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BT 26.250 585.387 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 565.433 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The fire and explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig resulted in an enormous oil spill that threatened large distances of )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 517.814 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods:)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 494.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extensive resources on ensuring that BP and its contractors provided safe working conditions for thousands of workers involved )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 434.481 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results:)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 410.671 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resulted in no worker fatalities, and relatively few injuries and illnesses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 398.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conclusions:)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 374.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and health decisions, are communicated to the public.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.552 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Citation: Michaels D, Howard J. Review of the OSHA-NIOSH Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Protecting the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Safety of Cleanup Workers. PLoS Currents Disasters. 2012 Jul 18)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.045 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.091 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This review was funded by the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Neither )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.186 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(author has any potential or perceived competing interests to report regarding this review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.083 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon Spill)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�On the night of April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, located 72 kilometers offshore southeast of Venice, Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.224 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exploded and caught fire, resulting in the deaths of eleven workers. It soon became clear that the Macondo wellhead, 1,500 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.320 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meters below the ocean surface, was discharging crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The rig, operated by the oil company BP, )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 159.105 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Faced with an environmental catastrophe that threatened hundreds of kilometers of coastline, BP hired tens of thousands of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers, many unconditioned to the heat and long hours of work and with limited experience responding to and cleaning up oil )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.296 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(spills. At the height of the response, the workforce totaled more than 47,000 men and women, including over 42,000 response )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 585.387 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coastline. The overall response was led by the United States Coast Guard and involved the oil company BP, federal agencies, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.719 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and state and local governments of five states.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.814 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.909 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health focused )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extensive resources on ensuring that BP and its contractors provided safe working conditions for thousands of workers involved )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 482.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the response. Federal personnel visited worksites daily, identifying hazards and means of abatement; assessed training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.195 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(programs to ensure that workers were adequately trained in languages they could understand; monitored chemical exposures )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.290 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and determined that the proper personal protective equipment was deployed; insisted on implementation of a heat mitigation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 446.385 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program; rostered thousands of workers; and conducted extensive outreach in communities impacted by the spill.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 434.481 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results:)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 398.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conclusions:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 386.862 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For future responses, improvements should be made in how safety and health information, as well as the process behind safety )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and health decisions, are communicated to the public.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.552 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Citation: Michaels D, Howard J. Review of the OSHA-NIOSH Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Protecting the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Safety of Cleanup Workers. PLoS Currents Disasters. 2012 Jul 18)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.045 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 275.186 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(author has any potential or perceived competing interests to report regarding this review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.083 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon Spill)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�On the night of April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, located 72 kilometers offshore southeast of Venice, Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.224 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exploded and caught fire, resulting in the deaths of eleven workers. It soon became clear that the Macondo wellhead, 1,500 )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 123.391 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and cleanup workers employed by BP and its contractors, 1,600 members of the National Guard, and more than 2,400 federal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 111.486 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(employees. The government response was unprecedented in its scope and duration, involving many federal agencies and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(state and local governments of five states: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Texas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 62.979 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Overview of the response)] TJ ET
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BT 92.345 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 626.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Michaels D, Howard J. Review of the OSHA-NIOSH Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Protecting the Health and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 585.387 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 565.433 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The fire and explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig resulted in an enormous oil spill that threatened large distances of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coastline. The overall response was led by the United States Coast Guard and involved the oil company BP, federal agencies, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.719 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and state and local governments of five states.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.814 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.909 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health focused )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extensive resources on ensuring that BP and its contractors provided safe working conditions for thousands of workers involved )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 482.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the response. Federal personnel visited worksites daily, identifying hazards and means of abatement; assessed training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.195 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(programs to ensure that workers were adequately trained in languages they could understand; monitored chemical exposures )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.290 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and determined that the proper personal protective equipment was deployed; insisted on implementation of a heat mitigation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 446.385 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program; rostered thousands of workers; and conducted extensive outreach in communities impacted by the spill.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 434.481 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 422.576 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Advance planning, immediate deployment, and collaboration across agencies helped ensure that the response operations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 410.671 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resulted in no worker fatalities, and relatively few injuries and illnesses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 398.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conclusions:)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 386.862 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For future responses, improvements should be made in how safety and health information, as well as the process behind safety )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and health decisions, are communicated to the public.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.552 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Citation: Michaels D, Howard J. Review of the OSHA-NIOSH Response to the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Protecting the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Safety of Cleanup Workers. PLoS Currents Disasters. 2012 Jul 18)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.045 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.091 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This review was funded by the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Neither )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.186 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(author has any potential or perceived competing interests to report regarding this review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.083 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon Spill)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�On the night of April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, located 72 kilometers offshore southeast of Venice, Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.224 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exploded and caught fire, resulting in the deaths of eleven workers. It soon became clear that the Macondo wellhead, 1,500 )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 178.510 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15, 2010, making it the largest oil spill in U.S. history and the first to be declared a Spill of National Significance.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 147.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers, many unconditioned to the heat and long hours of work and with limited experience responding to and cleaning up oil )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.296 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(spills. At the height of the response, the workforce totaled more than 47,000 men and women, including over 42,000 response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 123.391 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and cleanup workers employed by BP and its contractors, 1,600 members of the National Guard, and more than 2,400 federal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 111.486 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(employees. The government response was unprecedented in its scope and duration, involving many federal agencies and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(state and local governments of five states: Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Texas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 62.979 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Overview of the response)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 43.025 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Federal responses to oil spills are conducted under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(also known as the National Contingency Plan or NCP\), which establishes a multi-tiered National Response System. Under the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(NCP, the National Response Team \(NRT\), a standing group of 16 federal agencies, is responsible for interagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparedness and response for oil and hazardous materials releases. The NRT, which includes the Occupational Safety and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Administration \(OSHA\) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health \(NIOSH\), began meeting to plan the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response to the oil spill on April 22, 2010, the same day the rig sank.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(After the oil spill was declared a Spill of National Significance on April 29, a National Incident Command \(NIC\) was established )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to coordinate resources at the national level. The NIC was under the leadership of the United States Coast Guard \(USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because the spill occurred in coastal waters. Local incident/unified command posts were set up to coordinate multiagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operations. These were supervised by the Unified Area Command, consisting of the On-Scene Coordinator \(from the USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the responsible party \(in this case, BP\).)] TJ ET
