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Once you�ve been in the real core of helping and dealing with situations, your whole life and perspective changes, it will never )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be the same again�. many of them cannot rewire to what they were doing before. I don�t know, it�s just like some connection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(gets lost with everything you did before, and you start to question everything. You start to question your own values, your life, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(it�s like a very life changing thing what happens to many people.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
Q
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in that environment. Their personal skills are something they bring with them.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In reception camps refugees and migrants could shelter, before traveling to the registration camp at Moria. Medical clinics were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted where volunteers with medical and first aid qualifications assisted refugees and migrants. Storage warehouses existed to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(receive donations of goods and non-food items \(NFI\), such as clothing, and organizations sorted and distributed supplies to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different locations around the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Clothes, for example is the biggest thing on Lesvos. There is both too many clothes and not enough of the right clothes on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(whole island, but there is an interesting system of warehouses and Whatsapp groups to pull resources from different volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(warehouses that somehow functions.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Targeted campaigns were held in organizations home countries to accumulate particular NFI supplies and were perceived as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful both at home, in raising awareness, and also with the refugees and migrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Food was provided to refugees and migrants, either produced and distributed by the AHGO volunteers, or produced by a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catering company on the island and distributed by volunteers. Food distribution was often coordinated between multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Further the refugees and migrants were indirectly aided by AHGOs providing logistical support to other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, transporting donated items from warehouses and pick up points to areas of need based upon their requests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation services for Arabic, Farsi and Dari languages were provided on the beaches, in support of other organizations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to the Greek police. Information was also provided to refugees and migrants regarding their continued journey and funeral )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrangements for victims of sea-crossings. Organizations provided psychosocial support and guidance, including referral to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific clinics and services in destination countries, online chat support via Skype and Whatsapp, and designated safe spaces )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for vulnerable refugees and migrants including children.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accumulation of life-vests and rubber boats discarded by the arriving refugees and migrants was identified as an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environmental issue and organizations were engaged in beach cleanup activities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��there is a great environmental problem, there are thousands of tons of life-vest and there are many boats. You can�t recycle, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you can�t reuse them. This is a environmental bomb.� \(Interview 3\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations considered ways to �up-cycle� the discarded life-vests into products worth more than the discarded materials.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(New volunteers received orientation training that varied between organizations. Orientations included learning work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expectations, how the organization functions, the different roles of responsibility within the organizations, discussions about how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to work effectively as volunteers providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants, and acted as a formal registration point )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The provision of task specific training varied among the AHGOs. They reported that volunteers brought their own qualifications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for first aid and medical tasks. The simplicity of many of the other tasks such as warehouse sorting and distribution were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 315.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered not to require formal training beyond supervised learning through experience. Occasionally there were opportunities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 304.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to send longer-term volunteers to do training provided by other organizations including training in psychological first aid, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 292.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection training, or first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation \(CPR\) Organizations that provided task specific training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 280.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specified psychosocial training provided to volunteers in their home country, before they went to Lesvos, and significant training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 268.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the use of a secure online dispatch system for coordinating logistical support between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ability to provide volunteers with accommodation and food varied. Volunteers could be completely responsible for their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual accommodation and food or organizations providing meal services designed to ensure that volunteers maintained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their health:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 205.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��many people starting in the beginning, they totally forgot themselves, just ate when they got home, after so many hours just )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(running on adrenaline and losing many kilos�� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The crisis put emotional strain on volunteers, including engaging in long hours, and ability to provide psychological support to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers ranged from a prescribed debrief service when volunteers returned home, to free access to a Red Cross )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(psychological first aid provider and psychologist, or limited support when volunteers were on Lesvos, such as social debrief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings. One way of support was to remain �in touch� with volunteers when they returned home and in some cases referral of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers to counseling within their home countries. AHGOs were aware that volunteers have difficult readjusting to their return )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(home and plan return trips:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Once you�ve been in the real core of helping and dealing with situations, your whole life and perspective changes, it will never )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be the same again�. many of them cannot rewire to what they were doing before. I don�t know, it�s just like some connection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(gets lost with everything you did before, and you start to question everything. You start to question your own values, your life, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(it�s like a very life changing thing what happens to many people.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
Q
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in that environment. Their personal skills are something they bring with them.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In reception camps refugees and migrants could shelter, before traveling to the registration camp at Moria. Medical clinics were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted where volunteers with medical and first aid qualifications assisted refugees and migrants. Storage warehouses existed to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(receive donations of goods and non-food items \(NFI\), such as clothing, and organizations sorted and distributed supplies to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different locations around the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Clothes, for example is the biggest thing on Lesvos. There is both too many clothes and not enough of the right clothes on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(whole island, but there is an interesting system of warehouses and Whatsapp groups to pull resources from different volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(warehouses that somehow functions.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Targeted campaigns were held in organizations home countries to accumulate particular NFI supplies and were perceived as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful both at home, in raising awareness, and also with the refugees and migrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Food was provided to refugees and migrants, either produced and distributed by the AHGO volunteers, or produced by a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(catering company on the island and distributed by volunteers. Food distribution was often coordinated between multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Further the refugees and migrants were indirectly aided by AHGOs providing logistical support to other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, transporting donated items from warehouses and pick up points to areas of need based upon their requests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation services for Arabic, Farsi and Dari languages were provided on the beaches, in support of other organizations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to the Greek police. Information was also provided to refugees and migrants regarding their continued journey and funeral )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrangements for victims of sea-crossings. Organizations provided psychosocial support and guidance, including referral to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specific clinics and services in destination countries, online chat support via Skype and Whatsapp, and designated safe spaces )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for vulnerable refugees and migrants including children.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accumulation of life-vests and rubber boats discarded by the arriving refugees and migrants was identified as an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environmental issue and organizations were engaged in beach cleanup activities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��there is a great environmental problem, there are thousands of tons of life-vest and there are many boats. You can�t recycle, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you can�t reuse them. This is a environmental bomb.� \(Interview 3\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations considered ways to �up-cycle� the discarded life-vests into products worth more than the discarded materials.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Services provided to volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(New volunteers received orientation training that varied between organizations. Orientations included learning work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expectations, how the organization functions, the different roles of responsibility within the organizations, discussions about how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to work effectively as volunteers providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants, and acted as a formal registration point )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The provision of task specific training varied among the AHGOs. They reported that volunteers brought their own qualifications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for first aid and medical tasks. The simplicity of many of the other tasks such as warehouse sorting and distribution were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 315.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered not to require formal training beyond supervised learning through experience. Occasionally there were opportunities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 304.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to send longer-term volunteers to do training provided by other organizations including training in psychological first aid, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 292.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection training, or first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation \(CPR\) Organizations that provided task specific training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 280.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(specified psychosocial training provided to volunteers in their home country, before they went to Lesvos, and significant training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 268.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the use of a secure online dispatch system for coordinating logistical support between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The ability to provide volunteers with accommodation and food varied. Volunteers could be completely responsible for their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual accommodation and food or organizations providing meal services designed to ensure that volunteers maintained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their health:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 205.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��many people starting in the beginning, they totally forgot themselves, just ate when they got home, after so many hours just )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(running on adrenaline and losing many kilos�� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The crisis put emotional strain on volunteers, including engaging in long hours, and ability to provide psychological support to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers ranged from a prescribed debrief service when volunteers returned home, to free access to a Red Cross )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(psychological first aid provider and psychologist, or limited support when volunteers were on Lesvos, such as social debrief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings. One way of support was to remain �in touch� with volunteers when they returned home and in some cases referral of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(volunteers to counseling within their home countries. AHGOs were aware that volunteers have difficult readjusting to their return )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(home and plan return trips:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Once you�ve been in the real core of helping and dealing with situations, your whole life and perspective changes, it will never )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be the same again�. many of them cannot rewire to what they were doing before. I don�t know, it�s just like some connection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(gets lost with everything you did before, and you start to question everything. You start to question your own values, your life, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(it�s like a very life changing thing what happens to many people.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Internal structures of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified challenges, such as that few individuals within their organizations have any experience in humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations before.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We�re now working on all kinds of official background documents, like codes of conduct and policies for the organization, that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(we of course need to have. Everything is a learning process because actually no one in the organization has ever run a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(foundation before� So we�re figuring out the wheel in a situation that actually barely anyone has experienced ever before.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 661.