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Timing and Type of Disaster Severity Data Available on Internet Following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters. 2012 May 23 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4fb3fd97a2d3c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 29.530 577.500 607.527 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To adequately plan relief, adequate information that describe and quantify the severity of a disaster, and estimate the number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(affected population, is rapidly needed. However, needs assessments describing the severity of the disaster has been shown to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be conducted too late in order to guide the first days relief interventions. The aim of this study was to assess availability of early )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 503.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 484.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We searched the well acknowledged web portal Relief Web for all Haiti postings during the first seven days \(12 -18 January )] TJ ET BT 26.250 472.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2010\) after the earthquake. A form was created to classify and quantify extracted severity variables found in the postings. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(results were compiled, analysed and compared with CRED \(Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster\) official data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(made available later.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 429.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Findings)] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted where of 15 % provided a numerical estimate of the affected population, while 10% had an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate on the number of dead. On day four 200 000 dead was reported, which is of the same magnitud compared to later )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(official estimates \(CRED data\). Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly accurate information regarding severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake but the available data must be questioned as no method was reported. More specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies may improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study was funded by Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare \(Socialstyrelsen\) through a research grant to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Centre for research on health care in disasters at Karolinska Institutet.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.031 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On January 12 2010 Haiti and its capital Port au Prince was struck by a devastating earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.573 207.584 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 442.392 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. News about the disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(spread quickly and international relief agencies immediately started deploying relief assistance. To adequately plan relief, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information that describe and quantify the severity of the disaster and estimate the number of affected population, is rapidly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needed)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 58.776 171.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 63.595 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. This type of information combined with pre-disaster context data on vulnerability factors can help estimate the type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and quantity of needs as well as what risks the affected population is facing)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.876 159.965 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 355.695 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. However, it has been shown that the needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessments are conducted too late in order to direct the first days interventions)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 371.449 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 376.267 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 381.086 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(An important information source to rapidly get information about a disaster is the Internet)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.758 128.656 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 412.576 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Information is available within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(minutes after an earthquake, especially at web portals that focus on disasters and humanitarian assistance. A prime web portal )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with this focus is ReliefWeb, which is a project of the United Nations Office for Organization for Coordination of Humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Affairs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 53.882 92.942 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 58.700 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that is acknowledged as the premier online source of information on sudden onset disasters)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 456.471 92.942 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 461.290 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. In 2009, ReliefWeb had )] TJ ET BT 26.250 79.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10 million unique visitors and 4 000 different information providers)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 310.199 81.037 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 315.018 79.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. A study of information available on ReliefWeb following the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.625 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2005 South Asian earthquake showed that reports underestimated the numbers of dead and affected in the first week after the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.029 57.227 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.848 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. New international initiatives aiming at rapidly making information on severity and needs available, have started )] TJ ET BT 26.250 43.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(since then such as the Assessment and Classification of Emergencies project \(ACE-project\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 422.353 45.323 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.172 43.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, the Inter-Agency Standing )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Timing and Type of Disaster Severity Data Available on )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Internet Following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(May 23, 2012)] TJ ET BT 73.763 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 78.638 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agnes Wefer)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 82.605 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 88.026 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Johan Von Schreeb)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wefer A, Von Schreeb J. Timing and Type of Disaster Severity Data Available on Internet Following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters. 2012 May 23 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4fb3fd97a2d3c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 29.530 577.500 607.527 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To adequately plan relief, adequate information that describe and quantify the severity of a disaster, and estimate the number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(affected population, is rapidly needed. However, needs assessments describing the severity of the disaster has been shown to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be conducted too late in order to guide the first days relief interventions. The aim of this study was to assess availability of early )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 503.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 484.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We searched the well acknowledged web portal Relief Web for all Haiti postings during the first seven days \(12 -18 January )] TJ ET BT 26.250 472.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2010\) after the earthquake. A form was created to classify and quantify extracted severity variables found in the postings. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(results were compiled, analysed and compared with CRED \(Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster\) official data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(made available later.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 429.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Findings)] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted where of 15 % provided a numerical estimate of the affected population, while 10% had an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate on the number of dead. On day four 200 000 dead was reported, which is of the same magnitud compared to later )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(official estimates \(CRED data\). Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly accurate information regarding severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake but the available data must be questioned as no method was reported. More specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies may improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study was funded by Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare \(Socialstyrelsen\) through a research grant to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Centre for research on health care in disasters at Karolinska Institutet.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.031 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On January 12 2010 Haiti and its capital Port au Prince was struck by a devastating earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.573 207.584 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 442.392 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. News about the disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(spread quickly and international relief agencies immediately started deploying relief assistance. To adequately plan relief, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information that describe and quantify the severity of the disaster and estimate the number of affected population, is rapidly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needed)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 58.776 171.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 63.595 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. This type of information combined with pre-disaster context data on vulnerability factors can help estimate the type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and quantity of needs as well as what risks the affected population is facing)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.876 159.965 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 355.695 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. However, it has been shown that the needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessments are conducted too late in order to direct the first days interventions)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 371.449 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 376.267 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 381.086 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(An important information source to rapidly get information about a disaster is the Internet)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.758 128.656 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 412.576 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Information is available within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(minutes after an earthquake, especially at web portals that focus on disasters and humanitarian assistance. A prime web portal )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(with this focus is ReliefWeb, which is a project of the United Nations Office for Organization for Coordination of Humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Affairs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 53.882 92.942 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 58.700 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that is acknowledged as the premier online source of information on sudden onset disasters)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 456.471 92.942 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 461.290 91.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. In 2009, ReliefWeb had )] TJ ET BT 26.250 79.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10 million unique visitors and 4 000 different information providers)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 310.199 81.037 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 315.018 79.