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BT 214.834 654.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 219.653 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( OSHA and NIOSH provided guidance and safety and health expertise to all levels )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the Unified Command: the local incident command posts; the Unified Area Command; and the National Incident Command.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Command provided a structure for agencies from across the federal government to work together, fostering )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collaboration between a range of agencies with public health and worker protection responsibilities. These agencies included )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA, NIOSH, USCG, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences \(NIEHS\), the Environmental Protection Agency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(EPA\), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \(NOAA\), the Department of Labor�s Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration and Wage and Hour Division, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services Administration.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, BP was responsible as an employer for providing a safe and healthful workplace )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for response workers hired by BP and its contractors.)] TJ ET
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BT 255.463 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
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BT 260.281 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( BP was also obligated under the NCP to implement a safety and health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program consistent with OSHA standards.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA began planning its operations in the Gulf within days of the explosion and invited NIOSH to join the interagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operational effort. As the Unified Command opened staging areas and BP hired workers to prepare for cleanup activities, OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assigned staff to ensure that BP adequately trained, equipped and protected the cleanup workers. OSHA recognized the need )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to communicate with workers in their native languages, and deployed staff fluent in Vietnamese and Spanish to aid the oil spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Throughout the response, nearly 150 OSHA professionals were involved in protecting workers in the Gulf Region, with 25 to 40 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of them assigned full-time to the oil response cleanup. OSHA personnel were active in all 17 staging areas in Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. They visited worksites each day to assess whether BP was following OSHA guidance and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(providing appropriate worker safety and health protections. OSHA staff made over 4,200 site visits, covering: staging areas; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decontamination, distribution, and deployment sites; and �Vessels of Opportunity,� the displaced fishing vessels involved in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defensive booming, transporting work crews, and other types of support. When OSHA identified safety and health hazards, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(these concerns were communicated to the Unified Command. This approach helped ensure that hazards were identified and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fixed and that consistent incident-wide protective measures were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Well before the oil reached the shore, OSHA assisted the Unified Command with conducting Job Hazard Analyses for the tasks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it was anticipated workers would be performing and identified the protections required in a comprehensive safety and health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program. OSHA also provided guidance for the development of a heat stress mitigation program and strongly encouraged BP to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(keep a comprehensive incident-wide log to record the full spectrum of worker injuries and illnesses. This included traditional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA recordable cases, which require treatment beyond first aid or lead to restricted duty or missed days of work, as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�near misses� and injuries that only required first aid. BP reported these OSHA recordable and non-recordable injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 258.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses during daily conference calls.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(From May 3 through mid-August, NIOSH deployed over 100 staff to multiple locations in the five-state Gulf region and provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(subject matter expertise to the Unified Area Command. NIOSH activities included rostering over 55,000 workers, conducting on- )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and off-shore health hazard evaluations, providing technical guidance and communication/educational materials, analyzing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health surveillance information, and performing toxicity testing on samples of the oil dispersant and the crude from the leaking )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well. In total, close to 250 NIOSH staff participated in the response in some capacity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Assessment and Control of Chemical Exposures.)] TJ ET
BT 254.351 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( From the start of the response, the Unified Command was concerned )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(about the potential health effects on workers from inhalation and skin exposure to crude oil, weathered oil, dispersants, solvents )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used to clean boats, and other chemicals. OSHA provided input to help BP develop a sampling strategy to address these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hazards. OSHA also developed its own sampling protocol and strategy, based on a review of the specific tasks workers would )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be performing, the chemicals of concern from the oil and dispersants, and available Occupational Exposure Limits \(OELs\). The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sampling strategy OSHA developed to support the Unified Command incorporated onshore zones, near-shore, and offshore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operations.)] TJ ET
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BT 74.483 101.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 80.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(On May 6, OSHA deployed its specialized industrial hygienist team to Louisiana to provide technical support for the agency�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 69.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extensive air monitoring for potential worker chemical exposures at staging areas and on vessels.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 49.620 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A specialized committee convened each morning, consisting of the lead industrial hygienists from OSHA, NIOSH, USCG, EPA, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 37.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the U.S. Department of the Interior, and BP and its contractors to review and discuss the results of air monitoring conducted by )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(also known as the National Contingency Plan or NCP\), which establishes a multi-tiered National Response System. Under the )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparedness and response for oil and hazardous materials releases. The NRT, which includes the Occupational Safety and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response to the oil spill on April 22, 2010, the same day the rig sank.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to coordinate resources at the national level. The NIC was under the leadership of the United States Coast Guard \(USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because the spill occurred in coastal waters. Local incident/unified command posts were set up to coordinate multiagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operations. These were supervised by the Unified Area Command, consisting of the On-Scene Coordinator \(from the USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the responsible party \(in this case, BP\).)] TJ ET
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BT 214.834 654.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 219.653 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( OSHA and NIOSH provided guidance and safety and health expertise to all levels )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the Unified Command: the local incident command posts; the Unified Area Command; and the National Incident Command.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Command provided a structure for agencies from across the federal government to work together, fostering )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collaboration between a range of agencies with public health and worker protection responsibilities. These agencies included )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA, NIOSH, USCG, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences \(NIEHS\), the Environmental Protection Agency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(EPA\), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \(NOAA\), the Department of Labor�s Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration and Wage and Hour Division, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services Administration.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, BP was responsible as an employer for providing a safe and healthful workplace )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for response workers hired by BP and its contractors.)] TJ ET
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BT 255.463 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
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BT 260.281 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( BP was also obligated under the NCP to implement a safety and health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program consistent with OSHA standards.)] TJ ET
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BT 207.775 520.293 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA began planning its operations in the Gulf within days of the explosion and invited NIOSH to join the interagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operational effort. As the Unified Command opened staging areas and BP hired workers to prepare for cleanup activities, OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assigned staff to ensure that BP adequately trained, equipped and protected the cleanup workers. OSHA recognized the need )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to communicate with workers in their native languages, and deployed staff fluent in Vietnamese and Spanish to aid the oil spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Throughout the response, nearly 150 OSHA professionals were involved in protecting workers in the Gulf Region, with 25 to 40 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of them assigned full-time to the oil response cleanup. OSHA personnel were active in all 17 staging areas in Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. They visited worksites each day to assess whether BP was following OSHA guidance and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(providing appropriate worker safety and health protections. OSHA staff made over 4,200 site visits, covering: staging areas; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decontamination, distribution, and deployment sites; and �Vessels of Opportunity,� the displaced fishing vessels involved in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defensive booming, transporting work crews, and other types of support. When OSHA identified safety and health hazards, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(these concerns were communicated to the Unified Command. This approach helped ensure that hazards were identified and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fixed and that consistent incident-wide protective measures were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Well before the oil reached the shore, OSHA assisted the Unified Command with conducting Job Hazard Analyses for the tasks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it was anticipated workers would be performing and identified the protections required in a comprehensive safety and health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program. OSHA also provided guidance for the development of a heat stress mitigation program and strongly encouraged BP to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(keep a comprehensive incident-wide log to record the full spectrum of worker injuries and illnesses. This included traditional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA recordable cases, which require treatment beyond first aid or lead to restricted duty or missed days of work, as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�near misses� and injuries that only required first aid. BP reported these OSHA recordable and non-recordable injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 258.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses during daily conference calls.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(From May 3 through mid-August, NIOSH deployed over 100 staff to multiple locations in the five-state Gulf region and provided )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(subject matter expertise to the Unified Area Command. NIOSH activities included rostering over 55,000 workers, conducting on- )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and off-shore health hazard evaluations, providing technical guidance and communication/educational materials, analyzing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health surveillance information, and performing toxicity testing on samples of the oil dispersant and the crude from the leaking )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well. In total, close to 250 NIOSH staff participated in the response in some capacity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Assessment and Control of Chemical Exposures.)] TJ ET
BT 254.351 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( From the start of the response, the Unified Command was concerned )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(about the potential health effects on workers from inhalation and skin exposure to crude oil, weathered oil, dispersants, solvents )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used to clean boats, and other chemicals. OSHA provided input to help BP develop a sampling strategy to address these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hazards. OSHA also developed its own sampling protocol and strategy, based on a review of the specific tasks workers would )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be performing, the chemicals of concern from the oil and dispersants, and available Occupational Exposure Limits \(OELs\). The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sampling strategy OSHA developed to support the Unified Command incorporated onshore zones, near-shore, and offshore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operations.)] TJ ET
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BT 74.483 101.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