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leadership roles were identified to be past on within organizations also from the founders who could no longer stay or were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(moving on to other projects. Positions of differentiated responsibility were created as a result of identifying particular )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizational needs in the moment. AHGOs had assorted internal structures, positions with differentiated responsibilities, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relied on short decision making chains. There were organization structures identified as non-hierarchical or flat, and those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organized in different levels. Directors or founders were principle decision-makers, but were not necessarily consistently present )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos and in some cases were responsible to an external board of directors or administrative team. They were often )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supported by a mix of coordinators with specific responsibilities such as coordinating volunteers, setting up work schedules, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(book keeping, keeping track of items, managing storage warehouses, managing external communications, managing medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(units, managing reception sites, and logistics for a request-based transport services. The specific responsibilities of coordinators )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were dependent on the specific activities of the organization. The most complex structure reported included three levels of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responsibility between the principle decision-maker and the general volunteer position. Responsibilities held were complex, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described for the case of logisticians remotely managing a supply distribution network between organizations:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�So you have to figure out where your driver is, where the warehouses are, who has what, what the urgency levels are on each )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(request, and put together a routing that makes the most sense. And then part therapist because we are, you know, operating in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(an emergency zone. Tensions are high, the volunteers on the island are often running on fumes.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Long-term volunteers, active for at least one month, were also seen as providing a leadership role to volunteers who were active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for shorter periods:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��we have long term volunteers who take up leadership roles, and they basically make sure there is a pass over of knowledge )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and everything we need to run smoothly.�\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication of information between those in leadership roles and general volunteers was conducted in many different ways )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including in person meetings, phone calls and text messages. Whatsapp, a cellphone based messaging platform, and Slack, a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(web-based organizational platform, were identified by organizations as important communication channels, however Internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and cell service were identified to be unreliable.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Funding of organizations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Private donations of financial support accounted for almost all of the funding used by organizations active on Lesvos. It was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified that in autumn 2015 active volunteers provided the majority of donations and it created a certain feeling of goodwill. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This changed, however, as organizations became more structured and opened bank accounts allowing organizations to receive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding directly from individuals who are not active volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And it�s lost the sort of, the camaraderie of everyone, throwing all their own personal money and their own time into something )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(just to save lives because before there was very little money in the organizations because there were no, nowhere to donate. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Everyone was using their own personal money to go out and buy food for refugees, to rent vehicles, and do stuff like this.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Donors were now identified to be individuals and small groups from all around the world, though organizations that were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 208.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registered in one country reported receiving most donations from that country. Organizations reported that financial donations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 196.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were often more useful than donations of goods, allowing them to make purchases of food, clothes and materials locally on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 184.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos based on needs in the moment. It was identified that volunteers conducted fundraising campaigns both to support their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trips and raise money to donate to organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 153.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported receiving donations of supplies and volunteers brought medical equipment based upon lists of needed medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supplies maintained by organizations providing medical support. Organizations identified corporate sponsors that provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding or support through free shipping services of NFI items from communities across Europe to Lesvos. There was limited )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(financial support from the local government or UNHCR.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizations defined themselves as non-governmental organizations, charities or in some cases social enterprises )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing them to use alternative fundraising methods. Social enterprises spoke of trying to involve local Greeks to create jobs on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Coordination with others)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 45.453 577.500 731.547 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Internal structures of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified challenges, such as that few individuals within their organizations have any experience in humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations before.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We�re now working on all kinds of official background documents, like codes of conduct and policies for the organization, that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(we of course need to have. Everything is a learning process because actually no one in the organization has ever run a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(foundation before� So we�re figuring out the wheel in a situation that actually barely anyone has experienced ever before.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 661.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leadership roles were identified to be past on within organizations also from the founders who could no longer stay or were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(moving on to other projects. Positions of differentiated responsibility were created as a result of identifying particular )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizational needs in the moment. AHGOs had assorted internal structures, positions with differentiated responsibilities, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relied on short decision making chains. There were organization structures identified as non-hierarchical or flat, and those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organized in different levels. Directors or founders were principle decision-makers, but were not necessarily consistently present )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos and in some cases were responsible to an external board of directors or administrative team. They were often )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supported by a mix of coordinators with specific responsibilities such as coordinating volunteers, setting up work schedules, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(book keeping, keeping track of items, managing storage warehouses, managing external communications, managing medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(units, managing reception sites, and logistics for a request-based transport services. The specific responsibilities of coordinators )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were dependent on the specific activities of the organization. The most complex structure reported included three levels of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responsibility between the principle decision-maker and the general volunteer position. Responsibilities held were complex, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described for the case of logisticians remotely managing a supply distribution network between organizations:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�So you have to figure out where your driver is, where the warehouses are, who has what, what the urgency levels are on each )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(request, and put together a routing that makes the most sense. And then part therapist because we are, you know, operating in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(an emergency zone. Tensions are high, the volunteers on the island are often running on fumes.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Long-term volunteers, active for at least one month, were also seen as providing a leadership role to volunteers who were active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for shorter periods:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��we have long term volunteers who take up leadership roles, and they basically make sure there is a pass over of knowledge )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and everything we need to run smoothly.�\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication of information between those in leadership roles and general volunteers was conducted in many different ways )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including in person meetings, phone calls and text messages. Whatsapp, a cellphone based messaging platform, and Slack, a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(web-based organizational platform, were identified by organizations as important communication channels, however Internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and cell service were identified to be unreliable.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Funding of organizations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Private donations of financial support accounted for almost all of the funding used by organizations active on Lesvos. It was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified that in autumn 2015 active volunteers provided the majority of donations and it created a certain feeling of goodwill. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This changed, however, as organizations became more structured and opened bank accounts allowing organizations to receive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding directly from individuals who are not active volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And it�s lost the sort of, the camaraderie of everyone, throwing all their own personal money and their own time into something )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(just to save lives because before there was very little money in the organizations because there were no, nowhere to donate. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Everyone was using their own personal money to go out and buy food for refugees, to rent vehicles, and do stuff like this.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Donors were now identified to be individuals and small groups from all around the world, though organizations that were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 208.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registered in one country reported receiving most donations from that country. Organizations reported that financial donations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 196.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were often more useful than donations of goods, allowing them to make purchases of food, clothes and materials locally on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 184.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos based on needs in the moment. It was identified that volunteers conducted fundraising campaigns both to support their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trips and raise money to donate to organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 153.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported receiving donations of supplies and volunteers brought medical equipment based upon lists of needed medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supplies maintained by organizations providing medical support. Organizations identified corporate sponsors that provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding or support through free shipping services of NFI items from communities across Europe to Lesvos. There was limited )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(financial support from the local government or UNHCR.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizations defined themselves as non-governmental organizations, charities or in some cases social enterprises )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing them to use alternative fundraising methods. Social enterprises spoke of trying to involve local Greeks to create jobs on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Coordination with others)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 45.453 577.500 731.547 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Internal structures of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified challenges, such as that few individuals within their organizations have any experience in humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations before.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We�re now working on all kinds of official background documents, like codes of conduct and policies for the organization, that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(we of course need to have. Everything is a learning process because actually no one in the organization has ever run a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(foundation before� So we�re figuring out the wheel in a situation that actually barely anyone has experienced ever before.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 661.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leadership roles were identified to be past on within organizations also from the founders who could no longer stay or were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(moving on to other projects. Positions of differentiated responsibility were created as a result of identifying particular )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizational needs in the moment. AHGOs had assorted internal structures, positions with differentiated responsibilities, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relied on short decision making chains. There were organization structures identified as non-hierarchical or flat, and those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organized in different levels. Directors or founders were principle decision-makers, but were not necessarily consistently present )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Lesvos and in some cases were responsible to an external board of directors or administrative team. They were often )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supported by a mix of coordinators with specific responsibilities such as coordinating volunteers, setting up work schedules, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(book keeping, keeping track of items, managing storage warehouses, managing external communications, managing medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(units, managing reception sites, and logistics for a request-based transport services. The specific responsibilities of coordinators )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were dependent on the specific activities of the organization. The most complex structure reported included three levels of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responsibility between the principle decision-maker and the general volunteer position. Responsibilities held were complex, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described for the case of logisticians remotely managing a supply distribution network between organizations:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�So you have to figure out where your driver is, where the warehouses are, who has what, what the urgency levels are on each )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(request, and put together a routing that makes the most sense. And then part therapist because we are, you know, operating in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(an emergency zone. Tensions are high, the volunteers on the island are often running on fumes.