%PDF-1.3
1 0 obj
<< /Type /Catalog
/Outlines 2 0 R
/Pages 3 0 R >>
endobj
2 0 obj
<< /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >>
endobj
3 0 obj
<< /Type /Pages
/Kids [6 0 R
92 0 R
166 0 R
294 0 R
386 0 R
412 0 R
414 0 R
]
/Count 7
/Resources <<
/ProcSet 4 0 R
/Font << 
/F1 8 0 R
/F2 9 0 R
/F3 10 0 R
/F4 11 0 R
>>
/XObject << 
/I1 12 0 R
/I2 13 0 R
>>
>>
/MediaBox [0.000 0.000 612.000 792.000]
 >>
endobj
4 0 obj
[/PDF /Text /ImageC ]
endobj
5 0 obj
<<
/Creator (DOMPDF)
/CreationDate (D:20180723051748+00'00')
/ModDate (D:20180723051748+00'00')
/Title (The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and Refugees in Iran: A Systematic Review � PLOS Currents Disasters)
>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Annots [ 14 0 R 16 0 R 18 0 R 20 0 R 22 0 R 24 0 R 26 0 R 28 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R 36 0 R 38 0 R 40 0 R 42 0 R 44 0 R 46 0 R 48 0 R 50 0 R 52 0 R 54 0 R 56 0 R 58 0 R 60 0 R 62 0 R 64 0 R 66 0 R 68 0 R 70 0 R 72 0 R 74 0 R 76 0 R 78 0 R 80 0 R 82 0 R 84 0 R 86 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R ]
/Contents 7 0 R
>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<<
/Length 23420 >>
stream

q
375.000 0 0 39.000 222.000 738.000 cm /I2 Do
Q
q
15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Refugees in Iran: A Systematic Review)] TJ ET
Q
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(July 21, 2017)] TJ ET
BT 72.681 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 77.556 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nasim Sadat Hosseini Divkolaye)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 167.118 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 172.539 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hosseini Divkolaye NS, Burkle FM. The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and Refugees in Iran: A Systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2017 Jul 21 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.449b4c549951e359363a90a7f4cf8fc4.)] TJ ET
q
15.000 27.872 577.500 609.185 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees with the majority coming from Afghanistan. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(They suffer major health and social risks yet their health status has never been comprehensively determined.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review of the literature highlights major disparities among documented immigrants in health access, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable and non-communicable diseases and the increasingly desperate plight of undocumented immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparing with Iranian population, the findings suggest the higher prevalence of most diseases among Afghan immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees. This highlights the importance of increasing the migrants� access to health services from both public health as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(human rights perspectives.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 406.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the Iranian government has taken new initiatives to overcome this challenge, certain issues have still remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 395.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unaddressed. Potential solutions to improve this process are discussed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 358.421 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(INTRODUCTION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One of the effects of globalized world is the increase of human mobility across the borders resulting in rapid growth of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international migration. According to the 2015 United Nations International Migration report the number of international migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has increased significantly during the past fifteen years reaching 244 million in 2015, up from 173 million in 2000)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 509.635 316.165 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 514.454 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The huge number of displaced populations has turned migrant health into a priority global health priority. Although international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migration may have some benefits, immigrants are usually among the most vulnerable groups in destination countries. Migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are commonly subjected to multiple discriminations, violence or exploitation which may have considerable impact on their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mental and physical health. According to a report of World Health Organization \(WHO\), in some countries migrants find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves completely excluded from routine health services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 291.762 249.141 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 228.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Immigrants and refugees are at higher risk of developing certain diseases. Migrants originating from areas of poverty or those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who are displaced by conflict or natural disaster are at greater risk of adverse health outcomes.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 435.925 217.832 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 440.744 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In a study conducted by The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis \(TB\) and Human Rights Task Force, refugees have a high risk of developing TB associated with poor nutritional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(status and sanitation, crowded living conditions, insufficient access to care, education and information, and other coexistent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 66.342 182.117 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 71.161 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although it has always been a controversial issue for the host country, addressing the health needs of immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and refugees can improve health status and outcomes; facilitate integration; prevent long-term health and social costs; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribute to social and economic development; and, most importantly, protect public health and human rights.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.514 158.308 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees \(1 million\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 429.413 138.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 434.231 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The majority of refugees came )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from Afghanistan but their health status has never been comprehensively determined. UNHCR acknowledges that �refugee� or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�migrant� have distinct and different meanings and �confusing them leads to problems for both populations�. They use )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 101.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�refugees� when people flee war or persecution across an international border and �migrants� when people move for reasons )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not included in the legal definition of a refugee.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.870 91.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 232.689 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In compliance, this study refers to Afghan refugees)] TJ ET
BT 454.882 89.777 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [( as )] TJ ET
BT 471.145 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nationals of Afghanistan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who left their country as a result of war or persecution; and, Afghan immigrants as those who choose to move not because of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reunion, or other reasons.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 137.887 55.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.706 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(These terms are used interchangeably in some of the reviewed literature which ineluctably has been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reflected in this manuscript. Evaluating the health needs of this population and assess their access to health services are )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Refugees in Iran: A Systematic Review)] TJ ET
Q
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(July 21, 2017)] TJ ET
BT 72.681 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 77.556 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nasim Sadat Hosseini Divkolaye)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 167.118 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 172.539 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hosseini Divkolaye NS, Burkle FM. The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and Refugees in Iran: A Systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2017 Jul 21 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.449b4c549951e359363a90a7f4cf8fc4.)] TJ ET
q
15.000 27.872 577.500 609.185 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees with the majority coming from Afghanistan. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(They suffer major health and social risks yet their health status has never been comprehensively determined.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review of the literature highlights major disparities among documented immigrants in health access, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable and non-communicable diseases and the increasingly desperate plight of undocumented immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparing with Iranian population, the findings suggest the higher prevalence of most diseases among Afghan immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees. This highlights the importance of increasing the migrants� access to health services from both public health as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(human rights perspectives.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 406.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the Iranian government has taken new initiatives to overcome this challenge, certain issues have still remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 395.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unaddressed. Potential solutions to improve this process are discussed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 358.421 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(INTRODUCTION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One of the effects of globalized world is the increase of human mobility across the borders resulting in rapid growth of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international migration. According to the 2015 United Nations International Migration report the number of international migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has increased significantly during the past fifteen years reaching 244 million in 2015, up from 173 million in 2000)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 509.635 316.165 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 514.454 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The huge number of displaced populations has turned migrant health into a priority global health priority. Although international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migration may have some benefits, immigrants are usually among the most vulnerable groups in destination countries. Migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are commonly subjected to multiple discriminations, violence or exploitation which may have considerable impact on their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mental and physical health. According to a report of World Health Organization \(WHO\), in some countries migrants find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves completely excluded from routine health services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 291.762 249.141 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 228.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Immigrants and refugees are at higher risk of developing certain diseases. Migrants originating from areas of poverty or those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who are displaced by conflict or natural disaster are at greater risk of adverse health outcomes.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 435.925 217.832 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 440.744 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In a study conducted by The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis \(TB\) and Human Rights Task Force, refugees have a high risk of developing TB associated with poor nutritional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(status and sanitation, crowded living conditions, insufficient access to care, education and information, and other coexistent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 66.342 182.117 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 71.161 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although it has always been a controversial issue for the host country, addressing the health needs of immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and refugees can improve health status and outcomes; facilitate integration; prevent long-term health and social costs; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribute to social and economic development; and, most importantly, protect public health and human rights.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.514 158.308 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees \(1 million\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 429.413 138.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 434.231 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The majority of refugees came )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from Afghanistan but their health status has never been comprehensively determined. UNHCR acknowledges that �refugee� or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�migrant� have distinct and different meanings and �confusing them leads to problems for both populations�. They use )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 101.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�refugees� when people flee war or persecution across an international border and �migrants� when people move for reasons )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not included in the legal definition of a refugee.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.870 91.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 232.689 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In compliance, this study refers to Afghan refugees)] TJ ET
BT 454.882 89.777 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [( as )] TJ ET
BT 471.145 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nationals of Afghanistan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who left their country as a result of war or persecution; and, Afghan immigrants as those who choose to move not because of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reunion, or other reasons.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 137.887 55.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.706 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(These terms are used interchangeably in some of the reviewed literature which ineluctably has been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reflected in this manuscript. Evaluating the health needs of this population and assess their access to health services are )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Refugees in Iran: A Systematic Review)] TJ ET
Q
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(July 21, 2017)] TJ ET
BT 72.681 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 77.556 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nasim Sadat Hosseini Divkolaye)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 167.118 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 172.539 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hosseini Divkolaye NS, Burkle FM. The Enduring Health Challenges of Afghan Immigrants and Refugees in Iran: A Systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2017 Jul 21 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.449b4c549951e359363a90a7f4cf8fc4.)] TJ ET
q
15.000 27.872 577.500 609.185 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees with the majority coming from Afghanistan. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(They suffer major health and social risks yet their health status has never been comprehensively determined.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 539.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review of the literature highlights major disparities among documented immigrants in health access, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable and non-communicable diseases and the increasingly desperate plight of undocumented immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparing with Iranian population, the findings suggest the higher prevalence of most diseases among Afghan immigrants and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees. This highlights the importance of increasing the migrants� access to health services from both public health as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(human rights perspectives.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 406.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the Iranian government has taken new initiatives to overcome this challenge, certain issues have still remained )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 395.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unaddressed. Potential solutions to improve this process are discussed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 358.421 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(INTRODUCTION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One of the effects of globalized world is the increase of human mobility across the borders resulting in rapid growth of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(international migration. According to the 2015 United Nations International Migration report the number of international migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has increased significantly during the past fifteen years reaching 244 million in 2015, up from 173 million in 2000)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 509.635 316.165 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 514.454 314.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The huge number of displaced populations has turned migrant health into a priority global health priority. Although international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(migration may have some benefits, immigrants are usually among the most vulnerable groups in destination countries. Migrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are commonly subjected to multiple discriminations, violence or exploitation which may have considerable impact on their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mental and physical health. According to a report of World Health Organization \(WHO\), in some countries migrants find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves completely excluded from routine health services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 291.762 249.141 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 228.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Immigrants and refugees are at higher risk of developing certain diseases. Migrants originating from areas of poverty or those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who are displaced by conflict or natural disaster are at greater risk of adverse health outcomes.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 435.925 217.832 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 440.744 216.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In a study conducted by The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis \(TB\) and Human Rights Task Force, refugees have a high risk of developing TB associated with poor nutritional )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(status and sanitation, crowded living conditions, insufficient access to care, education and information, and other coexistent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illnesses.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 66.342 182.117 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 71.161 180.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Although it has always been a controversial issue for the host country, addressing the health needs of immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and refugees can improve health status and outcomes; facilitate integration; prevent long-term health and social costs; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribute to social and economic development; and, most importantly, protect public health and human rights.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.514 158.308 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran is the third country in the world with the highest number of registered refugees \(1 million\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 429.413 138.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 434.231 137.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The majority of refugees came )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from Afghanistan but their health status has never been comprehensively determined. UNHCR acknowledges that �refugee� or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�migrant� have distinct and different meanings and �confusing them leads to problems for both populations�. They use )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 101.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�refugees� when people flee war or persecution across an international border and �migrants� when people move for reasons )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not included in the legal definition of a refugee.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.870 91.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 232.689 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In compliance, this study refers to Afghan refugees)] TJ ET
BT 454.882 89.777 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [( as )] TJ ET
BT 471.145 89.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nationals of Afghanistan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(who left their country as a result of war or persecution; and, Afghan immigrants as those who choose to move not because of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reunion, or other reasons.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 137.887 55.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.706 54.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(These terms are used interchangeably in some of the reviewed literature which ineluctably has been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 42.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reflected in this manuscript. Evaluating the health needs of this population and assess their access to health services are )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
8 0 obj
<< /Type /Font
/Subtype /Type1
/Name /F1
/BaseFont /Helvetica
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
9 0 obj
<< /Type /Font
/Subtype /Type1
/Name /F2
/BaseFont /Times-Bold
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
10 0 obj
<< /Type /Font
/Subtype /Type1
/Name /F3
/BaseFont /Times-Italic
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
11 0 obj
<< /Type /Font
/Subtype /Type1
/Name /F4
/BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold
/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding
>>
endobj
12 0 obj
<<
/Type /XObject
/Subtype /Image
/Width 500
/Height 52
/Filter /FlateDecode
/DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>>
/ColorSpace /DeviceGray
/BitsPerComponent 8
/Length 144>>
stream
x���1
0���'ݲ؎�"e����{��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��dz��A��tlM0\
endstream
endobj
13 0 obj
<<
/Type /XObject
/Subtype /Image
/Width 500
/Height 52
/SMask 12 0 R
/Filter /FlateDecode
/DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>>
/ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
/BitsPerComponent 8
/Length 3627>>
stream
x��?b���!�/��w���N��	���BU�!�@r�ܥ>
�L%|����"���ɾ�e�B~qbϧ���G�����0�0����0ü<,��a� ,��a� ,��a� /)܋�(��d�a���K��nW�>'I�R�2�0x1ͽ�{��0�Z�4���=�����4M�����޶mY�}�'I���Ė2�0ָ�ML}�GQ�4��8I��y>���i�("u>�s6���n�e�����0��Yf��B�;�S}��b�
5�����b�a,�ZP՚ћ��u��F�ڶ=���0���{ǤbA�!>�m{wwW׵��ApssDZdU��,K�:fs_�׿�������___�q�y��kQ���b��f�Mi�i���{����������$�̂�>}J�dB�um����{L�h'پ��y����2�c\i�f�Zy����pE|���,��U���ݝ���,�h4ڶ],R��*\�U-rQ9���l� P�UUQ#�G���8��0��a���e�f��_-m�I�*g�ߋ�l��i�l-d����:5e��c]�RU�a�0���\�ͼ�$	֌�8jE��%�4��BH\�m�=ϣfY��
�)!vDL�^�)�4���axt��=3*�E�<'	��_�<��J��牲��<ϑK[��h#Q2j��e��*;�D��r��yG�	sG��#�5˲��v�4tu4Ƅ{�$UUUU��l�\��A �n���!�c��J`�ߋA�Ջ���o�1%f�<��0<u�f���q�J+�� �8e�d� ��(�
wsvK��u���Em�*��
a�Q�����I��Ƙp�`���A��������6��\��4é�����f�|�a$�lbZ�V�(]���<σ ���q��iD��r�t��}�������5Ms~����.����Zr������q� ^ֻ�m[��ش��=�V�9k
u��ic��V�UE��1s��'=4I�S�1�	��N���H��<�4w�h,���~�L$���o"�F��������L���m� N+(ھ����c(�����:%�`�ah�b�0��{��u
�M�O����61m�۶m���$�z�������R�fM��y��}Y���bl��L�$�~�->?>>�.7DY��t]׆0gq��w��р�,a��j���mۢ(���H��M������B$� ��[�U���
5;�gf��w��`2�R]�u]GQD��0�g[�����Tt����:���a���1�J�#,�A�U���}�0hw��b��>&��8V~��*Ȁ���IH
f�ui��ah� a�Ml�7�\�:�\>|�,�L��5�w��(Y��qO���Fs��o��B�y�|�<�3��^�=�6.y�m�۾�%)�~��`�XHnݰ‹�I�D�s'o���Z�7I��n��}��w��V|C%�H��{���lD��s��DQ�6��]4jcЊ��ͭ�;��*�ٶ�v��&�A�.0�9�e�(��j������i�2��btXɄ�y�4��?��!ZEI�"+�Yɲ����y�%'h�Zc�h@C+�q,��U���1T���A+FEe_R�18��;�z����.��􃰢c�����(��H|���$I.hy� ��{ss��&��`� �26:#��(�Ru���GQ�mZt��JӅ˲������c��sоj��$���}��3��#�rl��& ���j���}���> � ��]x�]��ъ|�G�[1l�fu	ϛ�IaV��z�0��-�����m�v������y��2��h��܉�ေ�A��^�XD`�����b�����"W�#ֵ��U��{��(Y��B�A�aDL�]z�_ex6�������(�n���MOÈ%�֐m`�0�4Ԝ�0�aℓ�������.�*"^�=�K��eY~�-'i�����M``v�,Z꺞�f�Rf�1c+�!�� ����8����5�B�X,�H���eEљ� ��@N�^Ԛ��G��`5p����|!L�]U��)��.?"l���5��eFQŞ��u]���ɍ��K'eW/�o҆&��(i�
V�M�_�=��E/��J,�;s��q��q�0W�>�rM�=�g��dќ�陞���q��Ѽ���:2X;��.˲��j#���Ņ뺮��f��b���i\ו.�u݋��1��mg��X�EQ�ꋋq@P���%~��������V�L��0��%����
b�`��eF�4M}�'�@�S�p8�v;��F�ߊdY�]���@�u[��5��
�(�9��6	�V����0��~1
Gj�Ňg�֏=��� �>\��'�ͪ��$������yX`�!�dh��q���%I���0fF�5��x���]t���,h�R�ˮb�����������"�3��鈰��@�'5ؽ�E�2���>�GI@
�KȲL�rÿ��*1ȰT5f���f��ܱY����juqq
C3v���(��uE����s��I�'c��^چ#�X,h���Ak"��ZH6��`XPW,>}��fY�6t^C8��,Fi��#�n���i�<�i���8����I�����>c�a� Jzlf��0� >�س�X�,)������m�_Bs'��
�c�	oN
c>�TT'%��x&ߘ��fi�$�W�܇g[���@
mDZ��7]:RQjƘ�.��ğ$������:؝�,��s��{Hz�x���q�ZK�mF|�Ϗ�~�p7@�{��1$��Xu��������}���p(���ĉzZaJ%�i�&0�L@���#�\������}�G�aT�~����t�TQ,a��s�EO��xhy.�?,�aC�9o��q�E�
������=MS�����
9I%8�~��Wm�d����G�:a���gO\\$�,�yHg��^A�b%Ĩ��7�Z�}�џ��d2!��YmN�0���X�-#*ڈ�/&���W�4M��AY�T?�3�;fud�J
6%�a���g�9Ix�I��N��lȦ|�[�+
��٘{R���0'uT?N�P�%A�
w��D���&1=�4�L&ĵg���-�G)����+�0*V�}�62�T75�yi���ۣ��r�Ѱ�ڳ>$�'?�B�'I�eY�0�K��1WH����]�N��k�i�R	�m<�
�˭X�F.�x��a��i�j�T<�����O�=.��r���?�}K�\^^>==}����~���&;����ہ�H�A��7�|����
�\��(
s\��?�	���~��_���{����ޒ�{�����O?��^��A�Vtї�~����g�~���~m�V��������f��S	XtU��6w��M�U���v���8���|xx������G��-ü[�A�܆�m!��g�����۾��勜
�*���N5,s�P���=��0c�ibC�u��b�=2xa?�����L�x��"��(������*�׾�9��0�?��po��6��EF$�|z8oLoݻgV�����_���z�q���o
e�a&p��=�"Z�,�c�a^��T˲l�6�c���0�of�+$�0��o�a�w�a�7w�a�7w�a�7w�a�7�_�i=�
endstream
endobj