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BT 26.250 69.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extensive air monitoring for potential worker chemical exposures at staging areas and on vessels.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 49.620 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A specialized committee convened each morning, consisting of the lead industrial hygienists from OSHA, NIOSH, USCG, EPA, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 37.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the U.S. Department of the Interior, and BP and its contractors to review and discuss the results of air monitoring conducted by )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(also known as the National Contingency Plan or NCP\), which establishes a multi-tiered National Response System. Under the )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparedness and response for oil and hazardous materials releases. The NRT, which includes the Occupational Safety and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response to the oil spill on April 22, 2010, the same day the rig sank.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to coordinate resources at the national level. The NIC was under the leadership of the United States Coast Guard \(USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because the spill occurred in coastal waters. Local incident/unified command posts were set up to coordinate multiagency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operations. These were supervised by the Unified Area Command, consisting of the On-Scene Coordinator \(from the USCG\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the responsible party \(in this case, BP\).)] TJ ET
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BT 219.653 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( OSHA and NIOSH provided guidance and safety and health expertise to all levels )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the Unified Command: the local incident command posts; the Unified Area Command; and the National Incident Command.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Command provided a structure for agencies from across the federal government to work together, fostering )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collaboration between a range of agencies with public health and worker protection responsibilities. These agencies included )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA, NIOSH, USCG, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences \(NIEHS\), the Environmental Protection Agency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(EPA\), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration \(NOAA\), the Department of Labor�s Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration and Wage and Hour Division, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Services Administration.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, BP was responsible as an employer for providing a safe and healthful workplace )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(operational effort. As the Unified Command opened staging areas and BP hired workers to prepare for cleanup activities, OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assigned staff to ensure that BP adequately trained, equipped and protected the cleanup workers. OSHA recognized the need )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to communicate with workers in their native languages, and deployed staff fluent in Vietnamese and Spanish to aid the oil spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Throughout the response, nearly 150 OSHA professionals were involved in protecting workers in the Gulf Region, with 25 to 40 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of them assigned full-time to the oil response cleanup. OSHA personnel were active in all 17 staging areas in Louisiana, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. They visited worksites each day to assess whether BP was following OSHA guidance and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(providing appropriate worker safety and health protections. OSHA staff made over 4,200 site visits, covering: staging areas; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decontamination, distribution, and deployment sites; and �Vessels of Opportunity,� the displaced fishing vessels involved in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defensive booming, transporting work crews, and other types of support. When OSHA identified safety and health hazards, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(these concerns were communicated to the Unified Command. This approach helped ensure that hazards were identified and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fixed and that consistent incident-wide protective measures were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Well before the oil reached the shore, OSHA assisted the Unified Command with conducting Job Hazard Analyses for the tasks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it was anticipated workers would be performing and identified the protections required in a comprehensive safety and health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program. OSHA also provided guidance for the development of a heat stress mitigation program and strongly encouraged BP to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(keep a comprehensive incident-wide log to record the full spectrum of worker injuries and illnesses. This included traditional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA recordable cases, which require treatment beyond first aid or lead to restricted duty or missed days of work, as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�near misses� and injuries that only required first aid. BP reported these OSHA recordable and non-recordable injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 258.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses during daily conference calls.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(From May 3 through mid-August, NIOSH deployed over 100 staff to multiple locations in the five-state Gulf region and provided )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health surveillance information, and performing toxicity testing on samples of the oil dispersant and the crude from the leaking )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well. In total, close to 250 NIOSH staff participated in the response in some capacity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Assessment and Control of Chemical Exposures.)] TJ ET
BT 254.351 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( From the start of the response, the Unified Command was concerned )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used to clean boats, and other chemicals. OSHA provided input to help BP develop a sampling strategy to address these )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 112.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sampling strategy OSHA developed to support the Unified Command incorporated onshore zones, near-shore, and offshore )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vessels. OSHA posted its data on the web,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 211.052 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 215.870 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and strongly encouraged BP to do the same, providing the public with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unprecedented access to exposure monitoring data.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 250.617 690.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outside of the source of the crude oil discharge, the exposure monitoring data showed that chemical exposure levels were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mostly well below OELs. The source of the release was approximately 72 kilometers offshore. As the result of sun, water and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wave action, and other environmental factors, most of the toxic volatile components of the oil dissipated during the weeks it took )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to reach the shoreline and other work areas of most cleanup workers. Based upon the monitoring data, OSHA and NIOSH )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended that respirators should be considered the protection of last resort, as they can be physically taxing on the body )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and therefore potentially dangerous, particularly for workers who have not used them before and in conditions of extreme heat.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, for certain operations, such as decontamination or activities near the source to control the oil spill and cap the well, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the exposure monitoring data were more varied, and in some cases exceeded the most protective OELs. In anticipation of these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hazards, OSHA and NIOSH had encouraged the Unified Command to issue guidance recommending the use of respiratory )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection for workers involved in these operations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 246.259 556.007 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.077 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The evidence from the sampling data supported the conclusion that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respiratory precautions were important for workers engaging in decontamination operations or working near the source of the oil )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(spill. OSHA confirmed that the respiratory protection recommendations were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(On May 28, 2010, BP requested that NIOSH conduct Health Hazard Evaluations \(HHEs\) for Deepwater Horizon responders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(involved in both on- and off-shore response activities. The objective of the HHEs was to collect independent exposure and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health symptom information from response workers in six work task categories: \(1\) source control activities; \(2\) off- shore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(activities; \(3\) shoreline clean-up activities; \(4\) decontamination activities; \(5\) wildlife cleaning; and \(6\) waste stream )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management activities. As part of the HHEs, NIOSH coordinated and conducted the analysis of hundreds of worker breathing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(zone air samples and other industrial hygiene samples and obtained information on responder health symptoms and injuries. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(addition to obvious potential chemical exposures, other potential exposures such as heat stress, ergonomic factors, carbon )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monoxide exposure, and psychological stress were also addressed. The findings and recommendations were reported and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posted to the NIOSH website.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 154.687 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Protecting Workers from the Hazards of Heat.)] TJ ET
BT 236.996 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Perhaps the most serious health hazard faced by response and cleanup )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers was heat. Many people, some wearing chemical-resistant Tyvek� coveralls, boots, and gloves, worked 12 hours a day, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven days a week in the hot and humid weather. From the outset, OSHA insisted that BP implement a robust program to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protect workers from the heat illnesses; the program included work/rest requirements, shaded rest areas, hydration liquids, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onsite heat monitoring. The application of work/rest requirements was one of the most controversial of approaches applied, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(some observers, unfamiliar with the heat/rest matrix, questioned why workers were often seen resting in shaded areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Area Command utilized existing USCG and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ACGIH\) heat stress protocols to publish a Heat Stress Alert on June 8, 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 360.607 307.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 370.244 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This Alert provided workload/rest cycles and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other recommendations for working in the heat. This Alert was followed-up with the Unified Area Command�s Heat Stress )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management Plan which provided additional guidance for managing the effects of heat exposure.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 445.178 283.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even though on many days the temperature reached above 100� F \(37.8� C\) no workers involved in the clean-up and response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed serious heat illness. Heat did, however, pose a significant hazard: as of September 2, when OSHA began )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(transitioning out of the spill response, there were 978 heat stress incidents reported. The heat protection program likely )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prevented serious heat illnesses and possible deaths among workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Training.)] TJ ET