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Long-term volunteers, active for at least one month, were also seen as providing a leadership role to volunteers who were active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for shorter periods:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.762 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��we have long term volunteers who take up leadership roles, and they basically make sure there is a pass over of knowledge )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and everything we need to run smoothly.�\(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication of information between those in leadership roles and general volunteers was conducted in many different ways )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including in person meetings, phone calls and text messages. Whatsapp, a cellphone based messaging platform, and Slack, a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(web-based organizational platform, were identified by organizations as important communication channels, however Internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and cell service were identified to be unreliable.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Funding of organizations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Private donations of financial support accounted for almost all of the funding used by organizations active on Lesvos. It was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identified that in autumn 2015 active volunteers provided the majority of donations and it created a certain feeling of goodwill. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This changed, however, as organizations became more structured and opened bank accounts allowing organizations to receive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding directly from individuals who are not active volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And it�s lost the sort of, the camaraderie of everyone, throwing all their own personal money and their own time into something )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(just to save lives because before there was very little money in the organizations because there were no, nowhere to donate. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Everyone was using their own personal money to go out and buy food for refugees, to rent vehicles, and do stuff like this.� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(\(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Donors were now identified to be individuals and small groups from all around the world, though organizations that were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 208.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registered in one country reported receiving most donations from that country. Organizations reported that financial donations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 196.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were often more useful than donations of goods, allowing them to make purchases of food, clothes and materials locally on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 184.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lesvos based on needs in the moment. It was identified that volunteers conducted fundraising campaigns both to support their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trips and raise money to donate to organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 153.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported receiving donations of supplies and volunteers brought medical equipment based upon lists of needed medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(supplies maintained by organizations providing medical support. Organizations identified corporate sponsors that provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funding or support through free shipping services of NFI items from communities across Europe to Lesvos. There was limited )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(financial support from the local government or UNHCR.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizations defined themselves as non-governmental organizations, charities or in some cases social enterprises )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing them to use alternative fundraising methods. Social enterprises spoke of trying to involve local Greeks to create jobs on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the island.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Coordination with others)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 30.453 577.500 746.547 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UNHCR hosted weekly �cluster-like meetings� which focused on specific clusters such as: protection, NFI, food, wash, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shelter, and health. General coordination meetings with the UNHCR and local government, focused on new information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(updates on policy implementation, addressing gaps in service provision, and developing a standardized method for receiving )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(boats, including preparing for a mass casualty incident.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For some, cooperation between organizations ensured that services such as food preparation and distribution were covered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(every day, coordination through logistical services, communication on boat sightings and determined responsibility for �zones� of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coastline. Storage warehouses were also coordinated between organizations to ensure distribution of resources to areas of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need. Communication between organizations was conducted through Whatsapp, phone calls, VHF radio along the coastline, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and also in person at daily meals provided to organizations at the Better Days for Moria camp. Organizations also reported that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they refused to cooperate with others unless necessary:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�As a self organized, non governmental or official group, we are against the way NGO�s and state are acting on the situation. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(However the need to provide to the refugees arriving the best possible treatment, forces the situation to cooperate in the time of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(need, for the good of these people[refugees and migrants].� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported mixed support from the local community, locals were included alongside international volunteers, but tension )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between locals and volunteers was also identified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�� The local people � feel� they can cope with the refugees arriving, but the volunteers are a second invasion and people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(here are starting to feel real fear for their future because of the economic impact, I guess that their currently having, loss of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(tourism.� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Local support extended in some cases to the local authorities, contact with the mayor, good relations with the Greek police and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the Greek coastguard.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Diversity of volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There was a large diversity in the volunteers supporting these AHGOs. Volunteers came from countries around the world, with a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(large portion from European and North American countries.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��all together it�s just like it�s your neighbourhood, going to rescue refugees on Lesvos. All different backgrounds, different age, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(men and women�� \(Interview 4\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A variety of skill sets and employment history were provided by volunteers and limited experience providing humanitarian relief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was widespread. At times searching for volunteers were focusing on specific skill sets such as engineers, search and rescue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(skills, medical and first aid skills or those with psychosocial support skills.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Initially over the summer of 2015 organizations providing humanitarian aid were supported by tourists. This volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic was acknowledged to change towards the end of the summer and into the autumn, as tourist season ended and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers began to arrive expressly to provide humanitarian aid. Local Greeks were reported to have provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance throughout. Since the autumn organizations have had a mix of volunteers who either made prior contact or arrived )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 272.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(independently and joined once on Lesvos. Volunteers who contacted organizations before coming, communicated through )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 260.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or organization websites and those who joined were assessed by organizations as to the length of their stay, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particular needs of the organization in the moment.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 229.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Length of Stay)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The period of time volunteers were active on Lesvos mirrored the diversity in the volunteers. While local volunteers remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consistently engaged, international volunteers were active from a few days up to over 8 months. Within this range organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(distinguished between short-term volunteers, those active between one and two weeks, and long-term volunteers, those active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for over one month. Certain organizations implemented minimum time commitment requirements, such as a two week )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commitment, and referred volunteers who could only commit less to other organizations. Volunteers also returned for multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(periods and remained engaged once they return home. Visa restrictions were cited as a limiting factor in how long certain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers could stay in Greece while others indicated length of stay was based around volunteers available work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(holidays.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.358 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified the desire to help to be a driving reason for many volunteers arriving on Lesvos to provide aid. This was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coupled with shock and disappointment from the perceived lack of action from the UN and INGOs. AHGOs stressed the fluidity )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 44.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the situation and the continual learning process. It was identified that part of the impetus to create organizations and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 30.453 577.500 746.547 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UNHCR hosted weekly �cluster-like meetings� which focused on specific clusters such as: protection, NFI, food, wash, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shelter, and health. General coordination meetings with the UNHCR and local government, focused on new information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(updates on policy implementation, addressing gaps in service provision, and developing a standardized method for receiving )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(boats, including preparing for a mass casualty incident.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For some, cooperation between organizations ensured that services such as food preparation and distribution were covered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(every day, coordination through logistical services, communication on boat sightings and determined responsibility for �zones� of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coastline. Storage warehouses were also coordinated between organizations to ensure distribution of resources to areas of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need. Communication between organizations was conducted through Whatsapp, phone calls, VHF radio along the coastline, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and also in person at daily meals provided to organizations at the Better Days for Moria camp. Organizations also reported that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they refused to cooperate with others unless necessary:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�As a self organized, non governmental or official group, we are against the way NGO�s and state are acting on the situation. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(However the need to provide to the refugees arriving the best possible treatment, forces the situation to cooperate in the time of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(need, for the good of these people[refugees and migrants].� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported mixed support from the local community, locals were included alongside international volunteers, but tension )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between locals and volunteers was also identified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�� The local people � feel� they can cope with the refugees arriving, but the volunteers are a second invasion and people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(here are starting to feel real fear for their future because of the economic impact, I guess that their currently having, loss of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(tourism.� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Local support extended in some cases to the local authorities, contact with the mayor, good relations with the Greek police and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the Greek coastguard.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Diversity of volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There was a large diversity in the volunteers supporting these AHGOs. Volunteers came from countries around the world, with a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(large portion from European and North American countries.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��all together it�s just like it�s your neighbourhood, going to rescue refugees on Lesvos. All different backgrounds, different age, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(men and women�� \(Interview 4\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A variety of skill sets and employment history were provided by volunteers and limited experience providing humanitarian relief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was widespread. At times searching for volunteers were focusing on specific skill sets such as engineers, search and rescue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(skills, medical and first aid skills or those with psychosocial support skills.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Initially over the summer of 2015 organizations providing humanitarian aid were supported by tourists. This volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic was acknowledged to change towards the end of the summer and into the autumn, as tourist season ended and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers began to arrive expressly to provide humanitarian aid. Local Greeks were reported to have provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance throughout. Since the autumn organizations have had a mix of volunteers who either made prior contact or arrived )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 272.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(independently and joined once on Lesvos. Volunteers who contacted organizations before coming, communicated through )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 260.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or organization websites and those who joined were assessed by organizations as to the length of their stay, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particular needs of the organization in the moment.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 229.