14 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 15 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 716.1516 561.0630 736.9416 ]
>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 17 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 691.2036 363.1800 711.9936 ]
>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 19 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 77.5560 674.2101 105.7140 683.8626 ]
>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article_category/review/)
>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 21 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 26.2500 662.3453 167.1180 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/nasim/)
>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 23 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 172.5390 662.3453 270.5947 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/skipmdaol-com/)
>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 25 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 509.6355 315.3632 514.4542 324.1815 ]
>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 27 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 291.7620 248.3394 296.5807 257.1578 ]
>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 29 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 435.9255 217.0299 440.7442 225.8483 ]
>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 31 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 66.3420 181.3157 71.1607 190.1340 ]
>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 33 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 501.5138 157.5062 506.3324 166.3245 ]
>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 35 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 429.4125 138.1014 434.2312 146.9197 ]
>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
36 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 37 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8702 90.4824 232.6889 99.3007 ]
>>
endobj
37 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 39 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 137.8875 54.7682 142.7062 63.5865 ]
>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 41 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 716.1516 561.0630 736.9416 ]
>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 43 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 691.2036 363.1800 711.9936 ]
>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
44 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 45 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 77.5560 674.2101 105.7140 683.8626 ]
>>
endobj
45 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article_category/review/)
>>
endobj
46 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 47 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 26.2500 662.3453 167.1180 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
47 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/nasim/)
>>
endobj
48 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 49 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 172.5390 662.3453 270.5947 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
49 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/skipmdaol-com/)
>>
endobj
50 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 51 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 509.6355 315.3632 514.4542 324.1815 ]
>>
endobj
51 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
52 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 53 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 291.7620 248.3394 296.5807 257.1578 ]
>>
endobj
53 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
54 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 55 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 435.9255 217.0299 440.7442 225.8483 ]
>>
endobj
55 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
56 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 57 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 66.3420 181.3157 71.1607 190.1340 ]
>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
58 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 59 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 501.5138 157.5062 506.3324 166.3245 ]
>>
endobj
59 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 61 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 429.4125 138.1014 434.2312 146.9197 ]
>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 63 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8702 90.4824 232.6889 99.3007 ]
>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 65 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 137.8875 54.7682 142.7062 63.5865 ]
>>
endobj
65 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
66 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 67 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 716.1516 561.0630 736.9416 ]
>>
endobj
67 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
68 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 69 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 15.0000 691.2036 363.1800 711.9936 ]
>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/the-enduring-health-challenges-of-afghan-immigrants-and-refugees-in-iran-a-systematic-review/)
>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 71 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 77.5560 674.2101 105.7140 683.8626 ]
>>
endobj
71 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article_category/review/)
>>
endobj
72 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 73 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 26.2500 662.3453 167.1180 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
73 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/nasim/)
>>
endobj
74 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 75 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 172.5390 662.3453 270.5947 672.2659 ]
>>
endobj
75 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
/S /URI
/URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/author/skipmdaol-com/)
>>
endobj
76 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 77 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 509.6355 315.3632 514.4542 324.1815 ]
>>
endobj
77 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
78 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 79 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 291.7620 248.3394 296.5807 257.1578 ]
>>
endobj
79 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
80 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 81 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 435.9255 217.0299 440.7442 225.8483 ]
>>
endobj
81 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
82 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 83 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 66.3420 181.3157 71.1607 190.1340 ]
>>
endobj
83 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
84 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 85 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 501.5138 157.5062 506.3324 166.3245 ]
>>
endobj
85 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
86 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 87 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 429.4125 138.1014 434.2312 146.9197 ]
>>
endobj
87 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
88 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 89 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8702 90.4824 232.6889 99.3007 ]
>>
endobj
89 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
90 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 91 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 137.8875 54.7682 142.7062 63.5865 ]
>>
endobj
91 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
92 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Annots [ 94 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 100 0 R 102 0 R 104 0 R 106 0 R 108 0 R 110 0 R 112 0 R 114 0 R 116 0 R 118 0 R 120 0 R 122 0 R 124 0 R 126 0 R 128 0 R 130 0 R 132 0 R 134 0 R 136 0 R 138 0 R 140 0 R 142 0 R 144 0 R 146 0 R 148 0 R 150 0 R 152 0 R 154 0 R 156 0 R 158 0 R 160 0 R 162 0 R 164 0 R ]
/Contents 93 0 R
>>
endobj
93 0 obj
<<
/Length 27199 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 33.548 577.500 743.452 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessary for health policymakers to develop and adopt appropriate strategies. Increasingly, this has become a major public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health concern. As such, a systematic review of relevant studies including the culture profile, and health access and risks are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required to better assess and respond to issues of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(METHODS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords. The author also used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This literature review resulted in 86 articles. This process preferenced systematic reviews but due to small sample sizes of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cases studied additional cases where found in humanitarian organizational reports and webpages. The final number of articles )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(included: 8 systematic reports, 24 original articles, 7 organizational and 5 webpages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(RESULTS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Cultural Profile of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Following the political disruptions in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan experienced a massive influx of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 543.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees during the past three decades. Currently, more than 2.5 million Afghan immigrants live in Iran accounting for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3% of total Iranian population.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 155.243 533.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.061 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the data of this study is primarily based on the health status of documented refugees in Iran and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(does not contain the situation of more than 1.5 million illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past decade under the so-called Amayesh record system,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.084 502.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 319.903 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the Iranian authorities have only allowed Afghans who )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrived before 2001 and those who have been in Iran for a long time to register in the system and obtain legal residence. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans who have arrived after 2001 are now considered illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.094 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 358.912 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The latest registration \(Amayesh XI\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed in 2016.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 108.628 466.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ninety-seven percent of Afghan refugees live in urban areas while 3% reside in settlements and camps run by the assistance of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government, UNHCR and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.608 435.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.426 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Afghan immigrant population is relatively young in Iran with a median age of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31 years. In compliance with the world trend, in 2015 less than half of the international immigrants in Iran were women \(47%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 566.517 423.269 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One-third of immigrants \(32.7%\) resided in Tehran, 13.3% in Khorasan Razavi \(Mashhad\), 11.7% in Isfahan, 9.3% in Sistan & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Baluchistan, and the remainder in other provinces.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 243.558 399.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A survey performed among registered Afghan employees in 2006, found that low educational attainments characterized the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surveyed Afghan population. Thirty-one per cent of the population aged six and above in this sample were uneducated \(women )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36%, men 26%\) and 50% had completed only primary or secondary school education. The average household size of Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population in Iran is 5.6 persons. About 80% of Afghans work in four sectors � manufacturing, construction, trade, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commerce. Less than 3% of the Afghan employees had written contracts and more than 99% of Afghan employees did not have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(any type of work-related insurance \(accident, unemployment and retirement insurance\) and only 5% were entitled to paid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(annual or sick leave. The majority of households \(83%\) live in rented houses. The main reason for their immigration was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(escaping from war and insecurity.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 296.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2013-2014, more than 350,000 Afghan refugee children were registered in Iranian schools,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 428.379 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.198 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( while some 48,000 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(undocumented Afghan children were allowed to enroll for the first time in Iranian public schools in 2015.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.244 265.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Health Problems of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran are quite similar to other immigrants around the world. Although )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the lack of data is much more visible in some diseases, this study has attempted to provide a general overview to the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran. The main health problems of Afghan immigrants/refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 189.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(have been categorized into three sections: mental, communicable and non-communicable diseases.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Mental Health)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a systematic review of multiple countries on the long-term mental health of war affected refugees, the prevalence rate of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(depression ranged between 2.3 to 80%, posttraumatic stress disorder \(4.4�86 %\), and unspecified anxiety disorder \(20.3�88 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(%\). This heterogeneity in prevalence rates was mostly contributed to the methodological quality and which country the refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(came from and in which country they resettled.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.831 116.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some studies identified the prevalence of mental disorders among Afghan refugees in different parts of Iran. In a study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designed to determine the prevalence of mental health problems among Afghan refugees resettled in Dalakee refugee camp of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bushehr Province, the prevalence of social dysfunction, psychosomatic problem, anxiety and depression in the studied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population were 80.1%, 48.9%, 39.3% and 22.1%, respectively. In this study, the total prevalence of mental health disorders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was determined as 88.5%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 141.134 49.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.772 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also findings of another study conducted in Tehran showed that the prevalence of mental )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 33.548 577.500 743.452 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessary for health policymakers to develop and adopt appropriate strategies. Increasingly, this has become a major public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health concern. As such, a systematic review of relevant studies including the culture profile, and health access and risks are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required to better assess and respond to issues of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(METHODS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords. The author also used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This literature review resulted in 86 articles. This process preferenced systematic reviews but due to small sample sizes of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cases studied additional cases where found in humanitarian organizational reports and webpages. The final number of articles )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(included: 8 systematic reports, 24 original articles, 7 organizational and 5 webpages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(RESULTS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Cultural Profile of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Following the political disruptions in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan experienced a massive influx of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 543.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees during the past three decades. Currently, more than 2.5 million Afghan immigrants live in Iran accounting for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3% of total Iranian population.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 155.243 533.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.061 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the data of this study is primarily based on the health status of documented refugees in Iran and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(does not contain the situation of more than 1.5 million illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past decade under the so-called Amayesh record system,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.084 502.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 319.903 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the Iranian authorities have only allowed Afghans who )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrived before 2001 and those who have been in Iran for a long time to register in the system and obtain legal residence. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans who have arrived after 2001 are now considered illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.094 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 358.912 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The latest registration \(Amayesh XI\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed in 2016.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 108.628 466.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ninety-seven percent of Afghan refugees live in urban areas while 3% reside in settlements and camps run by the assistance of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government, UNHCR and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.608 435.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.426 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Afghan immigrant population is relatively young in Iran with a median age of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31 years. In compliance with the world trend, in 2015 less than half of the international immigrants in Iran were women \(47%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 566.517 423.269 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One-third of immigrants \(32.7%\) resided in Tehran, 13.3% in Khorasan Razavi \(Mashhad\), 11.7% in Isfahan, 9.3% in Sistan & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Baluchistan, and the remainder in other provinces.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 243.558 399.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A survey performed among registered Afghan employees in 2006, found that low educational attainments characterized the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surveyed Afghan population. Thirty-one per cent of the population aged six and above in this sample were uneducated \(women )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36%, men 26%\) and 50% had completed only primary or secondary school education. The average household size of Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population in Iran is 5.6 persons. About 80% of Afghans work in four sectors � manufacturing, construction, trade, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commerce. Less than 3% of the Afghan employees had written contracts and more than 99% of Afghan employees did not have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(any type of work-related insurance \(accident, unemployment and retirement insurance\) and only 5% were entitled to paid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(annual or sick leave. The majority of households \(83%\) live in rented houses. The main reason for their immigration was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(escaping from war and insecurity.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 296.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2013-2014, more than 350,000 Afghan refugee children were registered in Iranian schools,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 428.379 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.198 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( while some 48,000 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(undocumented Afghan children were allowed to enroll for the first time in Iranian public schools in 2015.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.244 265.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Health Problems of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran are quite similar to other immigrants around the world. Although )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the lack of data is much more visible in some diseases, this study has attempted to provide a general overview to the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran. The main health problems of Afghan immigrants/refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 189.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(have been categorized into three sections: mental, communicable and non-communicable diseases.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Mental Health)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a systematic review of multiple countries on the long-term mental health of war affected refugees, the prevalence rate of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(depression ranged between 2.3 to 80%, posttraumatic stress disorder \(4.4�86 %\), and unspecified anxiety disorder \(20.3�88 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(%\). This heterogeneity in prevalence rates was mostly contributed to the methodological quality and which country the refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(came from and in which country they resettled.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.831 116.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some studies identified the prevalence of mental disorders among Afghan refugees in different parts of Iran. In a study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designed to determine the prevalence of mental health problems among Afghan refugees resettled in Dalakee refugee camp of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bushehr Province, the prevalence of social dysfunction, psychosomatic problem, anxiety and depression in the studied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population were 80.1%, 48.9%, 39.3% and 22.1%, respectively. In this study, the total prevalence of mental health disorders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was determined as 88.5%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 141.134 49.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.772 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also findings of another study conducted in Tehran showed that the prevalence of mental )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 33.548 577.500 743.452 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(necessary for health policymakers to develop and adopt appropriate strategies. Increasingly, this has become a major public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health concern. As such, a systematic review of relevant studies including the culture profile, and health access and risks are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required to better assess and respond to issues of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(METHODS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords. The author also used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This literature review resulted in 86 articles. This process preferenced systematic reviews but due to small sample sizes of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cases studied additional cases where found in humanitarian organizational reports and webpages. The final number of articles )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(included: 8 systematic reports, 24 original articles, 7 organizational and 5 webpages.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 594.619 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(RESULTS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Cultural Profile of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Following the political disruptions in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republics of Iran and Pakistan experienced a massive influx of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 543.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees during the past three decades. Currently, more than 2.5 million Afghan immigrants live in Iran accounting for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3% of total Iranian population.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 155.243 533.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.061 532.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the data of this study is primarily based on the health status of documented refugees in Iran and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 520.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(does not contain the situation of more than 1.5 million illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past decade under the so-called Amayesh record system,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.084 502.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 319.903 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the Iranian authorities have only allowed Afghans who )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(arrived before 2001 and those who have been in Iran for a long time to register in the system and obtain legal residence. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans who have arrived after 2001 are now considered illegal immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.094 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 358.912 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The latest registration \(Amayesh XI\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 464.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(completed in 2016.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 108.628 466.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ninety-seven percent of Afghan refugees live in urban areas while 3% reside in settlements and camps run by the assistance of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government, UNHCR and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.608 435.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.426 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The Afghan immigrant population is relatively young in Iran with a median age of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31 years. In compliance with the world trend, in 2015 less than half of the international immigrants in Iran were women \(47%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 566.517 423.269 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One-third of immigrants \(32.7%\) resided in Tehran, 13.3% in Khorasan Razavi \(Mashhad\), 11.7% in Isfahan, 9.3% in Sistan & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Baluchistan, and the remainder in other provinces.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 243.558 399.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A survey performed among registered Afghan employees in 2006, found that low educational attainments characterized the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surveyed Afghan population. Thirty-one per cent of the population aged six and above in this sample were uneducated \(women )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36%, men 26%\) and 50% had completed only primary or secondary school education. The average household size of Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population in Iran is 5.6 persons. About 80% of Afghans work in four sectors � manufacturing, construction, trade, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commerce. Less than 3% of the Afghan employees had written contracts and more than 99% of Afghan employees did not have )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(any type of work-related insurance \(accident, unemployment and retirement insurance\) and only 5% were entitled to paid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(annual or sick leave. The majority of households \(83%\) live in rented houses. The main reason for their immigration was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(escaping from war and insecurity.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 296.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2013-2014, more than 350,000 Afghan refugee children were registered in Iranian schools,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 428.379 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.198 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( while some 48,000 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(undocumented Afghan children were allowed to enroll for the first time in Iranian public schools in 2015.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.244 265.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 244.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Health Problems of Afghan Immigrants)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran are quite similar to other immigrants around the world. Although )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the lack of data is much more visible in some diseases, this study has attempted to provide a general overview to the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important health needs of Afghan immigrants and refugees in Iran. The main health problems of Afghan immigrants/refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 189.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(have been categorized into three sections: mental, communicable and non-communicable diseases.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Mental Health)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 150.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a systematic review of multiple countries on the long-term mental health of war affected refugees, the prevalence rate of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(depression ranged between 2.3 to 80%, posttraumatic stress disorder \(4.4�86 %\), and unspecified anxiety disorder \(20.3�88 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(%\). This heterogeneity in prevalence rates was mostly contributed to the methodological quality and which country the refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(came from and in which country they resettled.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.831 116.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 95.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some studies identified the prevalence of mental disorders among Afghan refugees in different parts of Iran. In a study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designed to determine the prevalence of mental health problems among Afghan refugees resettled in Dalakee refugee camp of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 71.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bushehr Province, the prevalence of social dysfunction, psychosomatic problem, anxiety and depression in the studied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(population were 80.1%, 48.9%, 39.3% and 22.1%, respectively. In this study, the total prevalence of mental health disorders )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was determined as 88.5%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 141.134 49.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.772 47.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also findings of another study conducted in Tehran showed that the prevalence of mental )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
94 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 95 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 155.2425 532.7057 160.0612 541.5240 ]
>>
endobj
95 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
96 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 97 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.0840 501.3962 319.9027 510.2145 ]
>>
endobj
97 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
98 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 99 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 354.0938 477.5867 358.9124 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 101 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 108.6278 465.6819 113.4464 474.5003 ]
>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 103 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 218.6078 434.3724 223.4264 443.1908 ]
>>
endobj
103 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
104 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 105 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 566.5170 422.4677 571.3357 431.2860 ]
>>
endobj
105 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
106 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 107 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 243.5580 398.6582 253.1953 407.4765 ]
>>
endobj
107 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
108 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 109 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 295.9202 181.1038 304.7385 ]
>>
endobj
109 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
110 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 111 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 428.3790 276.5154 433.1977 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
111 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
112 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 113 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 472.2443 264.6107 481.8816 273.4290 ]
>>
endobj
113 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
114 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 115 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8313 115.5632 237.4686 124.3815 ]
>>
endobj
115 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
116 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 117 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 141.1343 48.5394 150.7716 57.3577 ]
>>
endobj
117 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
118 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 119 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 155.2425 532.7057 160.0612 541.5240 ]
>>
endobj
119 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
120 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 121 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.0840 501.3962 319.9027 510.2145 ]
>>
endobj
121 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
122 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 123 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 354.0938 477.5867 358.9124 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
123 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
124 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 125 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 108.6278 465.6819 113.4464 474.5003 ]
>>
endobj
125 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
126 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 127 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 218.6078 434.3724 223.4264 443.1908 ]
>>
endobj
127 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
128 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 129 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 566.5170 422.4677 571.3357 431.2860 ]
>>
endobj
129 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
130 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 131 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 243.5580 398.6582 253.1953 407.4765 ]
>>
endobj
131 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
132 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 133 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 295.9202 181.1038 304.7385 ]
>>
endobj
133 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
134 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 135 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 428.3790 276.5154 433.1977 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
135 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
136 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 137 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 472.2443 264.6107 481.8816 273.4290 ]
>>
endobj
137 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
138 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 139 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8313 115.5632 237.4686 124.3815 ]
>>
endobj
139 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
140 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 141 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 141.1343 48.5394 150.7716 57.3577 ]
>>
endobj
141 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
142 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 143 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 155.2425 532.7057 160.0612 541.5240 ]
>>
endobj
143 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
144 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 145 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.0840 501.3962 319.9027 510.2145 ]
>>
endobj
145 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
146 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 147 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 354.0938 477.5867 358.9124 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
147 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
148 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 149 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 108.6278 465.6819 113.4464 474.5003 ]
>>
endobj
149 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
150 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 151 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 218.6078 434.3724 223.4264 443.1908 ]
>>
endobj
151 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
152 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 153 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 566.5170 422.4677 571.3357 431.2860 ]
>>
endobj
153 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
154 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 155 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 243.5580 398.6582 253.1953 407.4765 ]
>>
endobj
155 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
156 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 157 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 295.9202 181.1038 304.7385 ]
>>
endobj
157 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
158 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 159 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 428.3790 276.5154 433.1977 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
159 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
160 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 161 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 472.2443 264.6107 481.8816 273.4290 ]
>>
endobj
161 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
162 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 163 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 227.8313 115.5632 237.4686 124.3815 ]
>>
endobj
163 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
164 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 165 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 141.1343 48.5394 150.7716 57.3577 ]
>>
endobj
165 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
166 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Annots [ 168 0 R 170 0 R 172 0 R 174 0 R 176 0 R 178 0 R 180 0 R 182 0 R 184 0 R 186 0 R 188 0 R 190 0 R 192 0 R 194 0 R 196 0 R 198 0 R 200 0 R 202 0 R 204 0 R 206 0 R 208 0 R 210 0 R 212 0 R 214 0 R 216 0 R 218 0 R 220 0 R 222 0 R 224 0 R 226 0 R 228 0 R 230 0 R 232 0 R 234 0 R 236 0 R 238 0 R 240 0 R 242 0 R 244 0 R 246 0 R 248 0 R 250 0 R 252 0 R 254 0 R 256 0 R 258 0 R 260 0 R 262 0 R 264 0 R 266 0 R 268 0 R 270 0 R 272 0 R 274 0 R 276 0 R 278 0 R 280 0 R 282 0 R 284 0 R 286 0 R 288 0 R 290 0 R 292 0 R ]
/Contents 167 0 R
>>
endobj
167 0 obj
<<
/Length 31867 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 29.143 577.500 747.857 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disorders was 55.6% \(19.9% in males and 35.7% in females\) among Afghan immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 408.274 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Compared to the studies conducted among Iranian population,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.603 749.579 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 305.241 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the prevalence of mental disorders is relatively higher among )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees especially those living in settlements and camps.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communicable Diseases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several studies report a relative high prevalence of Malaria,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 283.104 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 292.741 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hepatitis B,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 345.304 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.941 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Tuberculosis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 415.625 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 425.262 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Cholera,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 464.818 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.455 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crimean�Congo )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hemorrhagic fever,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 107.526 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.163 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( leishmaniasis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.094 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 190.731 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and HIV among Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 377.688 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis, MDR tuberculosis and malaria are the most common infectious diseases among the Afghan immigrants in Iran. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a systematic review and meta-analysis study done on major infectious diseases affecting Afghan population in Iran, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(proportion of Afghan immigrants who were infected with tuber�culosis was \(29%\), Multiple-Drug-Resistant \(MDR\) tuberculosis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 630.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(56%\), malaria \(40%\), cholera \(8%\), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever \(25%\), leishmaniasis \(7%\), and hepatitis B \(14%\). The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(overall proportion of Afghan immigrants with the aforementioned infectious diseases is 29%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 422.919 619.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.556 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, Jabarii and colleagues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assessed the prevalence of HIV among Afghan immigrants to be 0.2% in a town to the northeast of Tehran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 489.073 608.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is a huge difference between the prevalence of infectious diseases among Afghan immigrants and Iranian population. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While the prevalence of some infectious disease such as tuberculosis and malaria is high among Afghan immigrants, Iran has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(almost eradicated both diseases among its nationals.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 255.482 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 265.120 567.198 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 267.529 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 277.166 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also, evidence suggests that the prevalence of hepatitis B is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimated to be about 1.7% among Iranians)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.854 552.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.491 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( which is significantly lower than the Afghan immigrant population.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable disease)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 512.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable diseases \(NCDs\) represent 43% of the burden of disease worldwide. The Middle East is known to have high )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rates of major NCDs such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease with risk factors that are the main )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(causes of morbidity and mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 490.293 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.104 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The current data from Afghanistan show that the rate of NCDs is increasing with more than )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35% mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 88.016 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 457.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to data extracted from 23,167 registered Afghan refugees who were referred to United Nations High Commissioner )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for Refugees \(UNHCR\) offices from 2005 to 2010, the most common health referral for females and males \(0�14 years\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perinatal diseases. In the females aged 15 to 59 it was ophthalmic diseases \(13.65%\), and for males it was nephropathies )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(21.4%\). Overall, in both sexes the most frequent causes for referrals were for ophthalmic diseases, primarily cataracts \(23.7%\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neoplasm \(13.3%\), nephropathies \(11%\), ischemic heart diseases \(10.4%\), and perinatal disorders \(9.2%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.304 411.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 390.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2011, a study was carried out to compare the prevalence of premature newborns� birth among Afghan and Iranian ethnics. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The rate of preterm birth prevalence was 7.1% \(391 cases\) and 14.5% \(56 cases\) among Iranian and Afghan populations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respectively. Low birth weight prevalence was 6.7% \(367 cases\) among Iranians and 12.7% \(49 cases\) among Afghans. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(study also found that preterm birth complications are almost two times more among Afghan immigrants than Iranians.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.281 356.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity and its socio-demographic determinants among Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants in two major cities of Iran. The results indicated that more than 60% suffered from moderate-to-severe food )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insecurity, 14% were mildly food-insecure while about 23% were food-secure. Food insecurity was significantly more prevalent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in female-headed households, those with illegal residential status, unemployment/low job status, not owning their own home )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and low socioeconomic status.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 158.470 289.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 168.107 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The prevalence of food insecurity among Iranians was reported in 2015 in a meta-analysis as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49% among households, 67% in children and 61% in mothers.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.048 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 256.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees have special health needs. Their fragile situation which arises from the experiences they had in their homeland and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(difficulties they may encounter in the host country put them at risk for developing mental and physical disorders. Improving the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services of this population not only is an essential human right but also has major benefits for the population as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a whole.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 181.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is scant of evidence in Iran regarding the use of health care services by Afghan immigrants and asylum seekers. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to a UNHCR report, during the past three decades, Afghan refugees have had access to basic health care, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(education, and employment opportunities. However, the financial constraints and lack of international support has always been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a main barrier for the government to comprehensively take necessary actions. In 2014, through a joint collaboration of a private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance company, UNHCR and Ministry of Interior, more than 220,000 vulnerable Afghan refugees including 2000 refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with special diseases \(Hemophilia, Thalassemia, Dialysis, Kidney Transplant and Multiple Sclerosis\) were provided insurance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(services. The Government and UNHCR also provided primary health care in 15 settlements, camps and 29 urban locations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 558.912 111.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 91.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In addition, since 2016, Iran has started to enroll all registered Afghan refugees \(more than 950,000\) under Public Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Insurance. The refugees will benefit from a health insurance package for hospitalization identical to the scheme available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian nationals. The insurance covers entire treatment expenses for people with special diseases and vulnerable groups )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(families who have patients with incurable disease or mental/physical disabilities, children of Iranian widows who married )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 43.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan nationals, female-headed households, families who have nine or more children, poor people, the households whose )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 29.143 577.500 747.857 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disorders was 55.6% \(19.9% in males and 35.7% in females\) among Afghan immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 408.274 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Compared to the studies conducted among Iranian population,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.603 749.579 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 305.241 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the prevalence of mental disorders is relatively higher among )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees especially those living in settlements and camps.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communicable Diseases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several studies report a relative high prevalence of Malaria,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 283.104 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 292.741 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hepatitis B,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 345.304 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.941 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Tuberculosis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 415.625 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 425.262 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Cholera,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 464.818 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.455 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crimean�Congo )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hemorrhagic fever,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 107.526 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.163 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( leishmaniasis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.094 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 190.731 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and HIV among Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 377.688 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis, MDR tuberculosis and malaria are the most common infectious diseases among the Afghan immigrants in Iran. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a systematic review and meta-analysis study done on major infectious diseases affecting Afghan population in Iran, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(proportion of Afghan immigrants who were infected with tuber�culosis was \(29%\), Multiple-Drug-Resistant \(MDR\) tuberculosis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 630.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(56%\), malaria \(40%\), cholera \(8%\), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever \(25%\), leishmaniasis \(7%\), and hepatitis B \(14%\). The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(overall proportion of Afghan immigrants with the aforementioned infectious diseases is 29%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 422.919 619.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.556 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, Jabarii and colleagues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assessed the prevalence of HIV among Afghan immigrants to be 0.2% in a town to the northeast of Tehran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 489.073 608.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is a huge difference between the prevalence of infectious diseases among Afghan immigrants and Iranian population. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While the prevalence of some infectious disease such as tuberculosis and malaria is high among Afghan immigrants, Iran has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(almost eradicated both diseases among its nationals.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 255.482 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 265.120 567.198 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 267.529 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 277.166 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also, evidence suggests that the prevalence of hepatitis B is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimated to be about 1.7% among Iranians)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.854 552.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.491 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( which is significantly lower than the Afghan immigrant population.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable disease)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 512.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable diseases \(NCDs\) represent 43% of the burden of disease worldwide. The Middle East is known to have high )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rates of major NCDs such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease with risk factors that are the main )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(causes of morbidity and mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 490.293 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.104 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The current data from Afghanistan show that the rate of NCDs is increasing with more than )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35% mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 88.016 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 457.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to data extracted from 23,167 registered Afghan refugees who were referred to United Nations High Commissioner )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for Refugees \(UNHCR\) offices from 2005 to 2010, the most common health referral for females and males \(0�14 years\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perinatal diseases. In the females aged 15 to 59 it was ophthalmic diseases \(13.65%\), and for males it was nephropathies )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(21.4%\). Overall, in both sexes the most frequent causes for referrals were for ophthalmic diseases, primarily cataracts \(23.7%\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neoplasm \(13.3%\), nephropathies \(11%\), ischemic heart diseases \(10.4%\), and perinatal disorders \(9.2%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.304 411.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 390.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2011, a study was carried out to compare the prevalence of premature newborns� birth among Afghan and Iranian ethnics. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The rate of preterm birth prevalence was 7.1% \(391 cases\) and 14.5% \(56 cases\) among Iranian and Afghan populations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respectively. Low birth weight prevalence was 6.7% \(367 cases\) among Iranians and 12.7% \(49 cases\) among Afghans. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(study also found that preterm birth complications are almost two times more among Afghan immigrants than Iranians.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.281 356.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity and its socio-demographic determinants among Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants in two major cities of Iran. The results indicated that more than 60% suffered from moderate-to-severe food )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insecurity, 14% were mildly food-insecure while about 23% were food-secure. Food insecurity was significantly more prevalent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in female-headed households, those with illegal residential status, unemployment/low job status, not owning their own home )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and low socioeconomic status.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 158.470 289.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 168.107 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The prevalence of food insecurity among Iranians was reported in 2015 in a meta-analysis as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49% among households, 67% in children and 61% in mothers.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.048 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 256.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees have special health needs. Their fragile situation which arises from the experiences they had in their homeland and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(difficulties they may encounter in the host country put them at risk for developing mental and physical disorders. Improving the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services of this population not only is an essential human right but also has major benefits for the population as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a whole.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 181.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is scant of evidence in Iran regarding the use of health care services by Afghan immigrants and asylum seekers. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to a UNHCR report, during the past three decades, Afghan refugees have had access to basic health care, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(education, and employment opportunities. However, the financial constraints and lack of international support has always been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a main barrier for the government to comprehensively take necessary actions. In 2014, through a joint collaboration of a private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance company, UNHCR and Ministry of Interior, more than 220,000 vulnerable Afghan refugees including 2000 refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with special diseases \(Hemophilia, Thalassemia, Dialysis, Kidney Transplant and Multiple Sclerosis\) were provided insurance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(services. The Government and UNHCR also provided primary health care in 15 settlements, camps and 29 urban locations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 558.912 111.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 91.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In addition, since 2016, Iran has started to enroll all registered Afghan refugees \(more than 950,000\) under Public Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Insurance. The refugees will benefit from a health insurance package for hospitalization identical to the scheme available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian nationals. The insurance covers entire treatment expenses for people with special diseases and vulnerable groups )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(families who have patients with incurable disease or mental/physical disabilities, children of Iranian widows who married )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 43.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan nationals, female-headed households, families who have nine or more children, poor people, the households whose )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 29.143 577.500 747.857 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disorders was 55.6% \(19.9% in males and 35.7% in females\) among Afghan immigrants.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 408.274 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Compared to the studies conducted among Iranian population,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.603 749.579 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 305.241 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( the prevalence of mental disorders is relatively higher among )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees especially those living in settlements and camps.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Communicable Diseases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Several studies report a relative high prevalence of Malaria,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 283.104 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 292.741 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hepatitis B,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 345.304 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 354.941 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Tuberculosis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 415.625 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 425.262 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Cholera,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 464.818 698.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.455 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crimean�Congo )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hemorrhagic fever,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 107.526 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.163 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( leishmaniasis,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.094 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 190.731 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and HIV among Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 377.688 686.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuberculosis, MDR tuberculosis and malaria are the most common infectious diseases among the Afghan immigrants in Iran. In )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a systematic review and meta-analysis study done on major infectious diseases affecting Afghan population in Iran, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(proportion of Afghan immigrants who were infected with tuber�culosis was \(29%\), Multiple-Drug-Resistant \(MDR\) tuberculosis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 630.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(56%\), malaria \(40%\), cholera \(8%\), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever \(25%\), leishmaniasis \(7%\), and hepatitis B \(14%\). The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(overall proportion of Afghan immigrants with the aforementioned infectious diseases is 29%.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 422.919 619.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.556 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, Jabarii and colleagues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assessed the prevalence of HIV among Afghan immigrants to be 0.2% in a town to the northeast of Tehran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 489.073 608.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is a huge difference between the prevalence of infectious diseases among Afghan immigrants and Iranian population. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 575.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While the prevalence of some infectious disease such as tuberculosis and malaria is high among Afghan immigrants, Iran has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(almost eradicated both diseases among its nationals.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 255.482 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 265.120 567.198 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 267.529 564.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 277.166 563.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Also, evidence suggests that the prevalence of hepatitis B is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimated to be about 1.7% among Iranians)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.854 552.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.491 551.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( which is significantly lower than the Afghan immigrant population.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 532.000 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable disease)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 512.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Non-communicable diseases \(NCDs\) represent 43% of the burden of disease worldwide. The Middle East is known to have high )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 500.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(rates of major NCDs such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease with risk factors that are the main )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(causes of morbidity and mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 171.466 490.293 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.104 488.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The current data from Afghanistan show that the rate of NCDs is increasing with more than )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 476.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35% mortality.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 88.016 478.388 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 457.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to data extracted from 23,167 registered Afghan refugees who were referred to United Nations High Commissioner )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for Refugees \(UNHCR\) offices from 2005 to 2010, the most common health referral for females and males \(0�14 years\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perinatal diseases. In the females aged 15 to 59 it was ophthalmic diseases \(13.65%\), and for males it was nephropathies )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(21.4%\). Overall, in both sexes the most frequent causes for referrals were for ophthalmic diseases, primarily cataracts \(23.7%\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(neoplasm \(13.3%\), nephropathies \(11%\), ischemic heart diseases \(10.4%\), and perinatal disorders \(9.2%\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.304 411.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 390.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2011, a study was carried out to compare the prevalence of premature newborns� birth among Afghan and Iranian ethnics. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The rate of preterm birth prevalence was 7.1% \(391 cases\) and 14.5% \(56 cases\) among Iranian and Afghan populations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(respectively. Low birth weight prevalence was 6.7% \(367 cases\) among Iranians and 12.7% \(49 cases\) among Afghans. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 354.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(study also found that preterm birth complications are almost two times more among Afghan immigrants than Iranians.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.281 356.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of food insecurity and its socio-demographic determinants among Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants in two major cities of Iran. The results indicated that more than 60% suffered from moderate-to-severe food )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insecurity, 14% were mildly food-insecure while about 23% were food-secure. Food insecurity was significantly more prevalent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in female-headed households, those with illegal residential status, unemployment/low job status, not owning their own home )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and low socioeconomic status.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 158.470 289.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 168.107 287.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The prevalence of food insecurity among Iranians was reported in 2015 in a meta-analysis as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 275.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49% among households, 67% in children and 61% in mothers.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 295.048 277.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 256.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Refugees have special health needs. Their fragile situation which arises from the experiences they had in their homeland and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(difficulties they may encounter in the host country put them at risk for developing mental and physical disorders. Improving the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services of this population not only is an essential human right but also has major benefits for the population as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a whole.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 181.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is scant of evidence in Iran regarding the use of health care services by Afghan immigrants and asylum seekers. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(According to a UNHCR report, during the past three decades, Afghan refugees have had access to basic health care, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(education, and employment opportunities. However, the financial constraints and lack of international support has always been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a main barrier for the government to comprehensively take necessary actions. In 2014, through a joint collaboration of a private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance company, UNHCR and Ministry of Interior, more than 220,000 vulnerable Afghan refugees including 2000 refugees )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with special diseases \(Hemophilia, Thalassemia, Dialysis, Kidney Transplant and Multiple Sclerosis\) were provided insurance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(services. The Government and UNHCR also provided primary health care in 15 settlements, camps and 29 urban locations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 558.912 111.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 91.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In addition, since 2016, Iran has started to enroll all registered Afghan refugees \(more than 950,000\) under Public Health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Insurance. The refugees will benefit from a health insurance package for hospitalization identical to the scheme available to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian nationals. The insurance covers entire treatment expenses for people with special diseases and vulnerable groups )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(families who have patients with incurable disease or mental/physical disabilities, children of Iranian widows who married )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 43.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan nationals, female-headed households, families who have nine or more children, poor people, the households whose )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
168 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 169 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 408.2745 768.1817 417.9118 777.0000 ]
>>
endobj
169 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
170 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 171 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.6035 748.7769 305.2408 757.5952 ]
>>
endobj
171 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
172 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 173 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 283.1040 698.0627 292.7413 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
173 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
174 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 175 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 345.3036 698.0627 354.9409 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
175 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
176 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 177 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 415.6249 698.0627 425.2622 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
177 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
178 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 179 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 464.8180 698.0627 474.4553 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
179 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
180 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 181 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 107.5260 686.1579 117.1633 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
181 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
182 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 183 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 181.0941 686.1579 190.7314 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
183 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
184 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 185 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 377.6877 686.1579 387.3250 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
185 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
186 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 187 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 422.9190 619.1342 432.5563 627.9525 ]
>>
endobj
187 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
188 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 189 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 489.0727 607.2294 498.7101 616.0477 ]
>>
endobj
189 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
190 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 191 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 255.4822 564.0152 265.1196 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
191 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
192 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 193 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 267.5289 564.0152 277.1663 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
193 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
194 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 195 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 214.8540 552.1104 224.4913 560.9287 ]
>>
endobj
195 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
196 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 197 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 489.4914 181.1038 498.3097 ]
>>
endobj
197 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
198 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 199 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 88.0162 477.5867 97.6536 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
199 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
200 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 201 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 486.3037 410.5629 495.9411 419.3812 ]
>>
endobj
201 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
202 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 203 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 531.2805 355.4439 540.9178 364.2622 ]
>>
endobj
203 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
204 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 205 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 158.4698 288.4202 168.1071 297.2385 ]
>>
endobj
205 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
206 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 207 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.0478 276.5154 304.6851 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
207 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
208 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 209 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 558.9120 111.1584 563.7307 119.9767 ]
>>
endobj
209 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
210 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 211 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 408.2745 768.1817 417.9118 777.0000 ]
>>
endobj
211 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
212 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 213 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.6035 748.7769 305.2408 757.5952 ]
>>
endobj
213 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
214 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 215 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 283.1040 698.0627 292.7413 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
215 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
216 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 217 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 345.3036 698.0627 354.9409 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
217 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
218 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 219 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 415.6249 698.0627 425.2622 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
219 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
220 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 221 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 464.8180 698.0627 474.4553 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
221 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
222 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 223 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 107.5260 686.1579 117.1633 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
223 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
224 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 225 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 181.0941 686.1579 190.7314 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
225 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
226 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 227 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 377.6877 686.1579 387.3250 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
227 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