BT 67.424 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Worker training was an immediate priority because of the large number of workers engaged in the response, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wide variety of tasks these workers were performing. OSHA and NIEHS collaborated on training publications, materials, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(oversight of training programs.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 157.924 185.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 167.561 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Well before oil reached the shore, OSHA established requirements for training for all response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers, and made it clear to BP that all workers would need to receive free training provided in a manner and language that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers understood. This training included specific requirements for personal protective equipment \(PPE\) for the different job )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tasks.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As the training requirements were identified, BP created a series of courses, including a one-hour orientation, a four-hour )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline course, and four and eight-hour marine cleanup courses. OSHA, NIOSH, NIEHS and USCG reviewed BP�s proposed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(training program. BP launched a multi-tiered training program on May 5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(By May 21, the day after the first tar balls washed ashore on coastal Louisiana,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 366.584 86.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 376.221 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( approximately 10,000 workers along the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline and in boats had been trained. Ultimately, in the course of the response, more than 100,000 workers along the Gulf )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coast received training on how to work safely.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Worker training was provided in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese. OSHA continually monitored training sessions, and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 27.834 577.500 749.166 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(BP and the agencies. This group discussed anomalies from the previous day�s samples, reviewed updates to safe work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices and administrative controls, coordinated their sampling activities for the day, and identified safety and health concerns )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that needed to be addressed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(During the response, BP conducted more than 100,000 exposure assessments. OSHA reviewed these assessments and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(validated them by performing more than 7,000 independent worker exposure measurements, both onshore and on marine )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vessels. OSHA posted its data on the web,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 211.052 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 215.870 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and strongly encouraged BP to do the same, providing the public with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unprecedented access to exposure monitoring data.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 250.617 690.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outside of the source of the crude oil discharge, the exposure monitoring data showed that chemical exposure levels were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mostly well below OELs. The source of the release was approximately 72 kilometers offshore. As the result of sun, water and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wave action, and other environmental factors, most of the toxic volatile components of the oil dissipated during the weeks it took )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to reach the shoreline and other work areas of most cleanup workers. Based upon the monitoring data, OSHA and NIOSH )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended that respirators should be considered the protection of last resort, as they can be physically taxing on the body )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and therefore potentially dangerous, particularly for workers who have not used them before and in conditions of extreme heat.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, for certain operations, such as decontamination or activities near the source to control the oil spill and cap the well, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the exposure monitoring data were more varied, and in some cases exceeded the most protective OELs. In anticipation of these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hazards, OSHA and NIOSH had encouraged the Unified Command to issue guidance recommending the use of respiratory )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection for workers involved in these operations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 246.259 556.007 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.077 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The evidence from the sampling data supported the conclusion that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respiratory precautions were important for workers engaging in decontamination operations or working near the source of the oil )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(spill. OSHA confirmed that the respiratory protection recommendations were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(On May 28, 2010, BP requested that NIOSH conduct Health Hazard Evaluations \(HHEs\) for Deepwater Horizon responders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(involved in both on- and off-shore response activities. The objective of the HHEs was to collect independent exposure and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health symptom information from response workers in six work task categories: \(1\) source control activities; \(2\) off- shore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(activities; \(3\) shoreline clean-up activities; \(4\) decontamination activities; \(5\) wildlife cleaning; and \(6\) waste stream )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management activities. As part of the HHEs, NIOSH coordinated and conducted the analysis of hundreds of worker breathing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(zone air samples and other industrial hygiene samples and obtained information on responder health symptoms and injuries. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(addition to obvious potential chemical exposures, other potential exposures such as heat stress, ergonomic factors, carbon )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monoxide exposure, and psychological stress were also addressed. The findings and recommendations were reported and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posted to the NIOSH website.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 154.687 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Protecting Workers from the Hazards of Heat.)] TJ ET
BT 236.996 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Perhaps the most serious health hazard faced by response and cleanup )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers was heat. Many people, some wearing chemical-resistant Tyvek� coveralls, boots, and gloves, worked 12 hours a day, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven days a week in the hot and humid weather. From the outset, OSHA insisted that BP implement a robust program to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protect workers from the heat illnesses; the program included work/rest requirements, shaded rest areas, hydration liquids, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onsite heat monitoring. The application of work/rest requirements was one of the most controversial of approaches applied, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(some observers, unfamiliar with the heat/rest matrix, questioned why workers were often seen resting in shaded areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Area Command utilized existing USCG and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ACGIH\) heat stress protocols to publish a Heat Stress Alert on June 8, 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 360.607 307.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 370.244 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This Alert provided workload/rest cycles and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other recommendations for working in the heat. This Alert was followed-up with the Unified Area Command�s Heat Stress )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management Plan which provided additional guidance for managing the effects of heat exposure.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 445.178 283.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even though on many days the temperature reached above 100� F \(37.8� C\) no workers involved in the clean-up and response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed serious heat illness. Heat did, however, pose a significant hazard: as of September 2, when OSHA began )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(transitioning out of the spill response, there were 978 heat stress incidents reported. The heat protection program likely )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prevented serious heat illnesses and possible deaths among workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Training.)] TJ ET
BT 67.424 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Worker training was an immediate priority because of the large number of workers engaged in the response, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wide variety of tasks these workers were performing. OSHA and NIEHS collaborated on training publications, materials, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(oversight of training programs.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 157.924 185.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 167.561 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Well before oil reached the shore, OSHA established requirements for training for all response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers, and made it clear to BP that all workers would need to receive free training provided in a manner and language that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers understood. This training included specific requirements for personal protective equipment \(PPE\) for the different job )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tasks.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As the training requirements were identified, BP created a series of courses, including a one-hour orientation, a four-hour )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline course, and four and eight-hour marine cleanup courses. OSHA, NIOSH, NIEHS and USCG reviewed BP�s proposed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(training program. BP launched a multi-tiered training program on May 5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(By May 21, the day after the first tar balls washed ashore on coastal Louisiana,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 366.584 86.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 376.221 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( approximately 10,000 workers along the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline and in boats had been trained. Ultimately, in the course of the response, more than 100,000 workers along the Gulf )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coast received training on how to work safely.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Worker training was provided in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese. OSHA continually monitored training sessions, and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 27.834 577.500 749.166 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(BP and the agencies. This group discussed anomalies from the previous day�s samples, reviewed updates to safe work )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices and administrative controls, coordinated their sampling activities for the day, and identified safety and health concerns )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that needed to be addressed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(During the response, BP conducted more than 100,000 exposure assessments. OSHA reviewed these assessments and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(validated them by performing more than 7,000 independent worker exposure measurements, both onshore and on marine )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vessels. OSHA posted its data on the web,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 211.052 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 215.870 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and strongly encouraged BP to do the same, providing the public with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unprecedented access to exposure monitoring data.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 250.617 690.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outside of the source of the crude oil discharge, the exposure monitoring data showed that chemical exposure levels were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mostly well below OELs. The source of the release was approximately 72 kilometers offshore. As the result of sun, water and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wave action, and other environmental factors, most of the toxic volatile components of the oil dissipated during the weeks it took )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to reach the shoreline and other work areas of most cleanup workers. Based upon the monitoring data, OSHA and NIOSH )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended that respirators should be considered the protection of last resort, as they can be physically taxing on the body )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and therefore potentially dangerous, particularly for workers who have not used them before and in conditions of extreme heat.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, for certain operations, such as decontamination or activities near the source to control the oil spill and cap the well, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the exposure monitoring data were more varied, and in some cases exceeded the most protective OELs. In anticipation of these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hazards, OSHA and NIOSH had encouraged the Unified Command to issue guidance recommending the use of respiratory )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protection for workers involved in these operations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 246.259 556.007 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.077 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The evidence from the sampling data supported the conclusion that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respiratory precautions were important for workers engaging in decontamination operations or working near the source of the oil )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(spill. OSHA confirmed that the respiratory protection recommendations were implemented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(On May 28, 2010, BP requested that NIOSH conduct Health Hazard Evaluations \(HHEs\) for Deepwater Horizon responders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(involved in both on- and off-shore response activities. The objective of the HHEs was to collect independent exposure and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health symptom information from response workers in six work task categories: \(1\) source control activities; \(2\) off- shore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(activities; \(3\) shoreline clean-up activities; \(4\) decontamination activities; \(5\) wildlife cleaning; and \(6\) waste stream )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management activities. As part of the HHEs, NIOSH coordinated and conducted the analysis of hundreds of worker breathing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(zone air samples and other industrial hygiene samples and obtained information on responder health symptoms and injuries. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(addition to obvious potential chemical exposures, other potential exposures such as heat stress, ergonomic factors, carbon )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monoxide exposure, and psychological stress were also addressed. The findings and recommendations were reported and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posted to the NIOSH website.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 154.687 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Protecting Workers from the Hazards of Heat.)] TJ ET