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Length of Stay)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The period of time volunteers were active on Lesvos mirrored the diversity in the volunteers. While local volunteers remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consistently engaged, international volunteers were active from a few days up to over 8 months. Within this range organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(distinguished between short-term volunteers, those active between one and two weeks, and long-term volunteers, those active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for over one month. Certain organizations implemented minimum time commitment requirements, such as a two week )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commitment, and referred volunteers who could only commit less to other organizations. Volunteers also returned for multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(periods and remained engaged once they return home. Visa restrictions were cited as a limiting factor in how long certain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers could stay in Greece while others indicated length of stay was based around volunteers available work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(holidays.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.358 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified the desire to help to be a driving reason for many volunteers arriving on Lesvos to provide aid. This was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coupled with shock and disappointment from the perceived lack of action from the UN and INGOs. AHGOs stressed the fluidity )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 44.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the situation and the continual learning process. It was identified that part of the impetus to create organizations and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 30.453 577.500 746.547 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UNHCR hosted weekly �cluster-like meetings� which focused on specific clusters such as: protection, NFI, food, wash, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shelter, and health. General coordination meetings with the UNHCR and local government, focused on new information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(updates on policy implementation, addressing gaps in service provision, and developing a standardized method for receiving )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(boats, including preparing for a mass casualty incident.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For some, cooperation between organizations ensured that services such as food preparation and distribution were covered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(every day, coordination through logistical services, communication on boat sightings and determined responsibility for �zones� of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coastline. Storage warehouses were also coordinated between organizations to ensure distribution of resources to areas of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need. Communication between organizations was conducted through Whatsapp, phone calls, VHF radio along the coastline, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and also in person at daily meals provided to organizations at the Better Days for Moria camp. Organizations also reported that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they refused to cooperate with others unless necessary:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�As a self organized, non governmental or official group, we are against the way NGO�s and state are acting on the situation. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(However the need to provide to the refugees arriving the best possible treatment, forces the situation to cooperate in the time of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(need, for the good of these people[refugees and migrants].� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs reported mixed support from the local community, locals were included alongside international volunteers, but tension )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between locals and volunteers was also identified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�� The local people � feel� they can cope with the refugees arriving, but the volunteers are a second invasion and people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(here are starting to feel real fear for their future because of the economic impact, I guess that their currently having, loss of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(tourism.� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Local support extended in some cases to the local authorities, contact with the mayor, good relations with the Greek police and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the Greek coastguard.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Features of the volunteer base for AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Diversity of volunteers)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There was a large diversity in the volunteers supporting these AHGOs. Volunteers came from countries around the world, with a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(large portion from European and North American countries.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��all together it�s just like it�s your neighbourhood, going to rescue refugees on Lesvos. All different backgrounds, different age, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(men and women�� \(Interview 4\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 382.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A variety of skill sets and employment history were provided by volunteers and limited experience providing humanitarian relief )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was widespread. At times searching for volunteers were focusing on specific skill sets such as engineers, search and rescue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(skills, medical and first aid skills or those with psychosocial support skills.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.738 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Recruitment)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Initially over the summer of 2015 organizations providing humanitarian aid were supported by tourists. This volunteer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic was acknowledged to change towards the end of the summer and into the autumn, as tourist season ended and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers began to arrive expressly to provide humanitarian aid. Local Greeks were reported to have provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance throughout. Since the autumn organizations have had a mix of volunteers who either made prior contact or arrived )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 272.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(independently and joined once on Lesvos. Volunteers who contacted organizations before coming, communicated through )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 260.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or organization websites and those who joined were assessed by organizations as to the length of their stay, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 248.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particular needs of the organization in the moment.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 229.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Length of Stay)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The period of time volunteers were active on Lesvos mirrored the diversity in the volunteers. While local volunteers remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consistently engaged, international volunteers were active from a few days up to over 8 months. Within this range organizations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(distinguished between short-term volunteers, those active between one and two weeks, and long-term volunteers, those active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for over one month. Certain organizations implemented minimum time commitment requirements, such as a two week )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commitment, and referred volunteers who could only commit less to other organizations. Volunteers also returned for multiple )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(periods and remained engaged once they return home. Visa restrictions were cited as a limiting factor in how long certain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers could stay in Greece while others indicated length of stay was based around volunteers available work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(holidays.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.358 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evolution of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Development of AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs identified the desire to help to be a driving reason for many volunteers arriving on Lesvos to provide aid. This was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coupled with shock and disappointment from the perceived lack of action from the UN and INGOs. AHGOs stressed the fluidity )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 44.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the situation and the continual learning process. It was identified that part of the impetus to create organizations and )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 34.858 577.500 742.142 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formalized structures to support humanitarian aid provision was the existence, initially in the summer of 2015 and as the crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intensified, of bad humanitarian practices.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��when summer was here there were an overwhelming number of boats and there was just a need to do whatever you could. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(But there was still a lot of bad practice. Families were split up because literally people [volunteers] just wanted to come and grab )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(babies off boats� Families literally got separated. Lots of them, sometimes for hours, sometimes for longer. People [refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and migrants] were not treated right for hypothermia, because they [volunteers] were too focused on handing out sandwiches )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(instead of taking them to the clinic and getting off the beach.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The process of becoming more formalized was identified as a learning process and that organizations were trying to develop )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(best practice while staying true to their open grassroots beginning. Formalization was identified as one way to inhibit �cowboy� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups from returning and engaging in bad humanitarian practices. Creating organizations and the process of formalization also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extended to the need to cooperate between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And we�ve also learned that this work is very difficult. It requires a lot of cooperation with other NGOs, other organizations, you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know the authorities, not something you can do on your own. Very much a team effort. To help one person you may need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in touch with five or six different organizations or people. It requires a lot of cooperation with others.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This process of formalization was partially attributed to external pressure and AHGOs developed unique strategies to speed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registration processes including identifying that it was faster to become a social enterprise than to register as an NGO, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(creating an umbrella organization with a general mission statement of supporting displaced people to ensure fast approval )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within their home country.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were sensitive to identifying the needs of the refugees and migrants and the gaps in service. This sensitivity manifested )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in organizations that sought to either expand their operations both on Lesvos and in other locations or were in the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contracting and ending particular services on Lesvos. Organizations visited other Greek islands, Turkey, Serbia, Macedonia and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Greek-Macedonian border to establish connections to other organizations and assess needs. Ending particular services was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also considered because organizations did not want INGOs to become dependent on their efforts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs perceived that INGOs and the UNHCR were not providing significant aid. They reported that these INGOs were late in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to the crisis and blamed the chaos experienced in October and November on their lack of action. Their initial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absence was identified to be as a result of political pressure on Greece and their inability to respond quickly.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 386.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�The reasons the whole response on Lesvos has sprung up the way it have, is because the majors [INGOs] weren�t there. You )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know, there is so much political pressure on Greece for not assisting in any way, on any of this. So yeah, the majors that you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 362.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(would expect to step in just were not operational on the island. That is why volunteers, individuals and small agencies came in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(from all around the world to fill that hole.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Efforts to become a more formal organization were tied to an increasing presence of INGOs and the UNHCR. AHGOs identified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their role in catalyzing INGOs and reflected that their own speed of action was an asset.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��they [INGOs] weren�t here and the only people who were saving lives before were the cowboy groups that we�re trying� at )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(not being like them, but the reality was back then, the only group that could move fast enough were ordinary people with money )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and a lot of passion� How do we maintain the professionalism and the ability to move quick if something happens?� \(Interview )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations reflected that the response from AHGOs on Lesvos raised questions for the field of humanitarian response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Our perceptions about what is required and, you know, what we have to have in place to successfully run emergency response. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(It�s all put to question when you see what this little ragtag band [AHGOs]� has managed to pull off.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One aspect of the evolution and development of these organizations was the confrontation with ethical issues within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(provision of humanitarian aid. AHGOs shared the sentiment:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We do not make distinctions between legal and illegal refugees, or the different countries they are coming from. The need to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 131.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(seek a better life is a right for everyone, as long as the conditions they are living in do not allow them to exist in dignity and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 119.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(safety.� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations discussed the implementation of policies and increased control by the local authorities in the context of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cooperation efforts, especially at the registration camp at Moria, and responded in different ways.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 34.858 577.500 742.142 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formalized structures to support humanitarian aid provision was the existence, initially in the summer of 2015 and as the crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intensified, of bad humanitarian practices.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��when summer was here there were an overwhelming number of boats and there was just a need to do whatever you could. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(But there was still a lot of bad practice. Families were split up because literally people [volunteers] just wanted to come and grab )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(babies off boats� Families literally got separated. Lots of them, sometimes for hours, sometimes for longer. People [refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and migrants] were not treated right for hypothermia, because they [volunteers] were too focused on handing out sandwiches )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(instead of taking them to the clinic and getting off the beach.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The process of becoming more formalized was identified as a learning process and that organizations were trying to develop )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(best practice while staying true to their open grassroots beginning. Formalization was identified as one way to inhibit �cowboy� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups from returning and engaging in bad humanitarian practices. Creating organizations and the process of formalization also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extended to the need to cooperate between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And we�ve also learned that this work is very difficult. It requires a lot of cooperation with other NGOs, other organizations, you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know the authorities, not something you can do on your own. Very much a team effort. To help one person you may need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in touch with five or six different organizations or people. It requires a lot of cooperation with others.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This process of formalization was partially attributed to external pressure and AHGOs developed unique strategies to speed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registration processes including identifying that it was faster to become a social enterprise than to register as an NGO, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(creating an umbrella organization with a general mission statement of supporting displaced people to ensure fast approval )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within their home country.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were sensitive to identifying the needs of the refugees and migrants and the gaps in service. This sensitivity manifested )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in organizations that sought to either expand their operations both on Lesvos and in other locations or were in the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contracting and ending particular services on Lesvos. Organizations visited other Greek islands, Turkey, Serbia, Macedonia and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Greek-Macedonian border to establish connections to other organizations and assess needs. Ending particular services was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also considered because organizations did not want INGOs to become dependent on their efforts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs perceived that INGOs and the UNHCR were not providing significant aid. They reported that these INGOs were late in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to the crisis and blamed the chaos experienced in October and November on their lack of action. Their initial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absence was identified to be as a result of political pressure on Greece and their inability to respond quickly.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 386.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�The reasons the whole response on Lesvos has sprung up the way it have, is because the majors [INGOs] weren�t there. You )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know, there is so much political pressure on Greece for not assisting in any way, on any of this. So yeah, the majors that you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 362.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(would expect to step in just were not operational on the island. That is why volunteers, individuals and small agencies came in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(from all around the world to fill that hole.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Efforts to become a more formal organization were tied to an increasing presence of INGOs and the UNHCR. AHGOs identified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their role in catalyzing INGOs and reflected that their own speed of action was an asset.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��they [INGOs] weren�t here and the only people who were saving lives before were the cowboy groups that we�re trying� at )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(not being like them, but the reality was back then, the only group that could move fast enough were ordinary people with money )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and a lot of passion� How do we maintain the professionalism and the ability to move quick if something happens?� \(Interview )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations reflected that the response from AHGOs on Lesvos raised questions for the field of humanitarian response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Our perceptions about what is required and, you know, what we have to have in place to successfully run emergency response. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(It�s all put to question when you see what this little ragtag band [AHGOs]� has managed to pull off.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One aspect of the evolution and development of these organizations was the confrontation with ethical issues within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(provision of humanitarian aid. AHGOs shared the sentiment:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We do not make distinctions between legal and illegal refugees, or the different countries they are coming from. The need to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 131.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(seek a better life is a right for everyone, as long as the conditions they are living in do not allow them to exist in dignity and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 119.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(safety.� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations discussed the implementation of policies and increased control by the local authorities in the context of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cooperation efforts, especially at the registration camp at Moria, and responded in different ways.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 34.858 577.500 742.142 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(formalized structures to support humanitarian aid provision was the existence, initially in the summer of 2015 and as the crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intensified, of bad humanitarian practices.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��when summer was here there were an overwhelming number of boats and there was just a need to do whatever you could. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(But there was still a lot of bad practice. Families were split up because literally people [volunteers] just wanted to come and grab )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(babies off boats� Families literally got separated. Lots of them, sometimes for hours, sometimes for longer. People [refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and migrants] were not treated right for hypothermia, because they [volunteers] were too focused on handing out sandwiches )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(instead of taking them to the clinic and getting off the beach.� \(Interview 1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The process of becoming more formalized was identified as a learning process and that organizations were trying to develop )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(best practice while staying true to their open grassroots beginning. Formalization was identified as one way to inhibit �cowboy� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups from returning and engaging in bad humanitarian practices. Creating organizations and the process of formalization also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extended to the need to cooperate between organizations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�And we�ve also learned that this work is very difficult. It requires a lot of cooperation with other NGOs, other organizations, you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know the authorities, not something you can do on your own. Very much a team effort. To help one person you may need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in touch with five or six different organizations or people. It requires a lot of cooperation with others.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This process of formalization was partially attributed to external pressure and AHGOs developed unique strategies to speed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registration processes including identifying that it was faster to become a social enterprise than to register as an NGO, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(creating an umbrella organization with a general mission statement of supporting displaced people to ensure fast approval )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within their home country.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were sensitive to identifying the needs of the refugees and migrants and the gaps in service. This sensitivity manifested )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 503.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in organizations that sought to either expand their operations both on Lesvos and in other locations or were in the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contracting and ending particular services on Lesvos. Organizations visited other Greek islands, Turkey, Serbia, Macedonia and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Greek-Macedonian border to establish connections to other organizations and assess needs. Ending particular services was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also considered because organizations did not want INGOs to become dependent on their efforts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(External conditions favouring AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs perceived that INGOs and the UNHCR were not providing significant aid. They reported that these INGOs were late in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to the crisis and blamed the chaos experienced in October and November on their lack of action. Their initial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absence was identified to be as a result of political pressure on Greece and their inability to respond quickly.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 386.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�The reasons the whole response on Lesvos has sprung up the way it have, is because the majors [INGOs] weren�t there. You )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(know, there is so much political pressure on Greece for not assisting in any way, on any of this. So yeah, the majors that you )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 362.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(would expect to step in just were not operational on the island. That is why volunteers, individuals and small agencies came in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(from all around the world to fill that hole.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Efforts to become a more formal organization were tied to an increasing presence of INGOs and the UNHCR. AHGOs identified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their role in catalyzing INGOs and reflected that their own speed of action was an asset.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��they [INGOs] weren�t here and the only people who were saving lives before were the cowboy groups that we�re trying� at )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(not being like them, but the reality was back then, the only group that could move fast enough were ordinary people with money )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(and a lot of passion� How do we maintain the professionalism and the ability to move quick if something happens?� \(Interview )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(1\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations reflected that the response from AHGOs on Lesvos raised questions for the field of humanitarian response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�Our perceptions about what is required and, you know, what we have to have in place to successfully run emergency response. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(It�s all put to question when you see what this little ragtag band [AHGOs]� has managed to pull off.� \(Interview 8\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.786 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical challenges perceived by AHGOs)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One aspect of the evolution and development of these organizations was the confrontation with ethical issues within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(provision of humanitarian aid. AHGOs shared the sentiment:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�We do not make distinctions between legal and illegal refugees, or the different countries they are coming from. The need to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 131.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(seek a better life is a right for everyone, as long as the conditions they are living in do not allow them to exist in dignity and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 119.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(safety.� \(Interview 10\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Organizations discussed the implementation of policies and increased control by the local authorities in the context of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cooperation efforts, especially at the registration camp at Moria, and responded in different ways.)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��well we expect that soon they�re [Frontex] also going to start detaining people or detaining and deporting people back. Ya. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Then by working inside the camp you�re also facilitating a system that you don�t necessarily support. We�ve always tried not to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be a political organization but slowly we�re more and more forced to make a political stance�� \(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An ethical dilemma was raised as working in partnerships with the local authorities, INGOs and UNHCR could affect their ability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to maintain their own values:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��the more organized things get on the island, the more the authorities, you know, take over certain parts which they should. I )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(mean, the more we learn that, it�s very limiting to be in this line of work� the main challenge would be how can we still go )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(through with what we want, to be able to help, and follow different types of rules and still maintain our values, what we believe )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the face of increasing government control organizations also condemned cooperation and refused to support the actions of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs or the local authorities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The registration process developed by the Greek government for individual volunteer-level and organizational-level registration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was identified as beneficial to ensuring that organizations engaged in good humanitarian practices, or condemned for its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(subjectivity and for potentially contravening International Human Rights Law and European Law.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�I think that it�s not a massive conspiracy to undermine peoples rights, I think it�s a rushed through thing because the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(government feels the need to take some control of this group of people [volunteers] who�ve come here. But in reality of what�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(on the paper is very invasive, it�s alluding to illegal kind of consequences and it might. What scares me is that people fail to act )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in a situation where there is human need because they are afraid of unknown consequences then refugees don�t get the service )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(that they have been getting�� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A perception was that volunteers faced personal moral dilemmas in response to this shifting regulatory environment. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Furthermore a specific ethical issue was brought up, the inappropriate use of photos as exploitative of refugees and migrants in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 472.