228 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 229 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 422.9190 619.1342 432.5563 627.9525 ]
>>
endobj
229 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
230 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 231 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 489.0727 607.2294 498.7101 616.0477 ]
>>
endobj
231 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
232 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 233 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 255.4822 564.0152 265.1196 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
233 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
234 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 235 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 267.5289 564.0152 277.1663 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
235 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
236 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 237 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 214.8540 552.1104 224.4913 560.9287 ]
>>
endobj
237 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
238 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 239 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 489.4914 181.1038 498.3097 ]
>>
endobj
239 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
240 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 241 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 88.0162 477.5867 97.6536 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
241 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
242 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 243 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 486.3037 410.5629 495.9411 419.3812 ]
>>
endobj
243 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
244 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 245 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 531.2805 355.4439 540.9178 364.2622 ]
>>
endobj
245 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
246 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 247 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 158.4698 288.4202 168.1071 297.2385 ]
>>
endobj
247 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
248 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 249 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.0478 276.5154 304.6851 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
249 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
250 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 251 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 558.9120 111.1584 563.7307 119.9767 ]
>>
endobj
251 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
252 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 253 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 408.2745 768.1817 417.9118 777.0000 ]
>>
endobj
253 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
254 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 255 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.6035 748.7769 305.2408 757.5952 ]
>>
endobj
255 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
256 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 257 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 283.1040 698.0627 292.7413 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
257 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
258 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 259 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 345.3036 698.0627 354.9409 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
259 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
260 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 261 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 415.6249 698.0627 425.2622 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
261 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
262 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 263 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 464.8180 698.0627 474.4553 706.8810 ]
>>
endobj
263 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
264 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 265 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 107.5260 686.1579 117.1633 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
265 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
266 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 267 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 181.0941 686.1579 190.7314 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
267 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
268 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 269 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 377.6877 686.1579 387.3250 694.9762 ]
>>
endobj
269 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
270 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 271 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 422.9190 619.1342 432.5563 627.9525 ]
>>
endobj
271 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
272 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 273 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 489.0727 607.2294 498.7101 616.0477 ]
>>
endobj
273 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
274 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 275 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 255.4822 564.0152 265.1196 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
275 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
276 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 277 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 267.5289 564.0152 277.1663 572.8335 ]
>>
endobj
277 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
278 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 279 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 214.8540 552.1104 224.4913 560.9287 ]
>>
endobj
279 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
280 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 281 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 171.4665 489.4914 181.1038 498.3097 ]
>>
endobj
281 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
282 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 283 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 88.0162 477.5867 97.6536 486.4050 ]
>>
endobj
283 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
284 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 285 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 486.3037 410.5629 495.9411 419.3812 ]
>>
endobj
285 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
286 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 287 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 531.2805 355.4439 540.9178 364.2622 ]
>>
endobj
287 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
288 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 289 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 158.4698 288.4202 168.1071 297.2385 ]
>>
endobj
289 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
290 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 291 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 295.0478 276.5154 304.6851 285.3338 ]
>>
endobj
291 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
292 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 293 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 558.9120 111.1584 563.7307 119.9767 ]
>>
endobj
293 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
294 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Annots [ 296 0 R 298 0 R 300 0 R 302 0 R 304 0 R 306 0 R 308 0 R 310 0 R 312 0 R 314 0 R 316 0 R 318 0 R 320 0 R 322 0 R 324 0 R 326 0 R 328 0 R 330 0 R 332 0 R 334 0 R 336 0 R 338 0 R 340 0 R 342 0 R 344 0 R 346 0 R 348 0 R 350 0 R 352 0 R 354 0 R 356 0 R 358 0 R 360 0 R 362 0 R 364 0 R 366 0 R 368 0 R 370 0 R 372 0 R 374 0 R 376 0 R 378 0 R 380 0 R 382 0 R 384 0 R ]
/Contents 295 0 R
>>
endobj
295 0 obj
<<
/Length 29722 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 32.239 577.500 744.761 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their head is not able to work due to the medical conditions or disability, Afghan nationals who married Iranian women, the head )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of households with 65 or more years old, unmarried men and women with more than 75 and 18 years old\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 484.159 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.977 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( As of October 2016, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than 250,000 foreign nationals have been covered under this insurance. The initiative took place when a tripartite )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(memorandum of understanding was signed between Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior in 2015. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(beneficiaries of this scheme provide a contribution to the funding; however the Government of Iran covers half of the real )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monthly costs of the insurance premium. This is further complemented by a UNHCR contribution of 8.3 million USD for this six )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(month period by primarily focusing on vulnerable refugees.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.311 697.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \(UNODC\) and the Deputy Secretary General of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Islamic Republic of Iran�s Drug Control Headquarters signed an agreement to provide HIV prevention and care services to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees and female drug users in Iran. These services were launched through funding from the Government of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Netherlands.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 81.523 642.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(35)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, the situation of unregistered Afghans remains unclear. Basically, undocumented Afghans cannot register for health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance and therefore have limited access to the public health service. According to an independent body�s report )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unregistered Afghans are able to obtain treatment at private health institutions, but they must pay for the treatment from private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funds. They can also benefit from the free health services provided by some NGOs and charities or on an individual basis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 551.356 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Barriers to Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The illegal status of almost 1.5 million Afghan immigrants prevents them to access to health insurance and consequently limits )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their access to health services. This situation gets worse considering a large number of illegal afghan immigrants work in hard )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and hazardous jobs such as the construction sector)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.443 524.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(36)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 258.080 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( where the risk of injuries is relatively high. Additionally, more than 99% of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan employees do not have any type of work-related insurance.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.103 512.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a literature-review study conducted in 2015, the authors categorized the barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in three levels: the problems that exist in laws and policies of destination countries including limitations to access and type of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care, the barriers within health system that included bureaucratic obstacles including paperwork and registration systems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and finally the hindrance that exists at the individual level focused on the immigrant�s fear of deportation, stigma, and lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(capital \(both social and financial\) to obtain services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.969 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(37)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A large number of Afghan refugees and immigrants in need of health care in Iran are among poor and economically vulnerable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups. Many refugees and immigrants struggle to find work and often take jobs with low wages. According to one survey, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian workers benefit from 10-23% higher wages compared to Afghans.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 342.179 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
BT 346.998 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 351.817 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This inability to pay and lack of a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health insurance have led to the late self-referral of immigrants/refugees to health care services when the disease is in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(advanced stages. In one study completed among Afghan refugees to detect their common kidney diseases, it was found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(due to the cost of medical visits or medications, the most common health referral for Afghans was end-stage renal disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ESRD\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 62.539 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(38)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 72.177 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Language barriers and lack of communication are mentioned by several studies as the main obstacles to refugee )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care access worldwide, is not the case for Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 352.466 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 362.103 345.412 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.512 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 322.119 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(LIMITATIONS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the governmental institutions are able to provide reliable data on the situation of Afghan immigrants/refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 290.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct extensive research, the data used in this study is driven from independent researches, and reports of international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(DISCUSSION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Providing health care for immigrants/refugees is crucial from two different aspects: First, immigrants may increase the potential )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk of spreading some communicable diseases among the national population. Several studies indicate that the Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants have contributed to the spread of communicable diseases in Iran with an estimated 55% of new multi-drug resistant )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuberculosis patients, 40% of malaria patients, 29% of tuberculosis patients and 25% of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(patients in Iran are Afghan immigrants respectively.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 247.877 193.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 257.515 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Illegal migration poses a serious threat to the disease elimination )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program of Malaria in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 140.579 182.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.216 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( It has been estimated that the government spends more than 100,000 USD annually just to treat )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan immigrants with tuberculosis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.009 170.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 149.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The second concern is related to human rights which put the emphasis on adequate and equitable access of immigrants to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health services. The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(long been established in international human rights law such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Racial Discrimination \(ICERD\) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, there is a gap between evidence and policies in Iran. The government has not yet formulated a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 82.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy to address the different health risks and needs of the immigrants. Considering the health and financial burden of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants on the host country, exclusion of immigrants from health services is not a wise approach both in terms of public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health as well as human rights. Although the current initiative of the government to provide health insurance for registered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans was a big step forward, the plan has some major deficiencies. Firstly, the way to deal with the health needs of 1.5 )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 32.239 577.500 744.761 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their head is not able to work due to the medical conditions or disability, Afghan nationals who married Iranian women, the head )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of households with 65 or more years old, unmarried men and women with more than 75 and 18 years old\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 484.159 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.977 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( As of October 2016, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than 250,000 foreign nationals have been covered under this insurance. The initiative took place when a tripartite )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(memorandum of understanding was signed between Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior in 2015. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(beneficiaries of this scheme provide a contribution to the funding; however the Government of Iran covers half of the real )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monthly costs of the insurance premium. This is further complemented by a UNHCR contribution of 8.3 million USD for this six )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(month period by primarily focusing on vulnerable refugees.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.311 697.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \(UNODC\) and the Deputy Secretary General of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Islamic Republic of Iran�s Drug Control Headquarters signed an agreement to provide HIV prevention and care services to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees and female drug users in Iran. These services were launched through funding from the Government of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Netherlands.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 81.523 642.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(35)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, the situation of unregistered Afghans remains unclear. Basically, undocumented Afghans cannot register for health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance and therefore have limited access to the public health service. According to an independent body�s report )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unregistered Afghans are able to obtain treatment at private health institutions, but they must pay for the treatment from private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funds. They can also benefit from the free health services provided by some NGOs and charities or on an individual basis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 551.356 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Barriers to Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The illegal status of almost 1.5 million Afghan immigrants prevents them to access to health insurance and consequently limits )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their access to health services. This situation gets worse considering a large number of illegal afghan immigrants work in hard )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and hazardous jobs such as the construction sector)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.443 524.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(36)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 258.080 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( where the risk of injuries is relatively high. Additionally, more than 99% of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan employees do not have any type of work-related insurance.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.103 512.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a literature-review study conducted in 2015, the authors categorized the barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in three levels: the problems that exist in laws and policies of destination countries including limitations to access and type of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care, the barriers within health system that included bureaucratic obstacles including paperwork and registration systems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and finally the hindrance that exists at the individual level focused on the immigrant�s fear of deportation, stigma, and lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(capital \(both social and financial\) to obtain services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.969 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(37)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A large number of Afghan refugees and immigrants in need of health care in Iran are among poor and economically vulnerable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups. Many refugees and immigrants struggle to find work and often take jobs with low wages. According to one survey, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian workers benefit from 10-23% higher wages compared to Afghans.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 342.179 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
BT 346.998 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 351.817 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This inability to pay and lack of a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health insurance have led to the late self-referral of immigrants/refugees to health care services when the disease is in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(advanced stages. In one study completed among Afghan refugees to detect their common kidney diseases, it was found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(due to the cost of medical visits or medications, the most common health referral for Afghans was end-stage renal disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ESRD\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 62.539 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(38)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 72.177 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Language barriers and lack of communication are mentioned by several studies as the main obstacles to refugee )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care access worldwide, is not the case for Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 352.466 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 362.103 345.412 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.512 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 322.119 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(LIMITATIONS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the governmental institutions are able to provide reliable data on the situation of Afghan immigrants/refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 290.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct extensive research, the data used in this study is driven from independent researches, and reports of international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(DISCUSSION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Providing health care for immigrants/refugees is crucial from two different aspects: First, immigrants may increase the potential )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk of spreading some communicable diseases among the national population. Several studies indicate that the Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants have contributed to the spread of communicable diseases in Iran with an estimated 55% of new multi-drug resistant )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuberculosis patients, 40% of malaria patients, 29% of tuberculosis patients and 25% of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(patients in Iran are Afghan immigrants respectively.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 247.877 193.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 257.515 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Illegal migration poses a serious threat to the disease elimination )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program of Malaria in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 140.579 182.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.216 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( It has been estimated that the government spends more than 100,000 USD annually just to treat )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan immigrants with tuberculosis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.009 170.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 149.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The second concern is related to human rights which put the emphasis on adequate and equitable access of immigrants to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health services. The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(long been established in international human rights law such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Racial Discrimination \(ICERD\) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, there is a gap between evidence and policies in Iran. The government has not yet formulated a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 82.