BT 236.996 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Perhaps the most serious health hazard faced by response and cleanup )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers was heat. Many people, some wearing chemical-resistant Tyvek� coveralls, boots, and gloves, worked 12 hours a day, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven days a week in the hot and humid weather. From the outset, OSHA insisted that BP implement a robust program to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protect workers from the heat illnesses; the program included work/rest requirements, shaded rest areas, hydration liquids, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onsite heat monitoring. The application of work/rest requirements was one of the most controversial of approaches applied, as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(some observers, unfamiliar with the heat/rest matrix, questioned why workers were often seen resting in shaded areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Unified Area Command utilized existing USCG and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ACGIH\) heat stress protocols to publish a Heat Stress Alert on June 8, 2010.)] TJ ET
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BT 360.607 307.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
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BT 370.244 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This Alert provided workload/rest cycles and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other recommendations for working in the heat. This Alert was followed-up with the Unified Area Command�s Heat Stress )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management Plan which provided additional guidance for managing the effects of heat exposure.)] TJ ET
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BT 445.178 283.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even though on many days the temperature reached above 100� F \(37.8� C\) no workers involved in the clean-up and response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed serious heat illness. Heat did, however, pose a significant hazard: as of September 2, when OSHA began )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(transitioning out of the spill response, there were 978 heat stress incidents reported. The heat protection program likely )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prevented serious heat illnesses and possible deaths among workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Training.)] TJ ET
BT 67.424 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Worker training was an immediate priority because of the large number of workers engaged in the response, and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(wide variety of tasks these workers were performing. OSHA and NIEHS collaborated on training publications, materials, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(oversight of training programs.)] TJ ET
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BT 157.924 185.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
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BT 167.561 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Well before oil reached the shore, OSHA established requirements for training for all response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers, and made it clear to BP that all workers would need to receive free training provided in a manner and language that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 159.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers understood. This training included specific requirements for personal protective equipment \(PPE\) for the different job )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tasks.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As the training requirements were identified, BP created a series of courses, including a one-hour orientation, a four-hour )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline course, and four and eight-hour marine cleanup courses. OSHA, NIOSH, NIEHS and USCG reviewed BP�s proposed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(training program. BP launched a multi-tiered training program on May 5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(By May 21, the day after the first tar balls washed ashore on coastal Louisiana,)] TJ ET
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BT 366.584 86.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
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BT 376.221 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( approximately 10,000 workers along the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shoreline and in boats had been trained. Ultimately, in the course of the response, more than 100,000 workers along the Gulf )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coast received training on how to work safely.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Worker training was provided in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese. OSHA continually monitored training sessions, and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(compliance officers conducted on-site visits at staging areas and work sites to confirm that workers received appropriate training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a format and language that the workers could understand.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(At OSHA�s request, BP instituted a credentialing program, whereby workers received certificates after completing training. All )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers engaged in response and cleanup activities had to possess a training certification card showing that they had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed the BP-sponsored training program. During site visits, OSHA personnel interviewed workers about the training they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(had received and verified that workers had training cards. This ensured that site control was maintained and that only )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individuals with the proper training were present at worksites.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Rostering.)] TJ ET
BT 74.464 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( A lesson learned from the World Trade Center attack was the difficulty of retrospectively creating a listing of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response workers. During the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH developed a prospective roster of workers and volunteers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to: \(1\) record those who participated in response activities and the training received before engaging in response work; \(2\) serve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a repository of information on the nature of each responder�s work assignments during the response; and \(3\) facilitate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contact with responders during and after the response about possible work-related symptoms of illness or injury, as needed.)] TJ ET
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BT 560.024 623.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Many workers were rostered during official safety training prior to being hired. However, by the time the roster was initiated, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(many other workers had already been trained and sent to the field. This necessitated an intensive effort of deploying NIOSH )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(staff across the Gulf Coast to worker staging areas in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida where rostering could also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be accomplished. Ultimately over 55,000 workers were successfully rostered.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Public and Community Outreach.)] TJ ET
BT 180.115 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Department of Labor \(DOL\) made a concerted effort to reach out to the communities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impacted by the spill to provide assistance. DOL�s Employment and Training Administration worked with the One-Stop Career )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Centers in the affected area to help facilitate the hiring and training of displaced workers. The Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration published guidance and regularly communicated with state and local agencies. OSHA included information on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the One-Stop Career Centers in its communication materials and highlighted them during community meetings. OSHA ensured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that these workers, many of whom had no prior experience or training for cleaning up oil spills, were made aware of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protective equipment and training they needed to safely perform response and cleanup operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outreach staff, including Spanish and Vietnamese speaking OSHA personnel, attended town halls and smaller community )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings; special efforts were made to meet with organizations representing immigrant residents and workers. In addition, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA�s area offices and its national call center fielded hundreds of calls and answered workers� questions or directed them to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the proper resources. These outreach efforts identified issues and concerns, such as when there was a lack of training in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers� primary languages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and NIOSH also devoted significant resources toward maintaining constant communication with elected representatives, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community leaders and stakeholders. The agencies participated in daily intergovernmental conference calls to provide worker )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(safety and health updates to governors in the affected states, mayors and local elected officials, and members of Congress, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted or joined in weekly conference calls with state health departments, environmental organizations, worker organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and academic experts. In addition, OSHA and NIOSH personnel were interviewed by print and electronic media throughout the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overall, the efforts to ensure the safety and health of these cleanup workers were very effective. There were no work-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fatalities. NIOSH reported that between April 23 and July 27 there were 1136 injuries and 994 illnesses. Of these, 175 injuries )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and 106 illnesses were OSHA-recordable cases. Because protection efforts were so effective, few safety and health issues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emerged as significant concerns in the media at the national level. Although there is no evidence of significant short term health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects, there is a possibility of long term effects, even with the low exposure levels. This is the subject of a study being )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coordinated by NIEHS.)] TJ ET
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BT 125.417 252.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
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BT 135.055 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( There were both successes and challenges in the Deepwater Horizon response and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(corresponding knowledge gained should be institutionalized for future emergency responses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.184 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Observations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.229 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Planning and Quick Intervention.)] TJ ET
BT 178.496 182.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Effective planning greatly contributed to the success of safety and health protections during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response. In March 2010, the month before the oil spill, OSHA and other agencies participated in the Spill of National )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Significance 2010 exercise. This exercise helped forge effective coordination among members of the NRT. In particular, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exercise helped OSHA and USCG define their respective roles and responsibilities during an oil spill response. When the spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(occurred in April, the experience from the exercise resulted in OSHA�s early activation and easier integration into the operational )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(command structure.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For several years prior to the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH led an interagency workgroup to develop national guidance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 91.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on protecting workers before, during, and after a response. The workgroup was a consortium of federal agencies, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and the USCG, state health departments, and volunteer organizations. The group produced the Emergency Responder )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Monitoring and Surveillance \(ERHMS\) draft guidance document, which was instrumental in building collaborations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparing agencies for a response of this magnitude.)] TJ ET
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BT 253.864 57.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even before the disaster, some members of the NRT had plans and procedures to address some of the hazards that were )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(compliance officers conducted on-site visits at staging areas and work sites to confirm that workers received appropriate training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a format and language that the workers could understand.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(At OSHA�s request, BP instituted a credentialing program, whereby workers received certificates after completing training. All )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers engaged in response and cleanup activities had to possess a training certification card showing that they had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed the BP-sponsored training program. During site visits, OSHA personnel interviewed workers about the training they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(had received and verified that workers had training cards. This ensured that site control was maintained and that only )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individuals with the proper training were present at worksites.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Rostering.)] TJ ET
BT 74.464 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( A lesson learned from the World Trade Center attack was the difficulty of retrospectively creating a listing of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response workers. During the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH developed a prospective roster of workers and volunteers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to: \(1\) record those who participated in response activities and the training received before engaging in response work; \(2\) serve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a repository of information on the nature of each responder�s work assignments during the response; and \(3\) facilitate )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Many workers were rostered during official safety training prior to being hired. However, by the time the roster was initiated, )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(staff across the Gulf Coast to worker staging areas in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida where rostering could also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be accomplished. Ultimately over 55,000 workers were successfully rostered.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Public and Community Outreach.)] TJ ET