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vulnerable situations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�In Greek law, it is illegal to take photographs of kids�people in particular need�without their consent. Even when a kid gives )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 441.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you permission, you need to explain the kids what you are going to do with it. It�s not allowed and it�s illegal to put refugees on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or social media�99% of NGOs, volunteers are unaware of what they are doing�So there is a huge moral, how do )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you call this, contradiction to everything we are seeing on a daily basis.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the role AHGOs in providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants on Lesvos. Senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives of AHGOs active on Lesvos provided information regarding the internal and external processes of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Respondents also spoke to the development of AHGOs and the external pressures that affect their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.586 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Surge Capacity)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A review conducted in 2007 defined surge capacity as the �ability of an organization to rapidly and effectively increase [the sum )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of] its available resources in a specific geographic location�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 280.394 287.784 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 290.031 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In 2015 an evaluation of the state of surge capacity within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian field was conducted based upon the conclusions identified in 2007)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 370.932 275.879 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 380.569 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Both reports discuss the gaps that continue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to exist within the surge capacity of INGOs including a rising demand for surge response and the need to develop local capacity)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 35.887 254.451 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 38.297 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 47.934 250.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The findings in our study indicate that while AHGOs differ in some ways from INGOs, they have the capacity to provide )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surge response. This capacity is integral to AHGOs active on Lesvos, aligned with the concept of a �whole-organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(approach�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 69.062 228.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 78.700 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Surge capacity permeates the resolve of these AHGOs to provide aid, their commitment to assessing needs, their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(minimalist decision-making hierarchies and their ability to respond to changing conditions quickly. The use of untrained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers of all ages, many of whom arrived on Lesvos prior to making contact, allowed AHGOs to tap into an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immense volunteer pool with minimal pressure to coordinate travel arrangements.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The AHGOs responding to the crisis on Lesvos may represent a counter-example to the often-discussed Haiti earthquake )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response in 2010. It is widely concluded that inexperienced volunteers providing aid on the ground created new challenges for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs and effective disaster relief in response to the earthquake)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 306.426 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 311.245 151.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 313.654 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 323.291 151.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 325.701 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 335.338 147.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Following the response in Haiti, the WHO developed a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(classification and minimum standard for emergency medical teams and a registration process that was initially utilized during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response to Typhoon Haiyan in 2013)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 201.847 125.522 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 206.666 127.903 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 209.076 125.522 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.713 124.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective training of responders is considered by many to be essential to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful intervention and marks a distinction from the concept of disaster tourism)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.972 113.618 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 394.609 112.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A recent challenge to the notion that professionalism is beneficial to international humanitarian relief discusses the potential )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(negative effects of increasing distance from beneficiaries, the growth of barriers to entry within humanitarianism, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(development of organizational risk aversion)] TJ ET
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BT 213.743 70.403 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.380 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Volunteer response has also not always received criticism, as reports have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterized and discussed the increasing role of online volunteer disaster support through open-source mapping initiatives )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and social media)] TJ ET
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BT 99.404 46.594 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
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BT 109.042 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, international citizen-based open source online mapping using )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��well we expect that soon they�re [Frontex] also going to start detaining people or detaining and deporting people back. Ya. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Then by working inside the camp you�re also facilitating a system that you don�t necessarily support. We�ve always tried not to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be a political organization but slowly we�re more and more forced to make a political stance�� \(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An ethical dilemma was raised as working in partnerships with the local authorities, INGOs and UNHCR could affect their ability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to maintain their own values:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��the more organized things get on the island, the more the authorities, you know, take over certain parts which they should. I )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(mean, the more we learn that, it�s very limiting to be in this line of work� the main challenge would be how can we still go )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(through with what we want, to be able to help, and follow different types of rules and still maintain our values, what we believe )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the face of increasing government control organizations also condemned cooperation and refused to support the actions of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs or the local authorities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The registration process developed by the Greek government for individual volunteer-level and organizational-level registration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was identified as beneficial to ensuring that organizations engaged in good humanitarian practices, or condemned for its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(subjectivity and for potentially contravening International Human Rights Law and European Law.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�I think that it�s not a massive conspiracy to undermine peoples rights, I think it�s a rushed through thing because the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(government feels the need to take some control of this group of people [volunteers] who�ve come here. But in reality of what�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(on the paper is very invasive, it�s alluding to illegal kind of consequences and it might. What scares me is that people fail to act )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in a situation where there is human need because they are afraid of unknown consequences then refugees don�t get the service )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(that they have been getting�� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A perception was that volunteers faced personal moral dilemmas in response to this shifting regulatory environment. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Furthermore a specific ethical issue was brought up, the inappropriate use of photos as exploitative of refugees and migrants in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 472.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vulnerable situations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�In Greek law, it is illegal to take photographs of kids�people in particular need�without their consent. Even when a kid gives )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 441.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you permission, you need to explain the kids what you are going to do with it. It�s not allowed and it�s illegal to put refugees on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or social media�99% of NGOs, volunteers are unaware of what they are doing�So there is a huge moral, how do )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you call this, contradiction to everything we are seeing on a daily basis.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the role AHGOs in providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants on Lesvos. Senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives of AHGOs active on Lesvos provided information regarding the internal and external processes of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Respondents also spoke to the development of AHGOs and the external pressures that affect their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.586 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Surge Capacity)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A review conducted in 2007 defined surge capacity as the �ability of an organization to rapidly and effectively increase [the sum )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of] its available resources in a specific geographic location�)] TJ ET
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BT 280.394 287.784 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
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BT 290.031 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In 2015 an evaluation of the state of surge capacity within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian field was conducted based upon the conclusions identified in 2007)] TJ ET
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BT 370.932 275.879 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 380.569 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Both reports discuss the gaps that continue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to exist within the surge capacity of INGOs including a rising demand for surge response and the need to develop local capacity)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 35.887 254.451 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 38.297 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 47.934 250.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The findings in our study indicate that while AHGOs differ in some ways from INGOs, they have the capacity to provide )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surge response. This capacity is integral to AHGOs active on Lesvos, aligned with the concept of a �whole-organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(approach�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 69.062 228.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 78.700 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Surge capacity permeates the resolve of these AHGOs to provide aid, their commitment to assessing needs, their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(minimalist decision-making hierarchies and their ability to respond to changing conditions quickly. The use of untrained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers of all ages, many of whom arrived on Lesvos prior to making contact, allowed AHGOs to tap into an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immense volunteer pool with minimal pressure to coordinate travel arrangements.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The AHGOs responding to the crisis on Lesvos may represent a counter-example to the often-discussed Haiti earthquake )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response in 2010. It is widely concluded that inexperienced volunteers providing aid on the ground created new challenges for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs and effective disaster relief in response to the earthquake)] TJ ET
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BT 306.426 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
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BT 313.654 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
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BT 323.291 151.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 325.701 149.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 335.338 147.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Following the response in Haiti, the WHO developed a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(classification and minimum standard for emergency medical teams and a registration process that was initially utilized during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response to Typhoon Haiyan in 2013)] TJ ET
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BT 201.847 125.522 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
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BT 206.666 127.903 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 209.076 125.522 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
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BT 218.713 124.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective training of responders is considered by many to be essential to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful intervention and marks a distinction from the concept of disaster tourism)] TJ ET
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BT 384.972 113.618 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 394.609 112.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A recent challenge to the notion that professionalism is beneficial to international humanitarian relief discusses the potential )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(negative effects of increasing distance from beneficiaries, the growth of barriers to entry within humanitarianism, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(development of organizational risk aversion)] TJ ET
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BT 213.743 70.403 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.380 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Volunteer response has also not always received criticism, as reports have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterized and discussed the increasing role of online volunteer disaster support through open-source mapping initiatives )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and social media)] TJ ET
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BT 99.404 46.594 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