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy to address the different health risks and needs of the immigrants. Considering the health and financial burden of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants on the host country, exclusion of immigrants from health services is not a wise approach both in terms of public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health as well as human rights. Although the current initiative of the government to provide health insurance for registered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans was a big step forward, the plan has some major deficiencies. Firstly, the way to deal with the health needs of 1.5 )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 32.239 577.500 744.761 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their head is not able to work due to the medical conditions or disability, Afghan nationals who married Iranian women, the head )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of households with 65 or more years old, unmarried men and women with more than 75 and 18 years old\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 484.159 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.977 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( As of October 2016, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than 250,000 foreign nationals have been covered under this insurance. The initiative took place when a tripartite )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(memorandum of understanding was signed between Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior in 2015. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(beneficiaries of this scheme provide a contribution to the funding; however the Government of Iran covers half of the real )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monthly costs of the insurance premium. This is further complemented by a UNHCR contribution of 8.3 million USD for this six )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(month period by primarily focusing on vulnerable refugees.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.311 697.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In 2008, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \(UNODC\) and the Deputy Secretary General of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Islamic Republic of Iran�s Drug Control Headquarters signed an agreement to provide HIV prevention and care services to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan refugees and female drug users in Iran. These services were launched through funding from the Government of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Netherlands.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 81.523 642.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(35)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, the situation of unregistered Afghans remains unclear. Basically, undocumented Afghans cannot register for health )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insurance and therefore have limited access to the public health service. According to an independent body�s report )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unregistered Afghans are able to obtain treatment at private health institutions, but they must pay for the treatment from private )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(funds. They can also benefit from the free health services provided by some NGOs and charities or on an individual basis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 551.356 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Barriers to Access to Health Services)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The illegal status of almost 1.5 million Afghan immigrants prevents them to access to health insurance and consequently limits )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(their access to health services. This situation gets worse considering a large number of illegal afghan immigrants work in hard )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and hazardous jobs such as the construction sector)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.443 524.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(36)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 258.080 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( where the risk of injuries is relatively high. Additionally, more than 99% of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan employees do not have any type of work-related insurance.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.103 512.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In a literature-review study conducted in 2015, the authors categorized the barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in three levels: the problems that exist in laws and policies of destination countries including limitations to access and type of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care, the barriers within health system that included bureaucratic obstacles including paperwork and registration systems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and finally the hindrance that exists at the individual level focused on the immigrant�s fear of deportation, stigma, and lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(capital \(both social and financial\) to obtain services.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 248.969 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(37)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A large number of Afghan refugees and immigrants in need of health care in Iran are among poor and economically vulnerable )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(groups. Many refugees and immigrants struggle to find work and often take jobs with low wages. According to one survey, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian workers benefit from 10-23% higher wages compared to Afghans.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 342.179 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
BT 346.998 402.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 351.817 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This inability to pay and lack of a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health insurance have led to the late self-referral of immigrants/refugees to health care services when the disease is in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(advanced stages. In one study completed among Afghan refugees to detect their common kidney diseases, it was found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(due to the cost of medical visits or medications, the most common health referral for Afghans was end-stage renal disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(ESRD\).)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 62.539 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(38)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 72.177 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Language barriers and lack of communication are mentioned by several studies as the main obstacles to refugee )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health care access worldwide, is not the case for Afghan immigrants in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 352.466 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 362.103 345.412 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.512 343.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 322.119 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(LIMITATIONS)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the governmental institutions are able to provide reliable data on the situation of Afghan immigrants/refugees and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 290.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct extensive research, the data used in this study is driven from independent researches, and reports of international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations and foreign NGOs.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.500 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(DISCUSSION)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Providing health care for immigrants/refugees is crucial from two different aspects: First, immigrants may increase the potential )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk of spreading some communicable diseases among the national population. Several studies indicate that the Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants have contributed to the spread of communicable diseases in Iran with an estimated 55% of new multi-drug resistant )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuberculosis patients, 40% of malaria patients, 29% of tuberculosis patients and 25% of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(patients in Iran are Afghan immigrants respectively.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 247.877 193.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 257.515 192.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Illegal migration poses a serious threat to the disease elimination )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(program of Malaria in Iran.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 140.579 182.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.216 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( It has been estimated that the government spends more than 100,000 USD annually just to treat )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghan immigrants with tuberculosis.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.009 170.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 149.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The second concern is related to human rights which put the emphasis on adequate and equitable access of immigrants to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health services. The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(long been established in international human rights law such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Racial Discrimination \(ICERD\) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, there is a gap between evidence and policies in Iran. The government has not yet formulated a comprehensive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 82.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy to address the different health risks and needs of the immigrants. Considering the health and financial burden of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants on the host country, exclusion of immigrants from health services is not a wise approach both in terms of public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health as well as human rights. Although the current initiative of the government to provide health insurance for registered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Afghans was a big step forward, the plan has some major deficiencies. Firstly, the way to deal with the health needs of 1.5 )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
296 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 297 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 484.1587 756.2769 488.9774 765.0952 ]
>>
endobj
297 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
298 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 299 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 279.3112 696.7532 288.9486 705.5715 ]
>>
endobj
299 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
300 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 301 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 81.5228 641.6342 91.1601 650.4525 ]
>>
endobj
301 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
302 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 303 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 551.3557 586.5152 556.1744 595.3335 ]
>>
endobj
303 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
304 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 305 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.4427 523.8962 258.0801 532.7145 ]
>>
endobj
305 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
306 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 307 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.1035 511.9914 324.7408 520.8097 ]
>>
endobj
307 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
308 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 309 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.9692 444.9677 258.6066 453.7860 ]
>>
endobj
309 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
310 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 311 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 342.1793 401.7534 346.9979 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
311 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
312 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 313 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 346.9979 401.7534 351.8166 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
313 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
314 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 315 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 62.5395 354.1344 72.1768 362.9527 ]
>>
endobj
315 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
316 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 317 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 352.4655 342.2297 362.1028 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
317 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
318 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 319 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 364.5122 342.2297 374.1495 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
319 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
320 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 321 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 247.8773 193.1822 257.5146 202.0005 ]
>>
endobj
321 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
322 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 323 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 140.5785 181.2774 150.2158 190.0957 ]
>>
endobj
323 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
324 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 325 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 185.0093 169.3727 194.6466 178.1910 ]
>>
endobj
325 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
326 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 327 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 484.1587 756.2769 488.9774 765.0952 ]
>>
endobj
327 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
328 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 329 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 279.3112 696.7532 288.9486 705.5715 ]
>>
endobj
329 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
330 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 331 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 81.5228 641.6342 91.1601 650.4525 ]
>>
endobj
331 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
332 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 333 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 551.3557 586.5152 556.1744 595.3335 ]
>>
endobj
333 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
334 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 335 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.4427 523.8962 258.0801 532.7145 ]
>>
endobj
335 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
336 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 337 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.1035 511.9914 324.7408 520.8097 ]
>>
endobj
337 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
338 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 339 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.9692 444.9677 258.6066 453.7860 ]
>>
endobj
339 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
340 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 341 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 342.1793 401.7534 346.9979 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
341 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
342 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 343 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 346.9979 401.7534 351.8166 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
343 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
344 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 345 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 62.5395 354.1344 72.1768 362.9527 ]
>>
endobj
345 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
346 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 347 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 352.4655 342.2297 362.1028 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
347 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
348 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 349 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 364.5122 342.2297 374.1495 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
349 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
350 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 351 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 247.8773 193.1822 257.5146 202.0005 ]
>>
endobj
351 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
352 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 353 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 140.5785 181.2774 150.2158 190.0957 ]
>>
endobj
353 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
354 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 355 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 185.0093 169.3727 194.6466 178.1910 ]
>>
endobj
355 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
356 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 357 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 484.1587 756.2769 488.9774 765.0952 ]
>>
endobj
357 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
358 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 359 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 279.3112 696.7532 288.9486 705.5715 ]
>>
endobj
359 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
360 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 361 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 81.5228 641.6342 91.1601 650.4525 ]
>>
endobj
361 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
362 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 363 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 551.3557 586.5152 556.1744 595.3335 ]
>>
endobj
363 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
364 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 365 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.4427 523.8962 258.0801 532.7145 ]
>>
endobj
365 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
366 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 367 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.1035 511.9914 324.7408 520.8097 ]
>>
endobj
367 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
368 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 369 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 248.9692 444.9677 258.6066 453.7860 ]
>>
endobj
369 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
370 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 371 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 342.1793 401.7534 346.9979 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
371 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
372 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 373 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 346.9979 401.7534 351.8166 410.5717 ]
>>
endobj
373 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
374 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 375 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 62.5395 354.1344 72.1768 362.9527 ]
>>
endobj
375 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
376 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 377 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 352.4655 342.2297 362.1028 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
377 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
378 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 379 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 364.5122 342.2297 374.1495 351.0480 ]
>>
endobj
379 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
380 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 381 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 247.8773 193.1822 257.5146 202.0005 ]
>>
endobj
381 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
382 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 383 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 140.5785 181.2774 150.2158 190.0957 ]
>>
endobj
383 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
384 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 385 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 185.0093 169.3727 194.6466 178.1910 ]
>>
endobj
385 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
386 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Annots [ 388 0 R 390 0 R 392 0 R 394 0 R 396 0 R 398 0 R 400 0 R 402 0 R 404 0 R 406 0 R 408 0 R 410 0 R ]
/Contents 387 0 R
>>
endobj
387 0 obj
<<
/Length 18823 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 39.922 577.500 737.078 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million unregistered Afghan is still under question. This gains importance knowing that immigrants whose legal situations has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not yet determined are significantly at higher risks of contracting disease and in developing mental health problems due to their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(living situations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 95.066 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 104.703 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Secondly, the plan entails the financial support of external donors which has always been a controversial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(issue.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As a part of the implemented policies, the Iranian government has put much attention on repatriation policies. From 2002 to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014, the number of Afghan refugees who returned to their homeland voluntarily was 920,161.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.718 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.536 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, repatriation should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not be considered as a single policy. Given the complex process of migration and its health consideration at multiple phases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(pre-departure, travel, Destination, Interception and return phases\),)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.630 678.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(42)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 325.267 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( dealing with this problem needs a long-term, multi-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sectorial approach \(collaboration between government, intergovernmental organizations and civil society\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Currently by the joint initiative of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and UNHCR, a Solution Strategy for Afghan Refugees \(SSAR\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed to find and implement a comprehensive solution for Afghan refugees in the region. The SSAR also seeks to improve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services and support from the Iranian government to this end by contribution of several partners such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(governmental and international organizations, NGOs and civil society.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 326.998 611.126 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.817 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Failing to address to the situation of undocumented )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants, SSAR encompasses the same flaws as government�s insurance plan. In addition, the health solution strategies are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relatively scant compared to those that addressed the education and skill training of refugees.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Given the significant threats posed by limits on illegal immigrants� access to Iranian health system, formulation of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(comprehensive and uniform strategy addressing health care needs of illegal immigrants is necessary. The current approach of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government is ignoring the problem of huge number of illegal immigrants which as stated above is not a wise approach.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The government should be persuaded to change its current legislation on illegal migration. As a part of this policy, it is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended to extend the time needed for accepting the legal status of refugees \(currently the refugees who came before )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2001 are allowed to apply for legal authorization\). In this context, the existence of strong civil society and NGOs to push the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(government to change its approach is crucial.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.874 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conflict of Interest)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors declare no conflict of interests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.317 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this study.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.760 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Ethics Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.806 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 281.204 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Data Availability)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.249 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.630 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords and used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 177.028 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Corresponding Author)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle, Jr. Email: burkle@hsph.harvard.edu Tel: 1-808-262-2098 \(Hawaii\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.471 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Migration Report. United Nations. 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overcoming migrants� barriers to health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008. 86\(8\):583-584)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Report: Health of migrants-The way forward: Report of a global consultation 2010. )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 39.922 577.500 737.078 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million unregistered Afghan is still under question. This gains importance knowing that immigrants whose legal situations has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not yet determined are significantly at higher risks of contracting disease and in developing mental health problems due to their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(living situations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 95.066 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 104.703 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Secondly, the plan entails the financial support of external donors which has always been a controversial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(issue.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As a part of the implemented policies, the Iranian government has put much attention on repatriation policies. From 2002 to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014, the number of Afghan refugees who returned to their homeland voluntarily was 920,161.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.718 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.536 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, repatriation should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not be considered as a single policy. Given the complex process of migration and its health consideration at multiple phases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(pre-departure, travel, Destination, Interception and return phases\),)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.630 678.