BT 180.115 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Department of Labor \(DOL\) made a concerted effort to reach out to the communities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impacted by the spill to provide assistance. DOL�s Employment and Training Administration worked with the One-Stop Career )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Centers in the affected area to help facilitate the hiring and training of displaced workers. The Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration published guidance and regularly communicated with state and local agencies. OSHA included information on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the One-Stop Career Centers in its communication materials and highlighted them during community meetings. OSHA ensured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that these workers, many of whom had no prior experience or training for cleaning up oil spills, were made aware of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protective equipment and training they needed to safely perform response and cleanup operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outreach staff, including Spanish and Vietnamese speaking OSHA personnel, attended town halls and smaller community )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings; special efforts were made to meet with organizations representing immigrant residents and workers. In addition, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA�s area offices and its national call center fielded hundreds of calls and answered workers� questions or directed them to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the proper resources. These outreach efforts identified issues and concerns, such as when there was a lack of training in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers� primary languages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and NIOSH also devoted significant resources toward maintaining constant communication with elected representatives, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community leaders and stakeholders. The agencies participated in daily intergovernmental conference calls to provide worker )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(safety and health updates to governors in the affected states, mayors and local elected officials, and members of Congress, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted or joined in weekly conference calls with state health departments, environmental organizations, worker organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and academic experts. In addition, OSHA and NIOSH personnel were interviewed by print and electronic media throughout the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overall, the efforts to ensure the safety and health of these cleanup workers were very effective. There were no work-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fatalities. NIOSH reported that between April 23 and July 27 there were 1136 injuries and 994 illnesses. Of these, 175 injuries )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and 106 illnesses were OSHA-recordable cases. Because protection efforts were so effective, few safety and health issues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emerged as significant concerns in the media at the national level. Although there is no evidence of significant short term health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects, there is a possibility of long term effects, even with the low exposure levels. This is the subject of a study being )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coordinated by NIEHS.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 125.417 252.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 135.055 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( There were both successes and challenges in the Deepwater Horizon response and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(corresponding knowledge gained should be institutionalized for future emergency responses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.184 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Observations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.229 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Planning and Quick Intervention.)] TJ ET
BT 178.496 182.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Effective planning greatly contributed to the success of safety and health protections during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response. In March 2010, the month before the oil spill, OSHA and other agencies participated in the Spill of National )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Significance 2010 exercise. This exercise helped forge effective coordination among members of the NRT. In particular, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exercise helped OSHA and USCG define their respective roles and responsibilities during an oil spill response. When the spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(occurred in April, the experience from the exercise resulted in OSHA�s early activation and easier integration into the operational )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(command structure.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For several years prior to the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH led an interagency workgroup to develop national guidance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 91.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on protecting workers before, during, and after a response. The workgroup was a consortium of federal agencies, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and the USCG, state health departments, and volunteer organizations. The group produced the Emergency Responder )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Monitoring and Surveillance \(ERHMS\) draft guidance document, which was instrumental in building collaborations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparing agencies for a response of this magnitude.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 253.864 57.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even before the disaster, some members of the NRT had plans and procedures to address some of the hazards that were )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(compliance officers conducted on-site visits at staging areas and work sites to confirm that workers received appropriate training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a format and language that the workers could understand.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(At OSHA�s request, BP instituted a credentialing program, whereby workers received certificates after completing training. All )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers engaged in response and cleanup activities had to possess a training certification card showing that they had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed the BP-sponsored training program. During site visits, OSHA personnel interviewed workers about the training they )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(had received and verified that workers had training cards. This ensured that site control was maintained and that only )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individuals with the proper training were present at worksites.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Rostering.)] TJ ET
BT 74.464 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( A lesson learned from the World Trade Center attack was the difficulty of retrospectively creating a listing of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response workers. During the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH developed a prospective roster of workers and volunteers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to: \(1\) record those who participated in response activities and the training received before engaging in response work; \(2\) serve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a repository of information on the nature of each responder�s work assignments during the response; and \(3\) facilitate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contact with responders during and after the response about possible work-related symptoms of illness or injury, as needed.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 560.024 623.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Many workers were rostered during official safety training prior to being hired. However, by the time the roster was initiated, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(many other workers had already been trained and sent to the field. This necessitated an intensive effort of deploying NIOSH )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(staff across the Gulf Coast to worker staging areas in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida where rostering could also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be accomplished. Ultimately over 55,000 workers were successfully rostered.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Public and Community Outreach.)] TJ ET
BT 180.115 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Department of Labor \(DOL\) made a concerted effort to reach out to the communities )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impacted by the spill to provide assistance. DOL�s Employment and Training Administration worked with the One-Stop Career )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Centers in the affected area to help facilitate the hiring and training of displaced workers. The Employment and Training )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Administration published guidance and regularly communicated with state and local agencies. OSHA included information on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the One-Stop Career Centers in its communication materials and highlighted them during community meetings. OSHA ensured )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that these workers, many of whom had no prior experience or training for cleaning up oil spills, were made aware of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(protective equipment and training they needed to safely perform response and cleanup operations.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outreach staff, including Spanish and Vietnamese speaking OSHA personnel, attended town halls and smaller community )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(meetings; special efforts were made to meet with organizations representing immigrant residents and workers. In addition, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA�s area offices and its national call center fielded hundreds of calls and answered workers� questions or directed them to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the proper resources. These outreach efforts identified issues and concerns, such as when there was a lack of training in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers� primary languages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and NIOSH also devoted significant resources toward maintaining constant communication with elected representatives, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community leaders and stakeholders. The agencies participated in daily intergovernmental conference calls to provide worker )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(safety and health updates to governors in the affected states, mayors and local elected officials, and members of Congress, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hosted or joined in weekly conference calls with state health departments, environmental organizations, worker organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and academic experts. In addition, OSHA and NIOSH personnel were interviewed by print and electronic media throughout the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overall, the efforts to ensure the safety and health of these cleanup workers were very effective. There were no work-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fatalities. NIOSH reported that between April 23 and July 27 there were 1136 injuries and 994 illnesses. Of these, 175 injuries )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and 106 illnesses were OSHA-recordable cases. Because protection efforts were so effective, few safety and health issues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emerged as significant concerns in the media at the national level. Although there is no evidence of significant short term health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects, there is a possibility of long term effects, even with the low exposure levels. This is the subject of a study being )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coordinated by NIEHS.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 125.417 252.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 135.055 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( There were both successes and challenges in the Deepwater Horizon response and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 238.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(corresponding knowledge gained should be institutionalized for future emergency responses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.184 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Observations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.229 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Planning and Quick Intervention.)] TJ ET
BT 178.496 182.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Effective planning greatly contributed to the success of safety and health protections during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the response. In March 2010, the month before the oil spill, OSHA and other agencies participated in the Spill of National )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Significance 2010 exercise. This exercise helped forge effective coordination among members of the NRT. In particular, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exercise helped OSHA and USCG define their respective roles and responsibilities during an oil spill response. When the spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(occurred in April, the experience from the exercise resulted in OSHA�s early activation and easier integration into the operational )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(command structure.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For several years prior to the Deepwater Horizon response, NIOSH led an interagency workgroup to develop national guidance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 91.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on protecting workers before, during, and after a response. The workgroup was a consortium of federal agencies, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA and the USCG, state health departments, and volunteer organizations. The group produced the Emergency Responder )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Monitoring and Surveillance \(ERHMS\) draft guidance document, which was instrumental in building collaborations and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preparing agencies for a response of this magnitude.)] TJ ET