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. A study of information available on ReliefWeb following the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.625 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2005 South Asian earthquake showed that reports underestimated the numbers of dead and affected in the first week after the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.029 57.227 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.848 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. New international initiatives aiming at rapidly making information on severity and needs available, have started )] TJ ET BT 26.250 43.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(since then such as the Assessment and Classification of Emergencies project \(ACE-project\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 422.353 45.323 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.172 43.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, the Inter-Agency Standing )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Timing and Type of Disaster Severity Data Available on )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Internet Following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(May 23, 2012)] TJ ET BT 73.763 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 78.638 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agnes Wefer)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 82.605 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 88.026 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Johan Von Schreeb)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Wefer A, Von Schreeb J. Timing and Type of Disaster Severity Data Available on Internet Following the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters. 2012 May 23 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4fb3fd97a2d3c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 29.530 577.500 607.527 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To adequately plan relief, adequate information that describe and quantify the severity of a disaster, and estimate the number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(affected population, is rapidly needed. However, needs assessments describing the severity of the disaster has been shown to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be conducted too late in order to guide the first days relief interventions. The aim of this study was to assess availability of early )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 503.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 484.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We searched the well acknowledged web portal Relief Web for all Haiti postings during the first seven days \(12 -18 January )] TJ ET BT 26.250 472.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2010\) after the earthquake. A form was created to classify and quantify extracted severity variables found in the postings. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(results were compiled, analysed and compared with CRED \(Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster\) official data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(made available later.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 429.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Findings)] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted where of 15 % provided a numerical estimate of the affected population, while 10% had an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate on the number of dead. On day four 200 000 dead was reported, which is of the same magnitud compared to later )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(official estimates \(CRED data\). Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly accurate information regarding severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake but the available data must be questioned as no method was reported. More specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies may improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study was funded by Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare \(Socialstyrelsen\) through a research grant to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Centre for research on health care in disasters at Karolinska Institutet.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 226.031 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On January 12 2010 Haiti and its capital Port au Prince was struck by a devastating earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 437.573 207.584 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 442.392 206.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. News about the disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(spread quickly and international relief agencies immediately started deploying relief assistance. To adequately plan relief, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information that describe and quantify the severity of the disaster and estimate the number of affected population, is rapidly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needed)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 58.776 171.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 63.595 170.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. This type of information combined with pre-disaster context data on vulnerability factors can help estimate the type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and quantity of needs as well as what risks the affected population is facing)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.876 159.965 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 355.695 158.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. However, it has been shown that the needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessments are conducted too late in order to direct the first days interventions)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 371.449 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 376.267 148.061 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 381.086 146.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(An important information source to rapidly get information about a disaster is the Internet)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 407.758 128.656 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 412.576 127.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Information is available within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(minutes after an earthquake, especially at web portals that focus on disasters and humanitarian assistance. 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A study of information available on ReliefWeb following the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.625 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2005 South Asian earthquake showed that reports underestimated the numbers of dead and affected in the first week after the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.029 57.227 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.848 55.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. 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New technologies are more widely available such as increased cell )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phone and Internet coverage, use of Twitter and other social medias)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 320.524 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 325.343 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. In the light of this, we wanted to assess to what extent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(initial severity estimates in the early phase of a major sudden onset disaster is available.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The aim of this study was to assess availability of disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 655.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb postings are made available by UN branches as well as independent Non Governmental Organizations \(NGOs\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and media channels. 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Data was exported to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData analysis, version 1.1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 151.966 547.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 161.604 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( to be compiled and basic analyses including cross tabulation for rate and frequency was made. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The results on number of affected and dead were chosen to be compared with Haiti official data available at Centre for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.321 523.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 217.959 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED data is controlled for quality before being accepted and is to our knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the best source for data on disasters. In early 2011 the Haitian government raised the earlier mortality estimate of 222 570 to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(316 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 61.486 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 71.124 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED has maintained the earlier number in their database. Results from the Post-Disaster Assessment Report)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 555.007 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was used to compare estimates of homeless, internally displaced persons and houses damaged.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 202.921 555.000 273.236 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 476.158 m 581.250 476.158 l 581.250 475.408 l 26.250 475.408 l f 26.250 202.921 m 581.250 202.921 l 581.250 203.671 l 26.250 203.671 l f q 165.000 0 0 225.000 35.250 241.408 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 214.171 537.000 21.236 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 224.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. All variables included in the checklist.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 168.700 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.746 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted on ReliefWeb during the first seven days after the earthquake. Of those, 6 % were posted on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.841 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(day one, the 12th of January, the day of the earthquake. The number of posted reports increased the following days. \(Figure 1\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.936 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(English was the language in 94.5 % of the reports posted while 4.5 % of the posts were in French and 1 % in Spanish.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -67.945 555.000 183.000 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 115.055 m 581.250 115.055 l 581.250 114.305 l 26.250 114.305 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 -61.945 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 -67.945 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -67.945 577.500 844.945 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Committee)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 73.382 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 83.019 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and the Assessment Capacities Project)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 255.340 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 264.978 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. New technologies are more widely available such as increased cell )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phone and Internet coverage, use of Twitter and other social medias)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 320.524 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 325.343 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. In the light of this, we wanted to assess to what extent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(initial severity estimates in the early phase of a major sudden onset disaster is available.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The aim of this study was to assess availability of disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 655.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb postings are made available by UN branches as well as independent Non Governmental Organizations \(NGOs\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and media channels. Reports, press releases, policy documents and maps are actively searched for by ReliefWeb )] TJ ET BT 26.250 631.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(staff or can be directly submitted from an organization before it is posted on the website)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 403.429 633.498 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.066 631.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 612.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The word Haiti was searched for using ReliefWebs search function and included all postings during the first seven days )] TJ ET BT 26.250 600.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(following the earthquake \(12 -18 January 2010\). All postings were included in the study.