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(42)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 325.267 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( dealing with this problem needs a long-term, multi-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sectorial approach \(collaboration between government, intergovernmental organizations and civil society\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Currently by the joint initiative of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and UNHCR, a Solution Strategy for Afghan Refugees \(SSAR\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed to find and implement a comprehensive solution for Afghan refugees in the region. The SSAR also seeks to improve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services and support from the Iranian government to this end by contribution of several partners such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(governmental and international organizations, NGOs and civil society.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 326.998 611.126 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.817 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Failing to address to the situation of undocumented )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants, SSAR encompasses the same flaws as government�s insurance plan. In addition, the health solution strategies are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relatively scant compared to those that addressed the education and skill training of refugees.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Given the significant threats posed by limits on illegal immigrants� access to Iranian health system, formulation of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(comprehensive and uniform strategy addressing health care needs of illegal immigrants is necessary. The current approach of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government is ignoring the problem of huge number of illegal immigrants which as stated above is not a wise approach.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The government should be persuaded to change its current legislation on illegal migration. As a part of this policy, it is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended to extend the time needed for accepting the legal status of refugees \(currently the refugees who came before )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2001 are allowed to apply for legal authorization\). In this context, the existence of strong civil society and NGOs to push the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(government to change its approach is crucial.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.874 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conflict of Interest)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors declare no conflict of interests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.317 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this study.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.760 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Ethics Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.806 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 281.204 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Data Availability)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.249 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.630 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords and used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 177.028 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Corresponding Author)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle, Jr. Email: burkle@hsph.harvard.edu Tel: 1-808-262-2098 \(Hawaii\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.471 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Migration Report. United Nations. 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overcoming migrants� barriers to health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008. 86\(8\):583-584)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Report: Health of migrants-The way forward: Report of a global consultation 2010. )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 39.922 577.500 737.078 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(million unregistered Afghan is still under question. This gains importance knowing that immigrants whose legal situations has )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not yet determined are significantly at higher risks of contracting disease and in developing mental health problems due to their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(living situations.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 95.066 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 104.703 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Secondly, the plan entails the financial support of external donors which has always been a controversial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(issue.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(As a part of the implemented policies, the Iranian government has put much attention on repatriation policies. From 2002 to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014, the number of Afghan refugees who returned to their homeland voluntarily was 920,161.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 432.718 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.536 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, repatriation should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(not be considered as a single policy. Given the complex process of migration and its health consideration at multiple phases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(pre-departure, travel, Destination, Interception and return phases\),)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 315.630 678.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(42)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 325.267 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( dealing with this problem needs a long-term, multi-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sectorial approach \(collaboration between government, intergovernmental organizations and civil society\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Currently by the joint initiative of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and UNHCR, a Solution Strategy for Afghan Refugees \(SSAR\) was )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(developed to find and implement a comprehensive solution for Afghan refugees in the region. The SSAR also seeks to improve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(access to health services and support from the Iranian government to this end by contribution of several partners such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(governmental and international organizations, NGOs and civil society.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 326.998 611.126 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.817 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Failing to address to the situation of undocumented )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(immigrants, SSAR encompasses the same flaws as government�s insurance plan. In addition, the health solution strategies are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relatively scant compared to those that addressed the education and skill training of refugees.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Given the significant threats posed by limits on illegal immigrants� access to Iranian health system, formulation of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(comprehensive and uniform strategy addressing health care needs of illegal immigrants is necessary. The current approach of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the government is ignoring the problem of huge number of illegal immigrants which as stated above is not a wise approach.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The government should be persuaded to change its current legislation on illegal migration. As a part of this policy, it is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended to extend the time needed for accepting the legal status of refugees \(currently the refugees who came before )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2001 are allowed to apply for legal authorization\). In this context, the existence of strong civil society and NGOs to push the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(government to change its approach is crucial.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.874 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conflict of Interest)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors declare no conflict of interests.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 394.317 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this study.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 337.760 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Ethics Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.806 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 281.204 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Data Availability)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.249 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(All national \(MagIran, Science Information Database \(SID\) and Iranmedex\) and international \(PubMed, Scopus\) databases were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searched from November 2010 to November 2016 using keywords both in English and Persian: Afghan immigrants, Afghan )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees, Iran, infectious diseases, tuberculosis, HIV, Hepatitis B and C, non-communicable disease, food security, mental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, barriers, health insurance, access to health service. All related websites and webpages were also searched by Google )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.630 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the same keywords and used back-tracking to find earlier relevant sources from 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 177.028 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Corresponding Author)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle, Jr. Email: burkle@hsph.harvard.edu Tel: 1-808-262-2098 \(Hawaii\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.471 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 93.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Migration Report. United Nations. 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 73.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Overcoming migrants� barriers to health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008. 86\(8\):583-584)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 54.207 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Report: Health of migrants-The way forward: Report of a global consultation 2010. )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
388 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 389 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 95.0655 744.3722 104.7028 753.1905 ]
>>
endobj
389 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
390 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 391 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 432.7178 701.1579 437.5364 709.9763 ]
>>
endobj
391 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
392 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 393 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.6300 677.3484 325.2673 686.1667 ]
>>
endobj
393 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
394 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 395 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 326.9985 610.3247 331.8172 619.1430 ]
>>
endobj
395 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
396 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 397 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 95.0655 744.3722 104.7028 753.1905 ]
>>
endobj
397 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
398 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 399 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 432.7178 701.1579 437.5364 709.9763 ]
>>
endobj
399 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
400 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 401 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.6300 677.3484 325.2673 686.1667 ]
>>
endobj
401 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
402 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 403 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 326.9985 610.3247 331.8172 619.1430 ]
>>
endobj
403 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
404 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 405 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 95.0655 744.3722 104.7028 753.1905 ]
>>
endobj
405 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
406 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 407 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 432.7178 701.1579 437.5364 709.9763 ]
>>
endobj
407 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
408 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 409 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 315.6300 677.3484 325.2673 686.1667 ]
>>
endobj
409 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
410 0 obj
<< /Type /Annot
/Subtype /Link
/A 411 0 R
/Border [0 0 0]
/H /I
/Rect [ 326.9985 610.3247 331.8172 619.1430 ]
>>
endobj
411 0 obj
<< /Type /Action
>>
endobj
412 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Contents 413 0 R
>>
endobj
413 0 obj
<<
/Length 21730 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 52.477 577.500 724.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.who.int/hac/events/consultation_report_health_migrants_colour_web.pdf. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Stop TB Partnership TB Human Rights Task Force. working document on TB and Human Rights. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/global/hrtf/Briefing%20note%20.on%20TB%20and%20Human%20Rights.pdf accessed 1 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Organization of Migration, World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Right. Report: International Migration, Health and Human Rights. 2013 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_7&products_id=976. accessed 1 November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR viewpoint: �Refugee� or �migrant� � Which is right? https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html.Accessed 29 May 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Amayesh of Afghan nationals. Iranian Interior Ministry. https://moi.ir. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Country of Origin Information Centre \(Landinfo\). Report: Afghan citizens in Iran. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.landinfo.no/asset/2063/1/2063_1.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Report: Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees for Islamic Republic of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran. 2016 https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/562a44639.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Abassi Shavazi MJ, Sadeghi R: The Adaptation of Second-Generation Afghans in Iran: Empirical Findings and Policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Implications. Middle East Institute. 2011)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wickramasekara P, Sehgal J, Mehran F, Noroozi L, Eisazadeh S. Final Report: Afghan Households and Workers in Iran: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Profile and Impact., International Migration Programme and International Labour Office. 2006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Illegal Afghan nationals in Iran are organizing this year. IRIB News Agency. https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/1178677. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accessed 14 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S: Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Human Rights 2015;15:29.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Azizi F, Holakoie Naieni K, Rahimi A, Amiri M, Khosravizadegan, F: Prevalence of mental health disorders and its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(associated demographic factors in resettled Afghan refugees of Dalakee Refugee Camp in Bushehr Province. HBI_Journals-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ISMJ 2005; 9\(1\), 85-92.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadian M, Dadfar M, Bolhari J, Karimi Keisami E. Screening for Mental Disorders Among Afghan Immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Residing in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2005;11\(3\):270-7.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, Mohammad K. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran.Br J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 324.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychiatry 2004;184:70-3.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Molaee Zadeh M, Shahanbeh K, Bigdeli S, Basseri HR. Conflict in Neighboring Countries, a Great Risk for Malaria )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elimination in Southwestern Iran: Narrative Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014;43\(12\):1627-1634.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadi MA, Ziyaeyan M, Asaei S. Hepatitis B virus DNA level Among the Seropositive Afghan Immigrants, Southern Iran. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2014;7\(5\):e10127)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Moradi M , Hassanshahi G , Arababadi MK. Tuberculosis in the Afghan immigrant in Kerman Province of Iran. Journal of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 230.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biological Sciences 2008,8\(6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hajia M1, Rahbar M, Farzami MR, Asl HM, Dolatyar A, Imani M, Saburian R, Mafi M, Bakhshi B. Assessing clonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(correlation of epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates during 2011 in 16 provinces of Iran. Curr Microbiol. 2015;70\(3\):408-14)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Alavi-Naini R, Moghtaderi A, Koohpayeh HR, Sharifi-Mood B, Naderi M, Metanat M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fever in Southeast of Iran. J Infect 2006;52:378�382.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi A, AR SD. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian Journal of Military Medicine 2010;12\(3\):131-5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jabbari H, Sharifi AH, SeyedAlinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Sedaghat A, Sargolzaei M, Djavid GE, Khanbabae A, Rasoolinejad )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 105.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(M, Mohraz M, McFarland W. Assessing the Prevalence of HIV among Afghan Immigrants in Iran through Rapid HIV Testing in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Field. Acta Med Iran 2011;49\(7\):478-9.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pourhossein B, Irani AD, Mostafavi E. Major infectious diseases affecting the Afghan immigrant population of Iran: a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 62.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Health 2015)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 52.477 577.500 724.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.who.int/hac/events/consultation_report_health_migrants_colour_web.pdf. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Stop TB Partnership TB Human Rights Task Force. working document on TB and Human Rights. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/global/hrtf/Briefing%20note%20.on%20TB%20and%20Human%20Rights.pdf accessed 1 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Organization of Migration, World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Right. Report: International Migration, Health and Human Rights. 2013 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_7&products_id=976. accessed 1 November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR viewpoint: �Refugee� or �migrant� � Which is right? https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html.Accessed 29 May 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Amayesh of Afghan nationals. Iranian Interior Ministry. https://moi.ir. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Country of Origin Information Centre \(Landinfo\). Report: Afghan citizens in Iran. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.landinfo.no/asset/2063/1/2063_1.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Report: Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees for Islamic Republic of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran. 2016 https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/562a44639.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Abassi Shavazi MJ, Sadeghi R: The Adaptation of Second-Generation Afghans in Iran: Empirical Findings and Policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Implications. Middle East Institute. 2011)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wickramasekara P, Sehgal J, Mehran F, Noroozi L, Eisazadeh S. Final Report: Afghan Households and Workers in Iran: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Profile and Impact., International Migration Programme and International Labour Office. 2006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Illegal Afghan nationals in Iran are organizing this year. IRIB News Agency. https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/1178677. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accessed 14 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S: Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Human Rights 2015;15:29.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Azizi F, Holakoie Naieni K, Rahimi A, Amiri M, Khosravizadegan, F: Prevalence of mental health disorders and its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(associated demographic factors in resettled Afghan refugees of Dalakee Refugee Camp in Bushehr Province. HBI_Journals-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ISMJ 2005; 9\(1\), 85-92.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadian M, Dadfar M, Bolhari J, Karimi Keisami E. Screening for Mental Disorders Among Afghan Immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Residing in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2005;11\(3\):270-7.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, Mohammad K. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran.Br J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 324.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychiatry 2004;184:70-3.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Molaee Zadeh M, Shahanbeh K, Bigdeli S, Basseri HR. Conflict in Neighboring Countries, a Great Risk for Malaria )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elimination in Southwestern Iran: Narrative Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014;43\(12\):1627-1634.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadi MA, Ziyaeyan M, Asaei S. Hepatitis B virus DNA level Among the Seropositive Afghan Immigrants, Southern Iran. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2014;7\(5\):e10127)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Moradi M , Hassanshahi G , Arababadi MK. Tuberculosis in the Afghan immigrant in Kerman Province of Iran. Journal of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 230.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biological Sciences 2008,8\(6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hajia M1, Rahbar M, Farzami MR, Asl HM, Dolatyar A, Imani M, Saburian R, Mafi M, Bakhshi B. Assessing clonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(correlation of epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates during 2011 in 16 provinces of Iran. Curr Microbiol. 2015;70\(3\):408-14)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Alavi-Naini R, Moghtaderi A, Koohpayeh HR, Sharifi-Mood B, Naderi M, Metanat M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fever in Southeast of Iran. J Infect 2006;52:378�382.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi A, AR SD. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian Journal of Military Medicine 2010;12\(3\):131-5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jabbari H, Sharifi AH, SeyedAlinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Sedaghat A, Sargolzaei M, Djavid GE, Khanbabae A, Rasoolinejad )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 105.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(M, Mohraz M, McFarland W. Assessing the Prevalence of HIV among Afghan Immigrants in Iran through Rapid HIV Testing in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Field. Acta Med Iran 2011;49\(7\):478-9.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pourhossein B, Irani AD, Mostafavi E. Major infectious diseases affecting the Afghan immigrant population of Iran: a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 62.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Health 2015)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 52.477 577.500 724.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.who.int/hac/events/consultation_report_health_migrants_colour_web.pdf. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Stop TB Partnership TB Human Rights Task Force. working document on TB and Human Rights. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/global/hrtf/Briefing%20note%20.on%20TB%20and%20Human%20Rights.pdf accessed 1 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Organization of Migration, World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Right. Report: International Migration, Health and Human Rights. 2013 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_7&products_id=976. accessed 1 November )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 649.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNHCR viewpoint: �Refugee� or �migrant� � Which is right? https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 637.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(viewpoint-refugee-migrant-right.html.Accessed 29 May 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 618.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Amayesh of Afghan nationals. Iranian Interior Ministry. https://moi.ir. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 599.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Country of Origin Information Centre \(Landinfo\). Report: Afghan citizens in Iran. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 587.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.landinfo.no/asset/2063/1/2063_1.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Report: Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees for Islamic Republic of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran. 2016 https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/562a44639.pdf accessed 14 January 2017)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Abassi Shavazi MJ, Sadeghi R: The Adaptation of Second-Generation Afghans in Iran: Empirical Findings and Policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Implications. Middle East Institute. 2011)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wickramasekara P, Sehgal J, Mehran F, Noroozi L, Eisazadeh S. Final Report: Afghan Households and Workers in Iran: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Profile and Impact., International Migration Programme and International Labour Office. 