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BT 253.864 57.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Even before the disaster, some members of the NRT had plans and procedures to address some of the hazards that were )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(present during the oil spill response. These protocols were useful as resources for tailoring protections to this response. For )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(example, USCG had a heat stress program, and their experience and expertise in this area was invaluable when making )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommendations to BP for creating its heat stress program.)] TJ ET
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BT 286.351 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.988 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( After the spill occurred, members of the NRT developed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(guidance specific to the response, including the OSHA/NIOSH guidance document addressing chemical hazards and the use of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respiratory protection.)] TJ ET
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BT 120.532 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
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BT 125.351 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( To the extent that hazards can be anticipated, having prototype procedures and guidance would help )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expedite the implementation of safety and health plans and worker protections.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the Deepwater Horizon response, it took weeks for the oil to travel from the source to the shoreline, which gave responders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(enough time to establish staging areas and to implement controls and safe work practices well before the oil reached the shore. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Response agencies will rarely have weeks to prepare for an emergency. However, it is clear that advance planning and rapid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(deployment greatly contribute to the success of worker safety and health protections during a response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Collaborative Efforts.)] TJ ET
BT 124.852 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( OSHA and NIOSH�s efforts to protect workers would have not have been as successful without close )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collaborations with other agencies. OSHA worked closely with USCG, BP, and local, state, and federal health agencies to jointly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(plan and execute response actions and worker safety and health programs. These collaborations were highly beneficial in terms )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of gaining situational awareness, coordinating response efforts, and ensuring that safety and health issues were identified and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effectively addressed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Collaborations helped resolve deficiencies that OSHA observed in BP�s safety and health program at several work sites and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(staging areas throughout the Gulf Coast region. OSHA staff observed inconsistent implementation of safety measures, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(including: gaps in BP�s heat stress program; a lack of plans for addressing inclement weather, workplace violence, and site )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(control; and delays in abating worker hazards and in sharing worker injury and exposure data. Working through the Unified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Command, OSHA brought these issues and concerns to the attention of the USCG Federal On-Scene Coordinator and the NIC )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Commander, provided timely feedback to BP on its incident-wide site safety and health plan, and made sure that BP )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incorporated supplemental plans addressing specific worker hazards and corrected observed hazards. The USCG and OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(signed a Memorandum of Understanding to institutionalize this cooperative arrangement and demonstrate the command�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commitment to worker safety and health.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The agencies involved brought different expertise and resources to worker protection efforts. NIOSH staff, including its Epidemic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Intelligence Service officers, managed the rostering effort, analyzed illness and injury data and conducted Health Hazard )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Evaluations of specific occupational risks, including investigation of reports of symptoms or exposure effects from exposed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers.)] TJ ET
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BT 63.086 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
BT 67.904 417.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
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BT 77.542 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( OSHA and NIOSH published guidance on recommended personal protective equipment, exposure assessments, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(heat stress, and medical care. OSHA and NIEHS provided oversight of the training that BP and its contractors conducted. This )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collaborative effort extended to the development of training publications, including the widely distributed Safety and Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Awareness for Oil Spill Cleanup Workers pocket booklet,)] TJ ET
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BT 270.624 381.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
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BT 280.261 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( as well as the review of training materials.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA assisted the Unified Command in assessing potential chemical exposures during off-shore operations. In addition, OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 349.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(provided assistance to USCG�s Industrial Hygiene group, including providing sample media, equipment, sampling and analytical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(methods, and laboratory analysis of USCG�s samples \(including posting of the results on OSHA�s website\). OSHA partnered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 325.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with NOAA for additional sampling for potential chemical exposures during NOAA�s off-shore research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.810 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Alternatives to OSHA Enforcement.)] TJ ET
BT 189.865 305.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill also highlighted the benefits of using )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(what OSHA terms �technical assistance,� rather than enforcement as the primary approach during a response in which all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parties are committed to full implementation of worker protection protocols and measures. Under normal situations, OSHA�s )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(compliance officers enforce the agency�s Permissible Exposure Limit \(PEL\) standards, many of which are out of date, but have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 258.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the force of law. In the Deepwater Horizon response, instead of solely enforcing the OSHA PELs, OSHA used its technical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assistance role to encourage the Unified Command to base protection decisions on the most protective occupational exposure )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 234.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(limits available, such as the Recommended Exposure Limits \(RELs\) developed by NIOSH, and the Threshold Limit Values )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 222.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(TLVs\) recommended by the ACGIH. OSHA also worked with BP and USCG to implement a best-practice, comprehensive, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incident-wide heat stress plan, even though OSHA does not have a specific standard addressing the hazard of heat. In contrast, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 198.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA�s enforcement role would have only provided protections based on the existing PELs, and could have led to litigation and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 186.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(potentially delayed the abatement of hazards.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While the agency retained the option of moving into an enforcement role, OSHA operated in a technical assistance role during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 155.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Deepwater Horizon response and believes that was the most effective role for this particular response. During the oil spill )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response, under the Unified Command, BP was required to immediately address worker safety and health issues. OSHA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 131.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(believes this contributed to the low rate of injury among cleanup workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.239 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Openness and Transparency.)] TJ ET
BT 162.799 112.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Environmental emergencies like the Deepwater Horizon oil spill can create a potential for great )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(misunderstanding. In the confusion and uncertainty after a disaster, fear and mistrust can be exacerbated if there is incomplete )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data disclosure or if the data are not presented in an easily understood format. In this incident, stakeholders� initial lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to exposure monitoring data led to misconceptions regarding worker protections.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 57.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One example of how poorly presented information can affect the perception of a response involved BP sampling data. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national newspaper published an article highlighting a BP report that stated that 80 percent of their samples showed �no )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(lowest OEL for 2-butoxyethanol, NIOSH�s REL of 5 ppm. OSHA�s independent samples were all below the limit of detection for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2-butoxyethanol. Despite the fact that all of the samples were well below the lowest OEL, BP�s choice of words to report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data led to a misleading interpretation of the data.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon response also demonstrated the importance of presenting data with a description of the precautions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(being used in the area where a sample was taken. For example, 89 percent of the 2-butoxyethanol results above the detectable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(level were taken near the source of the oil spill where dispersants were being sprayed. Controls, including respiratory protection, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were implemented to protect workers near the source. Because protections were in place, these exposure measurements did )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not reflect doses absorbed by workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the context could have been more clearly communicated, OSHA made a large amount of exposure data available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the public and insisted that BP post its sampling results on the Internet. Encouraging the parties involved in a response to make )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their data readily accessible is a simple way to promote transparency and foster trust with the affected community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 102.632 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although the agencies successfully reached out to members of the impacted communities, they faced )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(challenges getting their message out to the public as a whole. This is a classic public health communications problem � )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful public health work has no victims, while media stories tend to focus on victims, mistakes and scandals. Even though )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worker safety and health efforts, such as the heat stress mitigation program, likely prevented injuries and deaths, there is no )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way to identify or quantify the workers whose lives were saved. There was significant media attention on initial reports regarding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven fishermen who reported symptoms that potentially could have been related to chemical exposures. However, there was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(little attention paid to NIOSH�s investigation, which found that it was unlikely that exposure to dispersants caused the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fishermen�s symptoms. The media also did not focus on the lack of symptoms among the thousands of cleanup workers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(employed for the duration of the response; as a result, many Americans were left with the false impression that chemical-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(symptoms were common among workers employed in the cleanup.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 422.660 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several factors contributed to the successful efforts to protect workers during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Advance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(planning and immediate deployment, collaboration across agencies, more protective safety and health protections than required )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(by regulation, and community outreach helped ensure that BP implemented controls to protect workers and properly trained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers to perform their jobs safely. For future responses, improvements should be made in how safety and health information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the bases for safety and health decisions, are communicated to the public. OSHA and NIOSH�s efforts alongside other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agencies helped ensure that the response and cleanup operations resulted in no worker fatalities, and relatively few injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 294.674 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This report is a product of the efforts of hundreds of federal employees who worked tirelessly to protect the health and safety of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the oil spill cleanup workers on the Gulf Coast in the Spring and Summer of 2010. The opinions expressed in this review do not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Labor or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.808 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United States Coast Guard National Incident Command. National Incident Commander�s Report: MC252 Deepwater Horizon. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 173.963 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 155.413 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 155.413 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Decision-Making Within the Unified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.508 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Command. 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 135.022 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. 1970. Public Law 91-596.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 97.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. 1994. 40 C.F.R. 300.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 77.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA \(Occupational Safety and Health Administration\). Emergency Response to Oil Spill Initial Sampling Strategy. 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 69.177 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 33.115 577.500 743.885 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(detectable level� of the dispersant component 2-butoxyethanol, and that the other 20 percent of the samples were detected at a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(level below 10 ml/m3.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.987 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 129.624 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The article�s headline read alarmingly �New BP Data Show 20% of Gulf Spill Responders Exposed to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chemical That Sickened Valdez Workers�. OSHA reviewed the data and found that of that 20 percent, the highest level )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recorded was 0.8 ml/m3 and that 90 percent of the samples were at or below 0.2 ml/m3. These levels were well below the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(lowest OEL for 2-butoxyethanol, NIOSH�s REL of 5 ppm. OSHA�s independent samples were all below the limit of detection for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2-butoxyethanol. Despite the fact that all of the samples were well below the lowest OEL, BP�s choice of words to report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data led to a misleading interpretation of the data.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon response also demonstrated the importance of presenting data with a description of the precautions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(being used in the area where a sample was taken. For example, 89 percent of the 2-butoxyethanol results above the detectable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(level were taken near the source of the oil spill where dispersants were being sprayed. Controls, including respiratory protection, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were implemented to protect workers near the source. Because protections were in place, these exposure measurements did )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not reflect doses absorbed by workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the context could have been more clearly communicated, OSHA made a large amount of exposure data available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the public and insisted that BP post its sampling results on the Internet. Encouraging the parties involved in a response to make )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their data readily accessible is a simple way to promote transparency and foster trust with the affected community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 102.632 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although the agencies successfully reached out to members of the impacted communities, they faced )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(challenges getting their message out to the public as a whole. This is a classic public health communications problem � )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful public health work has no victims, while media stories tend to focus on victims, mistakes and scandals. Even though )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worker safety and health efforts, such as the heat stress mitigation program, likely prevented injuries and deaths, there is no )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way to identify or quantify the workers whose lives were saved. There was significant media attention on initial reports regarding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven fishermen who reported symptoms that potentially could have been related to chemical exposures. However, there was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(little attention paid to NIOSH�s investigation, which found that it was unlikely that exposure to dispersants caused the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fishermen�s symptoms. The media also did not focus on the lack of symptoms among the thousands of cleanup workers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(employed for the duration of the response; as a result, many Americans were left with the false impression that chemical-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(symptoms were common among workers employed in the cleanup.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 422.660 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several factors contributed to the successful efforts to protect workers during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Advance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(planning and immediate deployment, collaboration across agencies, more protective safety and health protections than required )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(by regulation, and community outreach helped ensure that BP implemented controls to protect workers and properly trained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers to perform their jobs safely. For future responses, improvements should be made in how safety and health information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the bases for safety and health decisions, are communicated to the public. OSHA and NIOSH�s efforts alongside other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agencies helped ensure that the response and cleanup operations resulted in no worker fatalities, and relatively few injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 294.674 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This report is a product of the efforts of hundreds of federal employees who worked tirelessly to protect the health and safety of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the oil spill cleanup workers on the Gulf Coast in the Spring and Summer of 2010. The opinions expressed in this review do not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Labor or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.808 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United States Coast Guard National Incident Command. National Incident Commander�s Report: MC252 Deepwater Horizon. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 173.963 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 155.413 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 155.413 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Decision-Making Within the Unified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.508 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Command. 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 135.022 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. 1970. Public Law 91-596.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 97.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. 1994. 40 C.F.R. 300.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 77.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OSHA \(Occupational Safety and Health Administration\). Emergency Response to Oil Spill Initial Sampling Strategy. 2010.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 69.177 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 33.115 577.500 743.885 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(detectable level� of the dispersant component 2-butoxyethanol, and that the other 20 percent of the samples were detected at a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(level below 10 ml/m3.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.987 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 129.624 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The article�s headline read alarmingly �New BP Data Show 20% of Gulf Spill Responders Exposed to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chemical That Sickened Valdez Workers�. OSHA reviewed the data and found that of that 20 percent, the highest level )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recorded was 0.8 ml/m3 and that 90 percent of the samples were at or below 0.2 ml/m3. These levels were well below the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(lowest OEL for 2-butoxyethanol, NIOSH�s REL of 5 ppm. OSHA�s independent samples were all below the limit of detection for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2-butoxyethanol. Despite the fact that all of the samples were well below the lowest OEL, BP�s choice of words to report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data led to a misleading interpretation of the data.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Deepwater Horizon response also demonstrated the importance of presenting data with a description of the precautions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(being used in the area where a sample was taken. For example, 89 percent of the 2-butoxyethanol results above the detectable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(level were taken near the source of the oil spill where dispersants were being sprayed. Controls, including respiratory protection, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were implemented to protect workers near the source. Because protections were in place, these exposure measurements did )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not reflect doses absorbed by workers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the context could have been more clearly communicated, OSHA made a large amount of exposure data available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the public and insisted that BP post its sampling results on the Internet. Encouraging the parties involved in a response to make )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their data readily accessible is a simple way to promote transparency and foster trust with the affected community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 102.632 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although the agencies successfully reached out to members of the impacted communities, they faced )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(challenges getting their message out to the public as a whole. This is a classic public health communications problem � )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(successful public health work has no victims, while media stories tend to focus on victims, mistakes and scandals. Even though )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(worker safety and health efforts, such as the heat stress mitigation program, likely prevented injuries and deaths, there is no )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way to identify or quantify the workers whose lives were saved. There was significant media attention on initial reports regarding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(seven fishermen who reported symptoms that potentially could have been related to chemical exposures. However, there was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(little attention paid to NIOSH�s investigation, which found that it was unlikely that exposure to dispersants caused the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fishermen�s symptoms. The media also did not focus on the lack of symptoms among the thousands of cleanup workers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(employed for the duration of the response; as a result, many Americans were left with the false impression that chemical-related )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(symptoms were common among workers employed in the cleanup.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 422.660 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several factors contributed to the successful efforts to protect workers during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill response. Advance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(planning and immediate deployment, collaboration across agencies, more protective safety and health protections than required )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(by regulation, and community outreach helped ensure that BP implemented controls to protect workers and properly trained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(workers to perform their jobs safely. For future responses, improvements should be made in how safety and health information, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the bases for safety and health decisions, are communicated to the public. OSHA and NIOSH�s efforts alongside other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agencies helped ensure that the response and cleanup operations resulted in no worker fatalities, and relatively few injuries and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 294.674 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This report is a product of the efforts of hundreds of federal employees who worked tirelessly to protect the health and safety of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the oil spill cleanup workers on the Gulf Coast in the Spring and Summer of 2010. The opinions expressed in this review do not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 250.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Labor or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.808 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 194.354 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United States Coast Guard National Incident Command. National Incident Commander�s Report: MC252 Deepwater Horizon. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.449 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010. )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 173.963 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 155.413 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Decision-Making Within the Unified )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.508 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Command. 2010.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 135.022 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 116.472 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. 1970. Public Law 91-596.)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 97.068 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. 1994. 40 C.F.R. 300.)] TJ ET
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