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Two persons read each post and searched for severity indicators. A form was created in EpiData version 3.1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 493.363 582.784 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 503.000 581.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( to extract )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(severity indicator variables on the pre-disaster context, the number of affected and dead, needs of the population and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 557.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(source and methods used. \(Table 1\) When a range of estimates was provided, a mean value was used. Data was exported to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData analysis, version 1.1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 151.966 547.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 161.604 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( to be compiled and basic analyses including cross tabulation for rate and frequency was made. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The results on number of affected and dead were chosen to be compared with Haiti official data available at Centre for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.321 523.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 217.959 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED data is controlled for quality before being accepted and is to our knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the best source for data on disasters. In early 2011 the Haitian government raised the earlier mortality estimate of 222 570 to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(316 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 61.486 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 71.124 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED has maintained the earlier number in their database. Results from the Post-Disaster Assessment Report)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 555.007 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was used to compare estimates of homeless, internally displaced persons and houses damaged.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 202.921 555.000 273.236 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 476.158 m 581.250 476.158 l 581.250 475.408 l 26.250 475.408 l f 26.250 202.921 m 581.250 202.921 l 581.250 203.671 l 26.250 203.671 l f q 165.000 0 0 225.000 35.250 241.408 cm /I8 Do Q q 35.250 214.171 537.000 21.236 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 224.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. All variables included in the checklist.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 168.700 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.746 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted on ReliefWeb during the first seven days after the earthquake. Of those, 6 % were posted on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.841 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(day one, the 12th of January, the day of the earthquake. The number of posted reports increased the following days. \(Figure 1\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.936 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(English was the language in 94.5 % of the reports posted while 4.5 % of the posts were in French and 1 % in Spanish.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -67.945 555.000 183.000 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 115.055 m 581.250 115.055 l 581.250 114.305 l 26.250 114.305 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 -61.945 cm /I10 Do Q q 35.250 -67.945 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -67.945 577.500 844.945 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Committee)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 73.382 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 83.019 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and the Assessment Capacities Project)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 255.340 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 264.978 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. New technologies are more widely available such as increased cell )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phone and Internet coverage, use of Twitter and other social medias)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 320.524 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 325.343 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. In the light of this, we wanted to assess to what extent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(initial severity estimates in the early phase of a major sudden onset disaster is available.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The aim of this study was to assess availability of disaster severity information on Internet during the first seven days following )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2010 Haiti earthquake and assess to which extent the information was consistent with later revelations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.755 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 655.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb postings are made available by UN branches as well as independent Non Governmental Organizations \(NGOs\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and media channels. Reports, press releases, policy documents and maps are actively searched for by ReliefWeb )] TJ ET BT 26.250 631.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(staff or can be directly submitted from an organization before it is posted on the website)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 403.429 633.498 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.066 631.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 612.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The word Haiti was searched for using ReliefWebs search function and included all postings during the first seven days )] TJ ET BT 26.250 600.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(following the earthquake \(12 -18 January 2010\). All postings were included in the study.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Two persons read each post and searched for severity indicators. A form was created in EpiData version 3.1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 493.363 582.784 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 503.000 581.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( to extract )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(severity indicator variables on the pre-disaster context, the number of affected and dead, needs of the population and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 557.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(source and methods used. \(Table 1\) When a range of estimates was provided, a mean value was used. Data was exported to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData analysis, version 1.1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 151.966 547.070 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 161.604 545.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( to be compiled and basic analyses including cross tabulation for rate and frequency was made. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The results on number of affected and dead were chosen to be compared with Haiti official data available at Centre for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 208.321 523.260 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 217.959 521.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED data is controlled for quality before being accepted and is to our knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the best source for data on disasters. In early 2011 the Haitian government raised the earlier mortality estimate of 222 570 to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(316 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 61.486 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 71.124 497.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. CRED has maintained the earlier number in their database. Results from the Post-Disaster Assessment Report)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 555.007 499.451 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 486.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was used to compare estimates of homeless, internally displaced persons and houses damaged.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 202.921 555.000 273.236 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 476.158 m 581.250 476.158 l 581.250 475.408 l 26.250 475.408 l f 26.250 202.921 m 581.250 202.921 l 581.250 203.671 l 26.250 203.671 l f q 165.000 0 0 225.000 35.250 241.408 cm /I12 Do Q q 35.250 214.171 537.000 21.236 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 224.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. All variables included in the checklist.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 168.700 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.746 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 822 reports were posted on ReliefWeb during the first seven days after the earthquake. Of those, 6 % were posted on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.841 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(day one, the 12th of January, the day of the earthquake. The number of posted reports increased the following days. \(Figure 1\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.936 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(English was the language in 94.5 % of the reports posted while 4.5 % of the posts were in French and 1 % in Spanish.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -67.945 555.000 183.000 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 115.055 m 581.250 115.055 l 581.250 114.305 l 26.250 114.305 l f q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 -61.945 cm /I14 Do Q q 35.250 -67.945 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 165.000 0 0 225.000 35.250 241.408 cm /I16 Do Q q 225.000 0 0 167.250 35.250 -61.945 cm /I18 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(2)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 112 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 113 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 73.3815 768.1817 83.0188 777.0000 ] >> endobj 113 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 114 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 115 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 255.3403 768.1817 264.9777 777.0000 ] >> endobj 115 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 117 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 320.5245 756.2769 325.3432 765.0952 ] >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 118 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 119 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 403.4287 632.6964 413.0661 641.5148 ] >> endobj 119 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 120 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 121 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 493.3628 581.9822 503.0001 590.8005 ] >> endobj 121 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 122 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 123 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 151.9665 546.2679 161.6038 555.0862 ] >> endobj 123 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 124 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 125 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 208.3215 522.4584 217.9588 531.2767 ] >> endobj 125 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 126 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 127 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 61.4865 498.6489 71.1238 507.4672 ] >> endobj 127 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 128 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 129 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 555.0066 498.6489 564.6439 507.4672 ] >> endobj 129 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 130 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 131 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 241.4078 200.2500 466.4078 ] >> endobj 131 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2012/05/Table-1.png) >> endobj 132 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 220 /Height 300 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 220 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 348>> stream x 0 }bDA;c:`*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUU2We\*sUUFSR endstream endobj 133 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 220 /Height 300 /SMask 132 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 220 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 52407>> stream xwu/z{rٜsB@ ARdEKpϲ}|lJ B qXbsSzLoMU,|㹾S'9ս3=H啕Y4@Lr777}$IRooW'XS_^0;>ߺwevf%cEMwVLwldP)BHq@?gf'S""(>ZZJ ~Lr0bЈEϾFyx=)Ӈ Vʟ?~jjr (r&}yxl~aNsff'ѷF'o~zawލ&3ѿ$%˗™~ƃBkN.%=˜$SCƻz$[.!4z2.ŽTU iDDUU?`}*Cw+%n;t$w׾a@ ՎAaI:.$'ɷ%$fnXYV\rҊLJ W##EN&K&wp*dD,*膂ed&bHg2X8NL:50Y1D"t<$Ҁ K ~6$jV.2(5E7KYCXX1NYD&'uKh#š(S ВIgUͶmmmeG$1PVw{wWTb ގh"^qlgYi%$=[=aZJ-^X:IqlÅ4J:]6LET`32܂B?zW@WO`+:s< Cvr ɼ8JUJ|#cY`'\$<)%9iō{gAܹs2 `5 d#@ `TظfED@!Ԋc[6HFRIBֲ0bȅ5*o*z\DU$~qr3:eV{#? #Y\?SX+HC҃l^Q}Rg)s\Bne#c)WxB@.6|FJ hVq+rQ zy-7G X}ҁ6[cXe7"/`Fom"eŵb"\G)B@-,Ju6w-)? 