2006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Illegal Afghan nationals in Iran are organizing this year. IRIB News Agency. https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/1178677. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accessed 14 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bogic M, Njoku A, Priebe S: Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health and Human Rights 2015;15:29.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Azizi F, Holakoie Naieni K, Rahimi A, Amiri M, Khosravizadegan, F: Prevalence of mental health disorders and its )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(associated demographic factors in resettled Afghan refugees of Dalakee Refugee Camp in Bushehr Province. HBI_Journals-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ISMJ 2005; 9\(1\), 85-92.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 367.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadian M, Dadfar M, Bolhari J, Karimi Keisami E. Screening for Mental Disorders Among Afghan Immigrants )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Residing in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2005;11\(3\):270-7.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 336.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Noorbala AA, Bagheri Yazdi SA, Yasamy MT, Mohammad K. Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran.Br J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 324.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychiatry 2004;184:70-3.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 305.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Molaee Zadeh M, Shahanbeh K, Bigdeli S, Basseri HR. Conflict in Neighboring Countries, a Great Risk for Malaria )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Elimination in Southwestern Iran: Narrative Review Article. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014;43\(12\):1627-1634.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 274.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadi MA, Ziyaeyan M, Asaei S. Hepatitis B virus DNA level Among the Seropositive Afghan Immigrants, Southern Iran. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 262.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2014;7\(5\):e10127)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 242.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Moradi M , Hassanshahi G , Arababadi MK. Tuberculosis in the Afghan immigrant in Kerman Province of Iran. Journal of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 230.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biological Sciences 2008,8\(6\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 211.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hajia M1, Rahbar M, Farzami MR, Asl HM, Dolatyar A, Imani M, Saburian R, Mafi M, Bakhshi B. Assessing clonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(correlation of epidemic Vibrio cholerae isolates during 2011 in 16 provinces of Iran. Curr Microbiol. 2015;70\(3\):408-14)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 180.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Alavi-Naini R, Moghtaderi A, Koohpayeh HR, Sharifi-Mood B, Naderi M, Metanat M, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fever in Southeast of Iran. J Infect 2006;52:378�382.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 148.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mohammadi Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi A, AR SD. Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan district. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iranian Journal of Military Medicine 2010;12\(3\):131-5.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 117.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jabbari H, Sharifi AH, SeyedAlinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Sedaghat A, Sargolzaei M, Djavid GE, Khanbabae A, Rasoolinejad )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 105.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(M, Mohraz M, McFarland W. Assessing the Prevalence of HIV among Afghan Immigrants in Iran through Rapid HIV Testing in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 93.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Field. Acta Med Iran 2011;49\(7\):478-9.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 74.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pourhossein B, Irani AD, Mostafavi E. Major infectious diseases affecting the Afghan immigrant population of Iran: a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 62.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Health 2015)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
414 0 obj
<< /Type /Page
/Parent 3 0 R
/Contents 415 0 R
>>
endobj
415 0 obj
<<
/Length 18004 >>
stream

0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 174.619 577.500 602.381 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. Iran malaria country profile;2015 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_irn_en.pdf accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Iran Tuberculosis Country Profile; 2015 https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ accessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Poorolajal J, Majdzadeh R. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iran: a review article. Journal of Research in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Sciences?: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2009;14\(4\):249-258.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Khatib O. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care. East Mediterr Health J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2004;10\(6\):778�88)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Non-Communicable Diseases in Afghanistan. https://www.emro.who.int/afg/programmes/non-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable-diseases.html. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Sherzai D, Behazin A, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bazargan M. A retrospective study of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic parameters and major health referrals among Afghan refugees in Iran. International Journal for Equity in Health. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;11:82.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Goujani R, Rezaeian M, Sheikh Fathollahi M, Manshori A, Vaziri Nejad R, Razi S. Comparative prevalence study of preterm )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(birth and low birth weight in Iranian and Afghan in Rafsanjan Nik- Nafs hospital in 2011-2012. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2014; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13\(1\): 67-82. [Farsi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Omidvar N, Ghazi-Tabatabie M, Sadeghi R, Mohammadi F, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ. Food Insecurity and Its Sociodemographic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Correlates among Afghan Immigrants in Iran. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2013;31\(3\):356-366.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Abdi S, Malekzadeh R, Arab Salmani M, Ghoreishinia G, Falahi E, Mirzaei M, Shams )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biranvand N, Sayehmiri K: Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Iran Med 2016 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Apr;19\(4\):288-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran Incorporates Refugees Into Its Universal Public Health Insurance Scheme. https://unhcr.org.ir/en/news/1318/IRAN-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INCORPORATES-REFUGEES-INTO-ITS-UNIVERSAL-PUBLIC-HEALTH-INSURANCE-SCHEME. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNODC and Iran sign agreements to reduce vulnerability of women and Afghan refugees to drugs and HIV/AIDS.2009 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.unodc.org/islamicrepublicofiran/en/unodc-and-iran-sign-agreements.html. Accessed 13 November, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sepehrdoust H, J Hous, Environ B. The impact of migrant labor force on housing construction of Iran 2013; 28\(1\): 67�78)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hacker K, Anies M, Folb BL, Zallman L .Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: a literature review. Risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8: 175�183.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Cooper CJ, et al. Lessons from the Profile of Kidney Diseases among Afghan Refugees. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Science Monitor?: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 2014;20:1621-1627.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hemami MR, Sari AA, Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Majdzadeh R. Malaria Elimination in Iran, Importance and Challenges. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4\(1\):88-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sharifi-Moud B, Alavi-Naeeni R, Metanat M. Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance in Iran. Research of Zahedan Medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sciences University Journal 2010;12\(3\):2-6.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(HUMA Network, Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrants and Asylum Seekers in 10 European Countries: Law )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and Practice.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st Century Policy-Making. PLoS Medicine )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2011;8\(5\):e1001034.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 174.619 577.500 602.381 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. Iran malaria country profile;2015 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_irn_en.pdf accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Iran Tuberculosis Country Profile; 2015 https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ accessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Poorolajal J, Majdzadeh R. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iran: a review article. Journal of Research in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Sciences?: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2009;14\(4\):249-258.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Khatib O. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care. East Mediterr Health J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2004;10\(6\):778�88)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Non-Communicable Diseases in Afghanistan. https://www.emro.who.int/afg/programmes/non-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable-diseases.html. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Sherzai D, Behazin A, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bazargan M. A retrospective study of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic parameters and major health referrals among Afghan refugees in Iran. International Journal for Equity in Health. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;11:82.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Goujani R, Rezaeian M, Sheikh Fathollahi M, Manshori A, Vaziri Nejad R, Razi S. Comparative prevalence study of preterm )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(birth and low birth weight in Iranian and Afghan in Rafsanjan Nik- Nafs hospital in 2011-2012. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2014; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13\(1\): 67-82. [Farsi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Omidvar N, Ghazi-Tabatabie M, Sadeghi R, Mohammadi F, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ. Food Insecurity and Its Sociodemographic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Correlates among Afghan Immigrants in Iran. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2013;31\(3\):356-366.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Abdi S, Malekzadeh R, Arab Salmani M, Ghoreishinia G, Falahi E, Mirzaei M, Shams )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biranvand N, Sayehmiri K: Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Iran Med 2016 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Apr;19\(4\):288-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran Incorporates Refugees Into Its Universal Public Health Insurance Scheme. https://unhcr.org.ir/en/news/1318/IRAN-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INCORPORATES-REFUGEES-INTO-ITS-UNIVERSAL-PUBLIC-HEALTH-INSURANCE-SCHEME. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNODC and Iran sign agreements to reduce vulnerability of women and Afghan refugees to drugs and HIV/AIDS.2009 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.unodc.org/islamicrepublicofiran/en/unodc-and-iran-sign-agreements.html. Accessed 13 November, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sepehrdoust H, J Hous, Environ B. The impact of migrant labor force on housing construction of Iran 2013; 28\(1\): 67�78)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hacker K, Anies M, Folb BL, Zallman L .Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: a literature review. Risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8: 175�183.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Cooper CJ, et al. Lessons from the Profile of Kidney Diseases among Afghan Refugees. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Science Monitor?: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 2014;20:1621-1627.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hemami MR, Sari AA, Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Majdzadeh R. Malaria Elimination in Iran, Importance and Challenges. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4\(1\):88-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sharifi-Moud B, Alavi-Naeeni R, Metanat M. Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance in Iran. Research of Zahedan Medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sciences University Journal 2010;12\(3\):2-6.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(HUMA Network, Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrants and Asylum Seekers in 10 European Countries: Law )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and Practice.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st Century Policy-Making. PLoS Medicine )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2011;8\(5\):e1001034.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 174.619 577.500 602.381 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. Iran malaria country profile;2015 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_irn_en.pdf accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Iran Tuberculosis Country Profile; 2015 https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ accessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Poorolajal J, Majdzadeh R. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection in Iran: a review article. Journal of Research in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Sciences?: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 2009;14\(4\):249-258.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Khatib O. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care. East Mediterr Health J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2004;10\(6\):778�88)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(World Health Organization. Non-Communicable Diseases in Afghanistan. https://www.emro.who.int/afg/programmes/non-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communicable-diseases.html. accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Sherzai D, Behazin A, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Bazargan M. A retrospective study of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(demographic parameters and major health referrals among Afghan refugees in Iran. International Journal for Equity in Health. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;11:82.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Goujani R, Rezaeian M, Sheikh Fathollahi M, Manshori A, Vaziri Nejad R, Razi S. Comparative prevalence study of preterm )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(birth and low birth weight in Iranian and Afghan in Rafsanjan Nik- Nafs hospital in 2011-2012. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2014; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13\(1\): 67-82. [Farsi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Omidvar N, Ghazi-Tabatabie M, Sadeghi R, Mohammadi F, Abbasi-Shavazi MJ. Food Insecurity and Its Sociodemographic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Correlates among Afghan Immigrants in Iran. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 2013;31\(3\):356-366.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Abdi S, Malekzadeh R, Arab Salmani M, Ghoreishinia G, Falahi E, Mirzaei M, Shams )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Biranvand N, Sayehmiri K: Prevalence of Food Insecurity in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Iran Med 2016 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Apr;19\(4\):288-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Iran Incorporates Refugees Into Its Universal Public Health Insurance Scheme. https://unhcr.org.ir/en/news/1318/IRAN-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(INCORPORATES-REFUGEES-INTO-ITS-UNIVERSAL-PUBLIC-HEALTH-INSURANCE-SCHEME. Accessed 1 November 2016)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNODC and Iran sign agreements to reduce vulnerability of women and Afghan refugees to drugs and HIV/AIDS.2009 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.unodc.org/islamicrepublicofiran/en/unodc-and-iran-sign-agreements.html. Accessed 13 November, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sepehrdoust H, J Hous, Environ B. The impact of migrant labor force on housing construction of Iran 2013; 28\(1\): 67�78)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( Hacker K, Anies M, Folb BL, Zallman L .Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: a literature review. Risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Manag Healthc Policy 2015; 8: 175�183.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Otoukesh S, Mojtahedzadeh M, Cooper CJ, et al. Lessons from the Profile of Kidney Diseases among Afghan Refugees. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medical Science Monitor?: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 2014;20:1621-1627.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hemami MR, Sari AA, Raeisi A, Vatandoost H, Majdzadeh R. Malaria Elimination in Iran, Importance and Challenges. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4\(1\):88-94.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sharifi-Moud B, Alavi-Naeeni R, Metanat M. Tuberculosis and Drug Resistance in Iran. Research of Zahedan Medical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sciences University Journal 2010;12\(3\):2-6.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(HUMA Network, Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrants and Asylum Seekers in 10 European Countries: Law )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and Practice.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M. Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st Century Policy-Making. PLoS Medicine )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2011;8\(5\):e1001034.)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

Q
endstream
endobj
xref
0 416
0000000000 65535 f 
0000000008 00000 n 
0000000073 00000 n 
0000000119 00000 n 
0000000390 00000 n 
0000000427 00000 n 
0000000670 00000 n 
0000001018 00000 n 
0000024491 00000 n 
0000024598 00000 n 
0000024706 00000 n 
0000024817 00000 n 
0000024930 00000 n 
0000025318 00000 n 
0000029203 00000 n 
0000029330 00000 n 
0000029518 00000 n 
0000029645 00000 n 
0000029833 00000 n 
0000029960 00000 n 
0000030071 00000 n 
0000030198 00000 n 
0000030298 00000 n 
0000030426 00000 n 
0000030534 00000 n 
0000030662 00000 n 
0000030698 00000 n 
0000030826 00000 n 
0000030862 00000 n 
0000030990 00000 n 
0000031026 00000 n 
0000031152 00000 n 
0000031188 00000 n 
0000031316 00000 n 
0000031352 00000 n 
0000031480 00000 n 
0000031516 00000 n 
0000031642 00000 n 
0000031678 00000 n 
0000031804 00000 n 
0000031840 00000 n 
0000031967 00000 n 
0000032155 00000 n 
0000032282 00000 n 
0000032470 00000 n 
0000032597 00000 n 
0000032708 00000 n 
0000032835 00000 n 
0000032935 00000 n 
0000033063 00000 n 
0000033171 00000 n 
0000033299 00000 n 
0000033335 00000 n 
0000033463 00000 n 
0000033499 00000 n 
0000033627 00000 n 
0000033663 00000 n 
0000033789 00000 n 
0000033825 00000 n 
0000033953 00000 n 
0000033989 00000 n 
0000034117 00000 n 
0000034153 00000 n 
0000034279 00000 n 
0000034315 00000 n 
0000034441 00000 n 
0000034477 00000 n 
0000034604 00000 n 
0000034792 00000 n 
0000034919 00000 n 
0000035107 00000 n 
0000035234 00000 n 
0000035345 00000 n 
0000035472 00000 n 
0000035572 00000 n 
0000035700 00000 n 
0000035808 00000 n 
0000035936 00000 n 
0000035972 00000 n 
0000036100 00000 n 
0000036136 00000 n 
0000036264 00000 n 
0000036300 00000 n 
0000036426 00000 n 
0000036462 00000 n 
0000036590 00000 n 
0000036626 00000 n 
0000036754 00000 n 
0000036790 00000 n 
0000036916 00000 n 
0000036952 00000 n 
0000037078 00000 n 
0000037114 00000 n 
0000037476 00000 n 
0000064729 00000 n 
0000064857 00000 n 
0000064893 00000 n 
0000065021 00000 n 
0000065057 00000 n 
0000065185 00000 n 
0000065221 00000 n 
0000065351 00000 n 
0000065388 00000 n 
0000065518 00000 n 
0000065555 00000 n 
0000065685 00000 n 
0000065722 00000 n 
0000065852 00000 n 
0000065889 00000 n 
0000066019 00000 n 
0000066056 00000 n 
0000066186 00000 n 
0000066223 00000 n 
0000066353 00000 n 
0000066390 00000 n 
0000066520 00000 n 
0000066557 00000 n 
0000066685 00000 n 
0000066722 00000 n 
0000066852 00000 n 
0000066889 00000 n 
0000067019 00000 n 
0000067056 00000 n 
0000067186 00000 n 
0000067223 00000 n 
0000067353 00000 n 
0000067390 00000 n 
0000067520 00000 n 
0000067557 00000 n 
0000067687 00000 n 
0000067724 00000 n 
0000067854 00000 n 
0000067891 00000 n 
0000068021 00000 n 
0000068058 00000 n 
0000068188 00000 n 
0000068225 00000 n 
0000068355 00000 n 
0000068392 00000 n 
0000068522 00000 n 
0000068559 00000 n 
0000068687 00000 n 
0000068724 00000 n 
0000068854 00000 n 
0000068891 00000 n 
0000069021 00000 n 
0000069058 00000 n 
0000069188 00000 n 
0000069225 00000 n 
0000069355 00000 n 
0000069392 00000 n 
0000069522 00000 n 
0000069559 00000 n 
0000069689 00000 n 
0000069726 00000 n 
0000069856 00000 n 
0000069893 00000 n 
0000070023 00000 n 
0000070060 00000 n 
0000070190 00000 n 
0000070227 00000 n 
0000070357 00000 n 
0000070394 00000 n 
0000070524 00000 n 
0000070561 00000 n 
0000070689 00000 n 
0000070726 00000 n 
0000071309 00000 n 
0000103231 00000 n 
0000103361 00000 n 
0000103398 00000 n 
0000103528 00000 n 
0000103565 00000 n 
0000103695 00000 n 
0000103732 00000 n 
0000103862 00000 n 
0000103899 00000 n 
0000104029 00000 n 
0000104066 00000 n 
0000104196 00000 n 
0000104233 00000 n 
0000104363 00000 n 
0000104400 00000 n 
0000104530 00000 n 
0000104567 00000 n 
0000104697 00000 n 
0000104734 00000 n 
0000104864 00000 n 
0000104901 00000 n 
0000105031 00000 n 
0000105068 00000 n 
0000105198 00000 n 
0000105235 00000 n 
0000105365 00000 n 
0000105402 00000 n 
0000105532 00000 n 
0000105569 00000 n 
0000105699 00000 n 
0000105736 00000 n 
0000105864 00000 n 
0000105901 00000 n 
0000106031 00000 n 
0000106068 00000 n 
0000106198 00000 n 
0000106235 00000 n 
0000106365 00000 n 
0000106402 00000 n 
0000106532 00000 n 
0000106569 00000 n 
0000106699 00000 n 
0000106736 00000 n 
0000106866 00000 n 
0000106903 00000 n 
0000107033 00000 n 
0000107070 00000 n 
0000107200 00000 n 
0000107237 00000 n 
0000107367 00000 n 
0000107404 00000 n 
0000107534 00000 n 
0000107571 00000 n 
0000107701 00000 n 
0000107738 00000 n 
0000107868 00000 n 
0000107905 00000 n 
0000108035 00000 n 
0000108072 00000 n 
0000108202 00000 n 
0000108239 00000 n 
0000108369 00000 n 
0000108406 00000 n 
0000108536 00000 n 
0000108573 00000 n 
0000108703 00000 n 
0000108740 00000 n 
0000108870 00000 n 
0000108907 00000 n 
0000109037 00000 n 
0000109074 00000 n 
0000109204 00000 n 
0000109241 00000 n 
0000109369 00000 n 
0000109406 00000 n 
0000109536 00000 n 
0000109573 00000 n 
0000109703 00000 n 
0000109740 00000 n 
0000109870 00000 n 
0000109907 00000 n 
0000110037 00000 n 
0000110074 00000 n 
0000110204 00000 n 
0000110241 00000 n 
0000110371 00000 n 
0000110408 00000 n 
0000110538 00000 n 
0000110575 00000 n 
0000110705 00000 n 
0000110742 00000 n 
0000110872 00000 n 
0000110909 00000 n 
0000111039 00000 n 
0000111076 00000 n 
0000111206 00000 n 
0000111243 00000 n 
0000111373 00000 n 
0000111410 00000 n 
0000111540 00000 n 
0000111577 00000 n 
0000111707 00000 n 
0000111744 00000 n 
0000111874 00000 n 
0000111911 00000 n 
0000112041 00000 n 
0000112078 00000 n 
0000112208 00000 n 
0000112245 00000 n 
0000112375 00000 n 
0000112412 00000 n 
0000112542 00000 n 
0000112579 00000 n 
0000112709 00000 n 
0000112746 00000 n 
0000112874 00000 n 
0000112911 00000 n 
0000113041 00000 n 
0000113078 00000 n 
0000113208 00000 n 
0000113245 00000 n 
0000113375 00000 n 
0000113412 00000 n 
0000113542 00000 n 
0000113579 00000 n 
0000113709 00000 n 
0000113746 00000 n 
0000114185 00000 n 
0000143962 00000 n 
0000144092 00000 n 
0000144129 00000 n 
0000144259 00000 n 
0000144296 00000 n 
0000144424 00000 n 
0000144461 00000 n 
0000144591 00000 n 
0000144628 00000 n 
0000144758 00000 n 
0000144795 00000 n 
0000144925 00000 n 
0000144962 00000 n 
0000145092 00000 n 
0000145129 00000 n 
0000145259 00000 n 
0000145296 00000 n 
0000145426 00000 n 
0000145463 00000 n 
0000145591 00000 n 
0000145628 00000 n 
0000145758 00000 n 
0000145795 00000 n 
0000145925 00000 n 
0000145962 00000 n 
0000146092 00000 n 
0000146129 00000 n 
0000146259 00000 n 
0000146296 00000 n 
0000146426 00000 n 
0000146463 00000 n 
0000146593 00000 n 
0000146630 00000 n 
0000146760 00000 n 
0000146797 00000 n 
0000146925 00000 n 
0000146962 00000 n 
0000147092 00000 n 
0000147129 00000 n 
0000147259 00000 n 
0000147296 00000 n 
0000147426 00000 n 
0000147463 00000 n 
0000147593 00000 n 
0000147630 00000 n 
0000147760 00000 n 
0000147797 00000 n 
0000147927 00000 n 
0000147964 00000 n 
0000148092 00000 n 
0000148129 00000 n 
0000148259 00000 n 
0000148296 00000 n 
0000148426 00000 n 
0000148463 00000 n 
0000148593 00000 n 
0000148630 00000 n 
0000148760 00000 n 
0000148797 00000 n 
0000148927 00000 n 
0000148964 00000 n 
0000149094 00000 n 
0000149131 00000 n 
0000149261 00000 n 
0000149298 00000 n 
0000149426 00000 n 
0000149463 00000 n 
0000149593 00000 n 
0000149630 00000 n 
0000149760 00000 n 
0000149797 00000 n 
0000149927 00000 n 
0000149964 00000 n 
0000150094 00000 n 
0000150131 00000 n 
0000150261 00000 n 
0000150298 00000 n 
0000150428 00000 n 
0000150465 00000 n 
0000150593 00000 n 
0000150630 00000 n 
0000150760 00000 n 
0000150797 00000 n 
0000150927 00000 n 
0000150964 00000 n 
0000151094 00000 n 
0000151131 00000 n 
0000151261 00000 n 
0000151298 00000 n 
0000151428 00000 n 
0000151465 00000 n 
0000151640 00000 n 
0000170518 00000 n 
0000170647 00000 n 
0000170684 00000 n 
0000170814 00000 n 
0000170851 00000 n 
0000170981 00000 n 
0000171018 00000 n 
0000171148 00000 n 
0000171185 00000 n 
0000171314 00000 n 
0000171351 00000 n 
0000171481 00000 n 
0000171518 00000 n 
0000171648 00000 n 
0000171685 00000 n 
0000171815 00000 n 
0000171852 00000 n 
0000171981 00000 n 
0000172018 00000 n 
0000172148 00000 n 
0000172185 00000 n 
0000172315 00000 n 
0000172352 00000 n 
0000172482 00000 n 
0000172519 00000 n 
0000172586 00000 n 
0000194371 00000 n 
0000194438 00000 n 
trailer
<<
/Size 416
/Root 1 0 R
/Info 5 0 R
>>
startxref
212497
%%EOF