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BT 109.042 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, international citizen-based open source online mapping using )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��well we expect that soon they�re [Frontex] also going to start detaining people or detaining and deporting people back. Ya. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Then by working inside the camp you�re also facilitating a system that you don�t necessarily support. We�ve always tried not to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(be a political organization but slowly we�re more and more forced to make a political stance�� \(Interview 6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An ethical dilemma was raised as working in partnerships with the local authorities, INGOs and UNHCR could affect their ability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to maintain their own values:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(��the more organized things get on the island, the more the authorities, you know, take over certain parts which they should. I )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(mean, the more we learn that, it�s very limiting to be in this line of work� the main challenge would be how can we still go )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(through with what we want, to be able to help, and follow different types of rules and still maintain our values, what we believe )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in.� \(Interview 7\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the face of increasing government control organizations also condemned cooperation and refused to support the actions of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs or the local authorities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The registration process developed by the Greek government for individual volunteer-level and organizational-level registration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was identified as beneficial to ensuring that organizations engaged in good humanitarian practices, or condemned for its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 582.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(subjectivity and for potentially contravening International Human Rights Law and European Law.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�I think that it�s not a massive conspiracy to undermine peoples rights, I think it�s a rushed through thing because the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(government feels the need to take some control of this group of people [volunteers] who�ve come here. But in reality of what�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.500 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(on the paper is very invasive, it�s alluding to illegal kind of consequences and it might. What scares me is that people fail to act )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.595 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(in a situation where there is human need because they are afraid of unknown consequences then refugees don�t get the service )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 515.691 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(that they have been getting�� \(Interview 12\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A perception was that volunteers faced personal moral dilemmas in response to this shifting regulatory environment. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 484.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Furthermore a specific ethical issue was brought up, the inappropriate use of photos as exploitative of refugees and migrants in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 472.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vulnerable situations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.072 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(�In Greek law, it is illegal to take photographs of kids�people in particular need�without their consent. Even when a kid gives )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 441.167 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you permission, you need to explain the kids what you are going to do with it. It�s not allowed and it�s illegal to put refugees on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 429.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Facebook or social media�99% of NGOs, volunteers are unaware of what they are doing�So there is a huge moral, how do )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 417.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(you call this, contradiction to everything we are seeing on a daily basis.� \(Interview 5\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the role AHGOs in providing humanitarian aid to refugees and migrants on Lesvos. Senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives of AHGOs active on Lesvos provided information regarding the internal and external processes of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations. Respondents also spoke to the development of AHGOs and the external pressures that affect their operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.586 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Surge Capacity)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A review conducted in 2007 defined surge capacity as the �ability of an organization to rapidly and effectively increase [the sum )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of] its available resources in a specific geographic location�)] TJ ET
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BT 280.394 287.784 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 290.031 286.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In 2015 an evaluation of the state of surge capacity within the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian field was conducted based upon the conclusions identified in 2007)] TJ ET
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BT 370.932 275.879 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 380.569 274.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Both reports discuss the gaps that continue )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to exist within the surge capacity of INGOs including a rising demand for surge response and the need to develop local capacity)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 35.887 254.451 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 38.297 252.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 47.934 250.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The findings in our study indicate that while AHGOs differ in some ways from INGOs, they have the capacity to provide )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surge response. This capacity is integral to AHGOs active on Lesvos, aligned with the concept of a �whole-organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(approach�)] TJ ET
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BT 69.062 228.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 78.700 226.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Surge capacity permeates the resolve of these AHGOs to provide aid, their commitment to assessing needs, their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(minimalist decision-making hierarchies and their ability to respond to changing conditions quickly. The use of untrained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international volunteers of all ages, many of whom arrived on Lesvos prior to making contact, allowed AHGOs to tap into an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immense volunteer pool with minimal pressure to coordinate travel arrangements.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The AHGOs responding to the crisis on Lesvos may represent a counter-example to the often-discussed Haiti earthquake )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response in 2010. It is widely concluded that inexperienced volunteers providing aid on the ground created new challenges for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGOs and effective disaster relief in response to the earthquake)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response to Typhoon Haiyan in 2013)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(development of organizational risk aversion)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inexperienced international volunteers arriving on Lesvos met only similarly inexperienced local volunteers.)] TJ ET
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BT 375.139 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Through our study we have sought to )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for AHGO disaster response. While there are many potential issues with the AHGO response on Lesvos, such as the minimal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resources to cope with post traumatic stress disorders in volunteers, utility and effectiveness of the response must be assessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(before critical judgment can be made. Prior to the registration process reportedly implemented by the Greek Government, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were also able to bypass the regulatory framework developed for INGOs and work initially in a relatively empty )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(regulatory environment. Many attempts since 1965 have been made to codify key humanitarian principles, including the )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unity and universality\) more recently the six core standards within the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Response developed by The Sphere Project and the nine commitments advanced within the Core Humanitarian )] TJ ET
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BT 111.593 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Targeted research is needed to determine how AHGOs on Lesvos have incorporated these voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(principles within their humanitarian action. From the results presented within this study it is clear that not all AHGOs agree with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the principle of neutrality. AHGOs believed that within this disaster even positions of neutrality were inherently political.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Future Disasters)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Diverse estimates have been made from climate modeling, ranging from tens to hundreds of millions by 2050, of newly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(displaced people as a result of the effects of climate change)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates, the synthesis report for the World Humanitarian Summit indicates that it is widely expected that there may be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(increasing climate-induced migration within the next century)] TJ ET
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BT 305.861 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. AHGOs, as shown by those active on Lesvos, are capable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evaluating needs and mobilizing resources � funding and volunteers � to respond quickly to provide humanitarian relief to those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in need. While AHGOs utilize alternative methods to INGOs, they may prove effective at providing surge response in situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(where INGOs have difficulty mobilizing sufficiently. Though multiple complex disasters occurring simultaneously can stretch )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGO surge capacity, the experience of providing aid when INGOs are perceived to be absent echoes criticism of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international humanitarian aid system for it�s absenteeism in the field)] TJ ET
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BT 343.262 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The unique disaster of migration on Lesvos can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered both a drawn out crisis over many months, and a short-term crisis as new arrivals present new needs on a daily )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis. AHGOs have responded to this complex disaster in the face of political pressure against the arrivals of refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migrants and in a field sparse with INGO and UNHCR action. These circumstances may reoccur in the future creating possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conditions that favour the development of AHGOs disaster response. Their efforts on Lesvos should be recognized and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(frameworks must be developed to evaluate and create favourable conditions for their existence and mobilization in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian crises.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 241.881 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Limitations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 222.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The interviews were conducted from late January to early March. During this period, there were continual changes to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environment in which these organizations worked and internal development within the organizations. The different time points of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews may have affected the content that respondents prioritized and the elements they raised. The interviews were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conducted with senior representatives from each organization, this creates the opportunity for bias in the results as senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives are likely to overstate the needs of the refugees and migrants, the abilities and functioning of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, and the positive impact of their efforts. The interviews were conducted in English, which was a second language )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for some respondents. This may have limited their ability to accurately and fully describe their experiences. The accounts given )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 139.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are difficult to verify, as none have a complete picture of the organizations and their efforts. A strength would have been to add )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perspectives from refugees and migrants, volunteers, locals and other organizations active on Lesvos. However to ensure )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trustworthiness we have described the study population and settings, the research methods and how the analyses was made, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including a team of senior international researchers, in order to improve credibility and transferability to the reader.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 66.827 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the emergent citizen humanitarian aid response present in AHGOs on Lesvos. They may prove )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resources to cope with post traumatic stress disorders in volunteers, utility and effectiveness of the response must be assessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(before critical judgment can be made. Prior to the registration process reportedly implemented by the Greek Government, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were also able to bypass the regulatory framework developed for INGOs and work initially in a relatively empty )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(regulatory environment. Many attempts since 1965 have been made to codify key humanitarian principles, including the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Committee of the Red Cross� seven principles \(humanity, neutrality, impartiality, independence, voluntary service, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unity and universality\) more recently the six core standards within the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Response developed by The Sphere Project and the nine commitments advanced within the Core Humanitarian )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Standard)] TJ ET
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BT 75.453 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 77.862 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
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BT 87.500 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 89.909 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
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BT 99.546 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 101.956 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 111.593 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Targeted research is needed to determine how AHGOs on Lesvos have incorporated these voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(principles within their humanitarian action. From the results presented within this study it is clear that not all AHGOs agree with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the principle of neutrality. AHGOs believed that within this disaster even positions of neutrality were inherently political.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Future Disasters)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Diverse estimates have been made from climate modeling, ranging from tens to hundreds of millions by 2050, of newly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(displaced people as a result of the effects of climate change)] TJ ET
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BT 284.762 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 294.399 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While this report outlines some of the issues with these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates, the synthesis report for the World Humanitarian Summit indicates that it is widely expected that there may be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(increasing climate-induced migration within the next century)] TJ ET