4R@J#50b~J7#)6Je')+0 B1Ƃ~p@Ù,ffc,?`,YfTcwPPѢ@F\2[p7@*7OX}H)ĬB1aSdNBiuΓT0QXdɆUO ~4* S 10NƞMARC( 9$C`\Ֆ7U2y\V>ËVkVU!1U)y i A!YEb0aVXP(j&M)AF-bB /lq6!YXacIJHUbIM܊@)JBPuPRac$\N*4 +/4/}fhk /?S͵?޷>եخ=DT +p,٩ɾMEHUC &eNUB*UO\0U1f,[W(UYsCHRR^p.C?nY*f\7[8o"ZZPWmm~g[ oݱS'޾{߾G:BK?1Md|q R>yVZYwN9[oӭ;Sg.޽}kw~nmݧo*<%s(Xܰr)n"ETּ"H=#݌[݁=D$ Rd"H3i%~d3Fn߹2xO>}dg_WMߎ<:4 ޒŤZZ&Wnzۿ55eeqfn#O<¥+w] Z\] b: t,:=rJFH'rIrf+1eErә%XY,CWP~`k?T{ &UVo^|"}ӮrGW_*CSZqO| Ct~I%ں4#ɲjTn.k奕ꚾΆʊpxiMμ]u .;Z]]SRT K;TVVڷf$,-TUWܱEQԺFzA6%hE.g{&. 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I4eDGf|_ѝ-DDhfj :(C84e$Nqj'hIҀuD0S *HAHݿ{:1=/iY{dICZG~N(kw^{/_ٝQ ((̃ݣ& endstream endobj 194 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 196 0 R 200 0 R 204 0 R 208 0 R 212 0 R 216 0 R ] /Contents 195 0 R >> endobj 195 0 obj << /Length 12590 >> stream q 15.000 25.196 577.500 751.804 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 726.609 555.000 50.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 726.609 m 581.250 726.609 l 581.250 727.359 l 26.250 727.359 l f q 35.250 737.859 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Number of Posts)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Number of posts on ReliefWeb including the search word Haiti the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 709.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 15 % of the reports provided a numerical estimate of the affected population. The most frequently reported number )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was 3 million. \(Figure 2\) The later official number was 3.7 million. A third of all posts providing numbers were posted on day )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(three.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.504 555.000 221.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 675.895 m 581.250 675.895 l 581.250 675.145 l 26.250 675.145 l f 26.250 454.504 m 581.250 454.504 l 581.250 455.254 l 26.250 455.254 l f q 225.000 0 0 155.250 35.250 510.895 cm /I20 Do Q q 35.250 465.754 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 495.371 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Number of Affected Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 476.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of affected available in 123 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 437.480 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 10 % of all the reports included an estimate on the number of dead varying from 40 000 200 000. \(Figure 3\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Estimates on the number of affected, dead, homeless, injured or severely injured were not posted until the day after the quake )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when the Haiti government claimed that 100 000 people had died. The Haiti Red Cross downgraded this estimate on day three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(50 000\). On day four, one report citing local authorities reported 200 000 dead. This is very close to the official figure \(222 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.861 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(570\). On the same day, the news agency Reuters-Alertnet posted a quote from the Interior Minister that claimed that 100- 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.956 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(000 had died. Also on day four the Chinese news agency, Xinhua, posted that the Haitian President had reported the death to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.051 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be between 30- 50 000, which is a significantly lower number.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 123.529 555.000 232.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 356.170 m 581.250 356.170 l 581.250 355.420 l 26.250 355.420 l f 26.250 123.529 m 581.250 123.529 l 581.250 124.279 l 26.250 124.279 l f q 225.000 0 0 166.500 35.250 179.920 cm /I22 Do Q q 35.250 134.779 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 164.397 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Number of Dead Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 145.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of dead available in 84 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 106.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Additional severity information including number of wounded, homeless, houses destroyed or internally displaced persons \(IDP\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 94.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was reported in 4 % of the 822 posts. These 22 reports estimated the number of homeless to be between 10 000 to 3 millions. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the PDNA, 1.3 million were declared homeless. Four reports provided a number of IDPs ranging from 30 000 to 1 million )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compared with 500 000 in the PDNA report. One report estimated the number of houses damaged to 1.8 million, significant )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher than the 208 000 in the PDNA data.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 39.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Approximately half of the reports expressed a need for the affected population or for the organization that posted the report. The )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 25.196 577.500 751.804 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 726.609 555.000 50.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 726.609 m 581.250 726.609 l 581.250 727.359 l 26.250 727.359 l f q 35.250 737.859 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Number of Posts)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Number of posts on ReliefWeb including the search word Haiti the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 709.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 15 % of the reports provided a numerical estimate of the affected population. The most frequently reported number )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was 3 million. \(Figure 2\) The later official number was 3.7 million. A third of all posts providing numbers were posted on day )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(three.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.504 555.000 221.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 675.895 m 581.250 675.895 l 581.250 675.145 l 26.250 675.145 l f 26.250 454.504 m 581.250 454.504 l 581.250 455.254 l 26.250 455.254 l f q 225.000 0 0 155.250 35.250 510.895 cm /I24 Do Q q 35.250 465.754 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 495.371 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Number of Affected Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 476.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of affected available in 123 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 437.480 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 10 % of all the reports included an estimate on the number of dead varying from 40 000 200 000. \(Figure 3\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Estimates on the number of affected, dead, homeless, injured or severely injured were not posted until the day after the quake )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when the Haiti government claimed that 100 000 people had died. The Haiti Red Cross downgraded this estimate on day three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(50 000\). On day four, one report citing local authorities reported 200 000 dead. This is very close to the official figure \(222 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.861 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(570\). On the same day, the news agency Reuters-Alertnet posted a quote from the Interior Minister that claimed that 100- 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.956 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(000 had died. Also on day four the Chinese news agency, Xinhua, posted that the Haitian President had reported the death to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.051 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be between 30- 50 000, which is a significantly lower number.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 123.529 555.000 232.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 356.170 m 581.250 356.170 l 581.250 355.420 l 26.250 355.420 l f 26.250 123.529 m 581.250 123.529 l 581.250 124.279 l 26.250 124.279 l f q 225.000 0 0 166.500 35.250 179.920 cm /I26 Do Q q 35.250 134.779 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 164.397 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Number of Dead Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 145.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of dead available in 84 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 106.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Additional severity information including number of wounded, homeless, houses destroyed or internally displaced persons \(IDP\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 94.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was reported in 4 % of the 822 posts. These 22 reports estimated the number of homeless to be between 10 000 to 3 millions. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the PDNA, 1.3 million were declared homeless. Four reports provided a number of IDPs ranging from 30 000 to 1 million )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compared with 500 000 in the PDNA report. One report estimated the number of houses damaged to 1.8 million, significant )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher than the 208 000 in the PDNA data.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 39.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Approximately half of the reports expressed a need for the affected population or for the organization that posted the report. The )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 25.196 577.500 751.804 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 726.609 555.000 50.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 726.609 m 581.250 726.609 l 581.250 727.359 l 26.250 727.359 l f q 35.250 737.859 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Number of Posts)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Number of posts on ReliefWeb including the search word Haiti the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 709.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 15 % of the reports provided a numerical estimate of the affected population. The most frequently reported number )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was 3 million. \(Figure 2\) The later official number was 3.7 million. A third of all posts providing numbers were posted on day )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.776 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(three.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.504 555.000 221.391 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 675.895 m 581.250 675.895 l 581.250 675.145 l 26.250 675.145 l f 26.250 454.504 m 581.250 454.504 l 581.250 455.254 l 26.250 455.254 l f q 225.000 0 0 155.250 35.250 510.895 cm /I28 Do Q q 35.250 465.754 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 495.371 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Number of Affected Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 476.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of affected available in 123 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 437.480 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 10 % of all the reports included an estimate on the number of dead varying from 40 000 200 000. \(Figure 3\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.575 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Estimates on the number of affected, dead, homeless, injured or severely injured were not posted until the day after the quake )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.670 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when the Haiti government claimed that 100 000 people had died. The Haiti Red Cross downgraded this estimate on day three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.766 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(50 000\). On day four, one report citing local authorities reported 200 000 dead. This is very close to the official figure \(222 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.861 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(570\). On the same day, the news agency Reuters-Alertnet posted a quote from the Interior Minister that claimed that 100- 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.956 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(000 had died. Also on day four the Chinese news agency, Xinhua, posted that the Haitian President had reported the death to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 366.051 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be between 30- 50 000, which is a significantly lower number.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 123.529 555.000 232.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 356.170 m 581.250 356.170 l 581.250 355.420 l 26.250 355.420 l f 26.250 123.529 m 581.250 123.529 l 581.250 124.279 l 26.250 124.279 l f q 225.000 0 0 166.500 35.250 179.920 cm /I30 Do Q q 35.250 134.779 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 164.397 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Number of Dead Reported)] TJ ET BT 35.250 145.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data on the number of dead available in 84 reports posted on ReliefWeb the first seven days after the earthquake.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 106.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Additional severity information including number of wounded, homeless, houses destroyed or internally displaced persons \(IDP\) )] TJ ET BT 26.250 94.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was reported in 4 % of the 822 posts. These 22 reports estimated the number of homeless to be between 10 000 to 3 millions. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In the PDNA, 1.3 million were declared homeless. Four reports provided a number of IDPs ranging from 30 000 to 1 million )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compared with 500 000 in the PDNA report. One report estimated the number of houses damaged to 1.8 million, significant )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(higher than the 208 000 in the PDNA data.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 39.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Approximately half of the reports expressed a need for the affected population or for the organization that posted the report. 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2 IO*ܶ =t,63e[`Q{CnR5)B'$EQYec5n1ۿrʨ¼Pz'qS2"ELHHN~6w"Fcf4e9?ൺ% B"IaH=e< E8Nޥ $!A(va4E$w횓ǗNXAq$Q8'ID."0$ MD1AH#I0Ip C0"$!^-q <jWw (ob?6 p(^U iB.#B~rQUqCcf$67z 9xYr_P' /V7GP\w[][?0yAQaF~~~']sn3<;C*.Uv0X6mOFLvX0o從sG+VYԱnMyk r>:A رbӾh܇8,۞cg i:!6`rNC`6mZ~y;;;ǽmmmrrssƒeyoA_"۠.ZxInD@,2"&H7$_s_-{Wrˠ3^70>#qN!$o0 I!{$Ƀc`Bb`㿼TV~Zۭ$F0hx2// Ȉ6Ԑy?sp=O|EC_-[lٲVZvc=%^{-`(@`-*ej0!#<8~m{i]C^Spҫ Jna$rnwGoú)7_u~ez.㥆dXGa]r>'i qٲe!!!S)]7dtF(}FQ=Ɗ;vn1+cJ̯H"/HΟ)乹s|!!Ee5|ekYHpı\kٞurqpNj:gTmURn3~#I8$vR߶Yj8Oq:m6jD؝ ø<$UK[,I0,/"mv/\Na:#v2nq;z7csJnp9!v.Q̙%9=|L!s;%!fm b8-)!@[VX۬vsy8k(,N(p6mnnZtK Bbv"oz.i5[BӲav5ԛΓ/bNpqjcYo2yI6e9jw26[_wNʸyas.!y\v#vk_Ìe6E#)!xfcxw:b!Bʾ*v6Qr͌Yj7~%}"ݻi An#EKD$Y<%QV+ !KgMgy06lNUocY[@8xcv;Xd6f'cw0ڭ4 l9lsy<<٭V.dΒ_x'`.aAY:˷Vawx4Be:Q&a ØmގMj<3xdnHn.by-qYLV˳s<qlv^4I9z Q^`1:~m.'Uӝ1)NIu&?H`6$\ޝ7H|ǃƽ?l^;j-_e Z%f)"gh(,f?1XP* ZNY۫ozƣt2S}E=0wpۡ}{Z~;Mk6x޲ܼRC&*6blѣ5Y;Ns}M[$5P㰭Pot>U=)kֵh[i^{W_=NPN`H|鹥|[iQ䩧=_»5o{yE9 *$zkIlb^v+v˒h4<[v%I%7;w0fSNHVNtѴwۮ]GfqBnJSLǨN#㩯SLl}L)[/U]'H"fw<Ȼj;N6[kt^zn-?|ɷ<͊Ձd9G-TξnKT0Ig_Pɕ֖ƕNkWMuSCr_[=Xɉw<`Rrm%t3ꓚSySR{@+vϝN:.یnd6ub$}?!8W$۽}C;jJLaaDѺgʢe zNU*oر;fa}Un!Z4%R^$1;vT׸3ʪF,nlܴhſ~ފ#'"'Ήr6pX ۿ+ۡ9N?S_y0So GkR~BOٷG |ALJ7_Np~SP4n?+ε]R!tEkYu_ߙ'ؘ̜Arn>p5`%sD֞bʛ5P9#"8DˁMI>Mܽ#)TMSgNaRЧ1#:& *#IW2 C93 |,$7-)r^4!UЃ zrLcZ3oyƄ +d)ZI83U2rtPafq29Y!(\IEbxNw}E \/{5xԴ:і39j Oik0u['}lBhâR#--VGLn5L+pu6kcs2b(fdQ&XUz}|(ϛҊb=fyE۞R8-R^o4&&k9sgh\wkg+5YWF(%+=Z8) SSS;ی NP~FN*Hmhǭa{MФb]5FV׶p<:==(z+5Q-UPj¯[\f(cen75ڜ)*9qblDȺLuͬ.HI=qT K6-̉((J+o!hÖgMH㬖]6s4}STJӮ FOU CꫛZRl}@7?#$<5KT)ZSs*͛^D ҇F VWxE(5.#5pfde ,A0UJZU%M uI9HHMĐdjqBnvUs[{'NeەѩYIo;^U]^:.1+VarN݇3c",]Yiq>5k9f50+=MhǖMa> endobj 225 0 obj << /Length 21144 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 38.231 577.500 738.769 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN was most likely to express population needs while NGOs more often described their own funding resources needs. The type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of population needs expressed varied. \(Figure 4\) The most common request was the combination of shelter, food, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(water/sanitation, health care as well as search and rescue. The methods used to define the needs were not described in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(single report.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 528.240 555.000 193.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 721.881 m 581.250 721.881 l 581.250 721.131 l 26.250 721.131 l f 26.250 528.240 m 581.250 528.240 l 581.250 528.990 l 26.250 528.990 l f q 225.000 0 0 127.500 35.250 584.631 cm /I36 Do Q q 35.250 539.490 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 569.107 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Reported Population Needs)] TJ ET BT 35.250 549.737 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Population needs divided into categories and presented as percentage of occurance in total amounts of reports.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 511.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Reference to base line data on the pre-earthquake context was provided in one third of all reports. The fact that Haiti is a low-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income country was most commonly mentioned followed by general bad infrastructure, malnutrition, high population density and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(previous hurricanes/natural disasters. No more detailed information was provided.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 11 % of all postings referred to a data source. Almost 60 % of the posted reports were written by an organization that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided relief themselves. Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 419.495 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.540 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The result of this study shows that several early estimates of the number of affected and dead were of the same magnitude )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.636 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compare to later official estimates. This can be explained be a number of reasons but it is clear that it is impossible to within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 375.731 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(few days estimate the death tolls from such mega disaster. It is striking that numbers of dead and wounded are estimated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 363.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(without any description of how such estimates were done.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.421 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On day four, 200 000 were estimated dead, a steep increase, but no method for this is presented. Still today there is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(controversy of death toll of this earthquake. In January 2011 the official number of dead was upgraded to 316 000 without any )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(further explanations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 111.874 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 121.512 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. A yet unreleased report based on a survey indicate a significantly lower death toll of 46 000 85 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 560.496 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.133 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are no reliable methods to early estimate how many people have died, thus early death numbers are highly unreliable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(while of significant political value. It remains highly debatable whether early death estimates is a useful determinant to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(categorize the severity of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.493 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study has limitations. It only studies one Internet platform. However, we believe that ReliefWeb is the most credible source )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid detailed post disaster information. Before we started the study we searched for other platforms including GDAC, One )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(World and Alert Net for data and found that information often linked back to ReliefWeb. We concluded that credible institutions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.779 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post their reports on ReliefWeb. The time period was limited to seven days as we focused on assessing information that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.874 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used by relief agencies responding in this early phase.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Compared to a similar study on postings on ReliefWeb after the 2005 South Asian earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 431.070 199.976 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.889 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( the number of reports posted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was the same. \(820 vs 822\). More than four years later we could not find one single report that systematically tried to quantify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.660 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and analyze the severity of the disaster and estimate the risks and needs. Much efforts and money have been spent to improve )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.755 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information and improve the tools to monitor disasters. It is noteworthy that there is still no systematic approach available to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.850 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rapidly assess and analyze the severity of a Sudden Onset Disaster. Initiatives such as The Global Disaster Alert and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Coordination System provide near real-time alerts about natural disasters. It is a tool to facilitate response coordination based )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on computer modeling result but does not attempt to analyze the needs beyond labeling the disasters in green, yellow or red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(severity levels. At 10.20 PM UTC January 12, 2010, 27 minutes after the earthquake, their automated system generated a red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(warning)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 60.385 104.738 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.022 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The warning system indicated the severity in terms of population density, intensity of the earthquake and a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(socioeconomic context)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 124.871 92.834 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 134.509 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.922 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The fact that a majority of the reports were from agencies involved in providing relief rather than agencies specialized in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 60.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimating severity and needs could conflict the information provided. It is surprising that no independent attempt to estimate the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 48.112 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs were posted.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 38.231 577.500 738.769 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN was most likely to express population needs while NGOs more often described their own funding resources needs. The type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of population needs expressed varied. \(Figure 4\) The most common request was the combination of shelter, food, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(water/sanitation, health care as well as search and rescue. The methods used to define the needs were not described in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(single report.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 528.240 555.000 193.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 721.881 m 581.250 721.881 l 581.250 721.131 l 26.250 721.131 l f 26.250 528.240 m 581.250 528.240 l 581.250 528.990 l 26.250 528.990 l f q 225.000 0 0 127.500 35.250 584.631 cm /I38 Do Q q 35.250 539.490 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 569.107 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Reported Population Needs)] TJ ET BT 35.250 549.737 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Population needs divided into categories and presented as percentage of occurance in total amounts of reports.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 511.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Reference to base line data on the pre-earthquake context was provided in one third of all reports. The fact that Haiti is a low-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income country was most commonly mentioned followed by general bad infrastructure, malnutrition, high population density and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(previous hurricanes/natural disasters. No more detailed information was provided.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 11 % of all postings referred to a data source. Almost 60 % of the posted reports were written by an organization that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided relief themselves. Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 419.495 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.540 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The result of this study shows that several early estimates of the number of affected and dead were of the same magnitude )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.636 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compare to later official estimates. This can be explained be a number of reasons but it is clear that it is impossible to within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 375.731 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(few days estimate the death tolls from such mega disaster. It is striking that numbers of dead and wounded are estimated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 363.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(without any description of how such estimates were done.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.421 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On day four, 200 000 were estimated dead, a steep increase, but no method for this is presented. Still today there is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(controversy of death toll of this earthquake. In January 2011 the official number of dead was upgraded to 316 000 without any )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(further explanations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 111.874 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 121.512 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. A yet unreleased report based on a survey indicate a significantly lower death toll of 46 000 85 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 560.496 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.133 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are no reliable methods to early estimate how many people have died, thus early death numbers are highly unreliable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(while of significant political value. It remains highly debatable whether early death estimates is a useful determinant to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(categorize the severity of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.493 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study has limitations. It only studies one Internet platform. However, we believe that ReliefWeb is the most credible source )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid detailed post disaster information. Before we started the study we searched for other platforms including GDAC, One )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(World and Alert Net for data and found that information often linked back to ReliefWeb. We concluded that credible institutions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.779 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post their reports on ReliefWeb. The time period was limited to seven days as we focused on assessing information that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.874 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used by relief agencies responding in this early phase.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Compared to a similar study on postings on ReliefWeb after the 2005 South Asian earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 431.070 199.976 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.889 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( the number of reports posted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was the same. \(820 vs 822\). More than four years later we could not find one single report that systematically tried to quantify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.660 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and analyze the severity of the disaster and estimate the risks and needs. Much efforts and money have been spent to improve )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.755 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information and improve the tools to monitor disasters. It is noteworthy that there is still no systematic approach available to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.850 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rapidly assess and analyze the severity of a Sudden Onset Disaster. Initiatives such as The Global Disaster Alert and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Coordination System provide near real-time alerts about natural disasters. It is a tool to facilitate response coordination based )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on computer modeling result but does not attempt to analyze the needs beyond labeling the disasters in green, yellow or red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(severity levels. At 10.20 PM UTC January 12, 2010, 27 minutes after the earthquake, their automated system generated a red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(warning)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 60.385 104.738 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.022 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The warning system indicated the severity in terms of population density, intensity of the earthquake and a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(socioeconomic context)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 124.871 92.834 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 134.509 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.922 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The fact that a majority of the reports were from agencies involved in providing relief rather than agencies specialized in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 60.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimating severity and needs could conflict the information provided. It is surprising that no independent attempt to estimate the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 48.112 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs were posted.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 38.231 577.500 738.769 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UN was most likely to express population needs while NGOs more often described their own funding resources needs. The type )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of population needs expressed varied. \(Figure 4\) The most common request was the combination of shelter, food, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(water/sanitation, health care as well as search and rescue. The methods used to define the needs were not described in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(single report.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 528.240 555.000 193.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 721.881 m 581.250 721.881 l 581.250 721.131 l 26.250 721.131 l f 26.250 528.240 m 581.250 528.240 l 581.250 528.990 l 26.250 528.990 l f q 225.000 0 0 127.500 35.250 584.631 cm /I40 Do Q q 35.250 539.490 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 569.107 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Reported Population Needs)] TJ ET BT 35.250 549.737 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Population needs divided into categories and presented as percentage of occurance in total amounts of reports.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 511.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Reference to base line data on the pre-earthquake context was provided in one third of all reports. The fact that Haiti is a low-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 499.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(income country was most commonly mentioned followed by general bad infrastructure, malnutrition, high population density and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(previous hurricanes/natural disasters. No more detailed information was provided.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A total of 11 % of all postings referred to a data source. Almost 60 % of the posted reports were written by an organization that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided relief themselves. Not a single report described the data collection method.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 419.495 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 399.540 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The result of this study shows that several early estimates of the number of affected and dead were of the same magnitude )] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.636 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(compare to later official estimates. This can be explained be a number of reasons but it is clear that it is impossible to within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 375.731 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(few days estimate the death tolls from such mega disaster. It is striking that numbers of dead and wounded are estimated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 363.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(without any description of how such estimates were done.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 344.421 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(On day four, 200 000 were estimated dead, a steep increase, but no method for this is presented. Still today there is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 332.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(controversy of death toll of this earthquake. In January 2011 the official number of dead was upgraded to 316 000 without any )] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(further explanations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 111.874 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 121.512 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. A yet unreleased report based on a survey indicate a significantly lower death toll of 46 000 85 000)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 560.496 322.119 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 570.133 320.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are no reliable methods to early estimate how many people have died, thus early death numbers are highly unreliable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 296.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(while of significant political value. It remains highly debatable whether early death estimates is a useful determinant to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 284.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(categorize the severity of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.493 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study has limitations. It only studies one Internet platform. However, we believe that ReliefWeb is the most credible source )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid detailed post disaster information. Before we started the study we searched for other platforms including GDAC, One )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(World and Alert Net for data and found that information often linked back to ReliefWeb. We concluded that credible institutions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.779 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post their reports on ReliefWeb. The time period was limited to seven days as we focused on assessing information that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.874 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used by relief agencies responding in this early phase.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Compared to a similar study on postings on ReliefWeb after the 2005 South Asian earthquake)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 431.070 199.976 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 435.889 198.469 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( the number of reports posted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(was the same. \(820 vs 822\). More than four years later we could not find one single report that systematically tried to quantify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.660 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and analyze the severity of the disaster and estimate the risks and needs. Much efforts and money have been spent to improve )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.755 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information and improve the tools to monitor disasters. It is noteworthy that there is still no systematic approach available to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.850 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rapidly assess and analyze the severity of a Sudden Onset Disaster. Initiatives such as The Global Disaster Alert and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Coordination System provide near real-time alerts about natural disasters. It is a tool to facilitate response coordination based )] TJ ET BT 26.250 127.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on computer modeling result but does not attempt to analyze the needs beyond labeling the disasters in green, yellow or red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 115.