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BT 284.176 393.746 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 293.814 396.127 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 296.223 393.746 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 305.861 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. AHGOs, as shown by those active on Lesvos, are capable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evaluating needs and mobilizing resources � funding and volunteers � to respond quickly to provide humanitarian relief to those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in need. While AHGOs utilize alternative methods to INGOs, they may prove effective at providing surge response in situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(where INGOs have difficulty mobilizing sufficiently. Though multiple complex disasters occurring simultaneously can stretch )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGO surge capacity, the experience of providing aid when INGOs are perceived to be absent echoes criticism of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international humanitarian aid system for it�s absenteeism in the field)] TJ ET
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BT 321.577 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.215 336.603 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 333.624 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 343.262 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The unique disaster of migration on Lesvos can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered both a drawn out crisis over many months, and a short-term crisis as new arrivals present new needs on a daily )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis. AHGOs have responded to this complex disaster in the face of political pressure against the arrivals of refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migrants and in a field sparse with INGO and UNHCR action. These circumstances may reoccur in the future creating possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conditions that favour the development of AHGOs disaster response. Their efforts on Lesvos should be recognized and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(frameworks must be developed to evaluate and create favourable conditions for their existence and mobilization in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian crises.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 241.881 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Limitations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 222.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The interviews were conducted from late January to early March. During this period, there were continual changes to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environment in which these organizations worked and internal development within the organizations. The different time points of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews may have affected the content that respondents prioritized and the elements they raised. The interviews were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conducted with senior representatives from each organization, this creates the opportunity for bias in the results as senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives are likely to overstate the needs of the refugees and migrants, the abilities and functioning of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, and the positive impact of their efforts. The interviews were conducted in English, which was a second language )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for some respondents. This may have limited their ability to accurately and fully describe their experiences. The accounts given )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 139.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are difficult to verify, as none have a complete picture of the organizations and their efforts. A strength would have been to add )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perspectives from refugees and migrants, volunteers, locals and other organizations active on Lesvos. However to ensure )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trustworthiness we have described the study population and settings, the research methods and how the analyses was made, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including a team of senior international researchers, in order to improve credibility and transferability to the reader.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 66.827 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the emergent citizen humanitarian aid response present in AHGOs on Lesvos. They may prove )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(satellite images was conducted to provide INGOs working on the ground up to date information regarding infrastructure and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(needs)] TJ ET
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BT 52.809 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
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BT 57.628 759.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 60.037 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 69.674 759.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 72.084 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 81.721 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Inexperienced local volunteers organizations on the ground have also received acknowledgement for their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(positive role. Following Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, an AHGO �Occupy Sandy� formed from the social network developed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(during the Occupy Wallstreet movement in 2011)] TJ ET
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BT 234.334 733.269 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 243.972 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. This AHGO distributed humanitarian relief to inhabitants in neighbourhoods )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within New York without food, water or electricity for several weeks and at its peak had approximately 60,000 local volunteers)] TJ ET
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BT 565.425 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 575.062 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(What sets the AHGO response on Lesvos apart from previous volunteer responses is the reported relative absence of INGOs, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particularly during the peak of arrivals in October 2015. This is not an absolute absence, as Medecins Sans Frontieres reports to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(have conducted health checks on Lesvos starting in July 2015 and other organizations may have been present, however )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interview respondents were harsh in their criticism of the perceived inadequate INGO and UNHCR response)] TJ ET
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BT 492.251 666.245 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.889 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inexperienced international volunteers arriving on Haiti met and jarred with the professional cadre of experienced humanitarians, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inexperienced international volunteers arriving on Lesvos met only similarly inexperienced local volunteers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A recent systematic review concluded that there was no agreed definition of international humanitarian action effectiveness )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characteristics, despite the global need for conducting effectiveness evaluation)] TJ ET
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BT 365.501 611.126 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 375.139 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Through our study we have sought to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterize the AHGO disaster response on Lesvos, however, further research is required to develop evaluation frameworks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for AHGO disaster response. While there are many potential issues with the AHGO response on Lesvos, such as the minimal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resources to cope with post traumatic stress disorders in volunteers, utility and effectiveness of the response must be assessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(before critical judgment can be made. Prior to the registration process reportedly implemented by the Greek Government, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(AHGOs were also able to bypass the regulatory framework developed for INGOs and work initially in a relatively empty )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(regulatory environment. Many attempts since 1965 have been made to codify key humanitarian principles, including the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Committee of the Red Cross� seven principles \(humanity, neutrality, impartiality, independence, voluntary service, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unity and universality\) more recently the six core standards within the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Response developed by The Sphere Project and the nine commitments advanced within the Core Humanitarian )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Standard)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 65.816 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 75.453 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 77.862 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 87.500 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.909 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 99.546 494.460 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 101.956 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 111.593 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Targeted research is needed to determine how AHGOs on Lesvos have incorporated these voluntary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(principles within their humanitarian action. From the results presented within this study it is clear that not all AHGOs agree with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the principle of neutrality. AHGOs believed that within this disaster even positions of neutrality were inherently political.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Future Disasters)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Diverse estimates have been made from climate modeling, ranging from tens to hundreds of millions by 2050, of newly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(displaced people as a result of the effects of climate change)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 284.762 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 294.399 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While this report outlines some of the issues with these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates, the synthesis report for the World Humanitarian Summit indicates that it is widely expected that there may be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(increasing climate-induced migration within the next century)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 284.176 393.746 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 293.814 396.127 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 296.223 393.746 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 305.861 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. AHGOs, as shown by those active on Lesvos, are capable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evaluating needs and mobilizing resources � funding and volunteers � to respond quickly to provide humanitarian relief to those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in need. While AHGOs utilize alternative methods to INGOs, they may prove effective at providing surge response in situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(where INGOs have difficulty mobilizing sufficiently. Though multiple complex disasters occurring simultaneously can stretch )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INGO surge capacity, the experience of providing aid when INGOs are perceived to be absent echoes criticism of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international humanitarian aid system for it�s absenteeism in the field)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 321.577 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.215 336.603 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 333.624 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 343.262 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The unique disaster of migration on Lesvos can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(considered both a drawn out crisis over many months, and a short-term crisis as new arrivals present new needs on a daily )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis. AHGOs have responded to this complex disaster in the face of political pressure against the arrivals of refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migrants and in a field sparse with INGO and UNHCR action. These circumstances may reoccur in the future creating possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conditions that favour the development of AHGOs disaster response. Their efforts on Lesvos should be recognized and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(frameworks must be developed to evaluate and create favourable conditions for their existence and mobilization in future )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian crises.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 241.881 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(Limitations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 222.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The interviews were conducted from late January to early March. During this period, there were continual changes to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(environment in which these organizations worked and internal development within the organizations. The different time points of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interviews may have affected the content that respondents prioritized and the elements they raised. The interviews were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conducted with senior representatives from each organization, this creates the opportunity for bias in the results as senior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(representatives are likely to overstate the needs of the refugees and migrants, the abilities and functioning of their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations, and the positive impact of their efforts. The interviews were conducted in English, which was a second language )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for some respondents. This may have limited their ability to accurately and fully describe their experiences. The accounts given )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 139.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are difficult to verify, as none have a complete picture of the organizations and their efforts. A strength would have been to add )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perspectives from refugees and migrants, volunteers, locals and other organizations active on Lesvos. However to ensure )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(trustworthiness we have described the study population and settings, the research methods and how the analyses was made, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including a team of senior international researchers, in order to improve credibility and transferability to the reader.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 66.827 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Our study characterizes the emergent citizen humanitarian aid response present in AHGOs on Lesvos. They may prove )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 234.894 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.940 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tine C. Norderhaug for early input to the project design and assistance with transcribing interviews.)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 100.038 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR. Data Report 9 May 2016: Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response ? Mediterranean. Web Accessed on 9 May )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 374.320 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(James E. The professional humanitarian and the downsides of professionalisation. Disasters. 2016 Apr;40\(2\):185-206. )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 311.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crowley J. Connecting Grassroots and Government for Disaster Response. Washington, DC: Commons Lab of the )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 311.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crowley J. Connecting Grassroots and Government for Disaster Response. Washington, DC: Commons Lab of the )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 116.213 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bagshaw S. Humanitarian Principles. OCHA on Message. 2012.)] TJ ET
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trailer
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/Size 403
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/Info 5 0 R
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