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(severity levels. At 10.20 PM UTC January 12, 2010, 27 minutes after the earthquake, their automated system generated a red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(warning)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 60.385 104.738 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.022 103.231 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The warning system indicated the severity in terms of population density, intensity of the earthquake and a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(socioeconomic context)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 124.871 92.834 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 134.509 91.326 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.922 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The fact that a majority of the reports were from agencies involved in providing relief rather than agencies specialized in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 60.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimating severity and needs could conflict the information provided. 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Tkܳ'U{id?]UPm: ac䳇¿BD„軼BX]\i4^r}jq5kW=P<Ž>e rgj^Ϗ9_1eWAPO;^a?c!G{H>A`z/^fڞ _qV?{?P^O֪*e ta endstream endobj 270 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 272 0 R 274 0 R 276 0 R 278 0 R 280 0 R 282 0 R 284 0 R 286 0 R 288 0 R ] /Contents 271 0 R >> endobj 271 0 obj << /Length 21331 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 32.202 577.500 744.798 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A severity assumption can be rapidly done combining already available pre-disaster data on vulnerability with initial estimates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on the severity of the disaster. Several indexes exist for vulnerability at different national and global levels)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 480.376 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.013 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The initial analyses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and assumptions can possibly be done from a distance combining a variety of information and data from different sources. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(task to analyze incomplete data and make assumption on severity and projected needs is challenging and requires experience, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and independence. More research is needed to develop robust methods for such analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Another issue is to determine what indicators that best capture the severity of an SOD and define easy methods to collect or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate them. There is obvious need for independent experts, not directly involved in relief activities, to collect and analyze )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data and to estimate severity and risks that the population is facing. These experts should have extensive experience of relief )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(work to ensure that they produce relevant results that are useful for operational agencies. More studies are needed to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to what extent disaster severity data is useful for operational agencies. Is the information used? What is the framework for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interpreting such data? Is currently available information sufficient to capture critical component of relief planning? Applying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(systematic tools and methodologies will also allow comparison between Sudden Onset Disasters in different contexts. A )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(promising initiative is the project ACAPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 200.180 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.818 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that is setting up new and independent modalities that within days assess severity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(after SODs in collaboration with the Interagency Standing Committee Needs assessments Taskforce)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 459.755 606.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 469.392 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. We are convinced that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(better use of new technologies and more specialized needs assessment agencies will help improve availability of strategic )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information to better plan humanitarian assistance following a SOD.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 544.802 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 524.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly good information about the severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 512.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake. Despite that the estimates were within range of later official data, the reliability of the estimates were questionable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 501.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as no data collection method was mentioned. Better use of new technologies and more specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 489.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies could help develop and improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 452.531 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exists.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 395.975 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 376.020 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To Felicia von Schreeb for data entry)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.918 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BBC, Haiti devastated by massive earthquake, in BBC News. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(J Darcy, C.-A.H., According to need? Needs assessments and decision-making in humanitarian sector. 2003, Humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.154 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Policy Group. p. 45, 4.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Malilay, J., Public health assessments in disaster settings: recommendations for a multidisciplinary approach. Prehosp )] TJ ET BT 26.250 256.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Med, 2000. 15\(4\): p. 167-72.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Goyet, D.V.d., Evaluation of the adequacy, approproateness and effeciveness of needs assessments in the international )] TJ ET BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decision making process to assist people affected by the tsunami. 2006, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shklovski, Finding community through information and commmunication technology during disaster events, in Conference on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(computer supported cooperative work. 2008, Computer Supported Cooperative Work: San Diego, California, USA. p. 127-136.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA, Assessment and classification of Emergencies \(ACE\) Project, Final Report. 2009.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Mandate. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.reliefweb.int/help/mandate.html.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Annual Statistics 2009. 2011 [cited 2011 13 March]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900bykey/stats2009?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Schreeb, J.v., Information for Action? Analysis of 2005 South Asian Earthquake reports posted on ReliefWeb. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(IASC. Inter-Agency Standing Comitee [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ACAPS. Assessment Capacities Project [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.acaps.org/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. About ReliefWeb. 2011 15 February 2011]; Available from: )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 32.202 577.500 744.798 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A severity assumption can be rapidly done combining already available pre-disaster data on vulnerability with initial estimates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on the severity of the disaster. Several indexes exist for vulnerability at different national and global levels)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 480.376 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.013 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The initial analyses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and assumptions can possibly be done from a distance combining a variety of information and data from different sources. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(task to analyze incomplete data and make assumption on severity and projected needs is challenging and requires experience, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and independence. More research is needed to develop robust methods for such analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Another issue is to determine what indicators that best capture the severity of an SOD and define easy methods to collect or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate them. There is obvious need for independent experts, not directly involved in relief activities, to collect and analyze )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data and to estimate severity and risks that the population is facing. These experts should have extensive experience of relief )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(work to ensure that they produce relevant results that are useful for operational agencies. More studies are needed to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to what extent disaster severity data is useful for operational agencies. Is the information used? What is the framework for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interpreting such data? Is currently available information sufficient to capture critical component of relief planning? Applying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(systematic tools and methodologies will also allow comparison between Sudden Onset Disasters in different contexts. A )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(promising initiative is the project ACAPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 200.180 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.818 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that is setting up new and independent modalities that within days assess severity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(after SODs in collaboration with the Interagency Standing Committee Needs assessments Taskforce)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 459.755 606.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 469.392 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. We are convinced that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(better use of new technologies and more specialized needs assessment agencies will help improve availability of strategic )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information to better plan humanitarian assistance following a SOD.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 544.802 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 524.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly good information about the severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 512.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake. Despite that the estimates were within range of later official data, the reliability of the estimates were questionable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 501.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as no data collection method was mentioned. Better use of new technologies and more specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 489.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies could help develop and improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 452.531 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exists.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 395.975 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 376.020 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To Felicia von Schreeb for data entry)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.918 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BBC, Haiti devastated by massive earthquake, in BBC News. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(J Darcy, C.-A.H., According to need? Needs assessments and decision-making in humanitarian sector. 2003, Humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.154 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Policy Group. p. 45, 4.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Malilay, J., Public health assessments in disaster settings: recommendations for a multidisciplinary approach. Prehosp )] TJ ET BT 26.250 256.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Med, 2000. 15\(4\): p. 167-72.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Goyet, D.V.d., Evaluation of the adequacy, approproateness and effeciveness of needs assessments in the international )] TJ ET BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decision making process to assist people affected by the tsunami. 2006, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shklovski, Finding community through information and commmunication technology during disaster events, in Conference on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(computer supported cooperative work. 2008, Computer Supported Cooperative Work: San Diego, California, USA. p. 127-136.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA, Assessment and classification of Emergencies \(ACE\) Project, Final Report. 2009.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Mandate. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.reliefweb.int/help/mandate.html.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Annual Statistics 2009. 2011 [cited 2011 13 March]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900bykey/stats2009?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Schreeb, J.v., Information for Action? Analysis of 2005 South Asian Earthquake reports posted on ReliefWeb. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(IASC. Inter-Agency Standing Comitee [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ACAPS. Assessment Capacities Project [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.acaps.org/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. About ReliefWeb. 2011 15 February 2011]; Available from: )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 32.202 577.500 744.798 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A severity assumption can be rapidly done combining already available pre-disaster data on vulnerability with initial estimates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on the severity of the disaster. Several indexes exist for vulnerability at different national and global levels)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 480.376 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.013 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. The initial analyses )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and assumptions can possibly be done from a distance combining a variety of information and data from different sources. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(task to analyze incomplete data and make assumption on severity and projected needs is challenging and requires experience, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(knowledge and independence. More research is needed to develop robust methods for such analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Another issue is to determine what indicators that best capture the severity of an SOD and define easy methods to collect or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(estimate them. There is obvious need for independent experts, not directly involved in relief activities, to collect and analyze )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data and to estimate severity and risks that the population is facing. These experts should have extensive experience of relief )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(work to ensure that they produce relevant results that are useful for operational agencies. More studies are needed to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to what extent disaster severity data is useful for operational agencies. Is the information used? What is the framework for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interpreting such data? Is currently available information sufficient to capture critical component of relief planning? Applying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(systematic tools and methodologies will also allow comparison between Sudden Onset Disasters in different contexts. A )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(promising initiative is the project ACAPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 200.180 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.818 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( that is setting up new and independent modalities that within days assess severity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(after SODs in collaboration with the Interagency Standing Committee Needs assessments Taskforce)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 459.755 606.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 469.392 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. We are convinced that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(better use of new technologies and more specialized needs assessment agencies will help improve availability of strategic )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information to better plan humanitarian assistance following a SOD.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 544.802 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 524.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Within a few days of the 2010 Haiti earthquake it was possible to find surprisingly good information about the severity of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 512.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake. Despite that the estimates were within range of later official data, the reliability of the estimates were questionable )] TJ ET BT 26.250 501.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as no data collection method was mentioned. Better use of new technologies and more specialized and independent needs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 489.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment agencies could help develop and improve availability of strategic information in the early onset of a disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 452.531 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exists.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 395.975 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 376.020 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(To Felicia von Schreeb for data entry)] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.918 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 319.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BBC, Haiti devastated by massive earthquake, in BBC News. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 300.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(J Darcy, C.-A.H., According to need? Needs assessments and decision-making in humanitarian sector. 2003, Humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.154 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Policy Group. p. 45, 4.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 268.749 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Malilay, J., Public health assessments in disaster settings: recommendations for a multidisciplinary approach. Prehosp )] TJ ET BT 26.250 256.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disaster Med, 2000. 15\(4\): p. 167-72.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 237.440 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Goyet, D.V.d., Evaluation of the adequacy, approproateness and effeciveness of needs assessments in the international )] TJ ET BT 26.250 225.535 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decision making process to assist people affected by the tsunami. 2006, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 206.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Shklovski, Finding community through information and commmunication technology during disaster events, in Conference on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.226 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(computer supported cooperative work. 2008, Computer Supported Cooperative Work: San Diego, California, USA. p. 127-136.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 174.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA, Assessment and classification of Emergencies \(ACE\) Project, Final Report. 2009.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 155.416 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Mandate. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.reliefweb.int/help/mandate.html.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 136.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. ReliefWeb Annual Statistics 2009. 2011 [cited 2011 13 March]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.107 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900bykey/stats2009?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 104.702 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Schreeb, J.v., Information for Action? Analysis of 2005 South Asian Earthquake reports posted on ReliefWeb. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 85.297 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(IASC. Inter-Agency Standing Comitee [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 65.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ACAPS. Assessment Capacities Project [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: https://www.acaps.org/.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 46.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ReliefWeb. About ReliefWeb. 2011 15 February 2011]; Available from: )] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(5)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 272 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 273 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 480.3757 756.2769 490.0131 765.0952 ] >> endobj 273 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 274 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 275 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 200.1803 617.8247 209.8176 626.6430 ] >> endobj 275 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 276 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 277 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 459.7545 605.9199 469.3918 614.7382 ] >> endobj 277 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 278 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 279 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 480.3757 756.2769 490.0131 765.0952 ] >> endobj 279 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 280 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 281 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 200.1803 617.8247 209.8176 626.6430 ] >> endobj 281 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 282 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 283 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 459.7545 605.9199 469.3918 614.7382 ] >> endobj 283 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 284 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 285 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 480.3757 756.2769 490.0131 765.0952 ] >> endobj 285 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 286 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 287 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 200.1803 617.8247 209.8176 626.6430 ] >> endobj 287 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 288 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 289 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 459.7545 605.9199 469.3918 614.7382 ] >> endobj 289 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 290 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 291 0 R >> endobj 291 0 obj << /Length 7324 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 512.702 577.500 264.298 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900ByKey/AboutReliefWeb?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epi-Data Software: Odense, Denmark.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epidata analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(CRED. EM-DAT, The international Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2010; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available from: https://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Times, T.N.Y., Haiti: Quakess toll rises to 316 000, in The New York Times. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PDNA, Post-Disaster Assessment Report, Haiti Earthquake PDNA, Assessment of damage, losses, general and sectoral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs. Annex to the Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Newser, US Report Questions Haiti Death Toll, in Newser. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. Red Earthquake alert in Haiti 2010 [cited 2011 2 April].)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 599.347 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. About alert levels. 2011 [cited 2011 20 June]; Available from: https://www.gdacs.org/about/alertlevels.asp)] TJ ET BT 26.250 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Asef, Introducing a national earthquake vulnerability index, in International Association for Engineering Geology. 2006.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NAFT. Needs assessment taskforce. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-subsidi-common-default&sb=75.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 512.702 577.500 264.298 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900ByKey/AboutReliefWeb?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epi-Data Software: Odense, Denmark.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epidata analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(CRED. EM-DAT, The international Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2010; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available from: https://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Times, T.N.Y., Haiti: Quakess toll rises to 316 000, in The New York Times. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PDNA, Post-Disaster Assessment Report, Haiti Earthquake PDNA, Assessment of damage, losses, general and sectoral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs. Annex to the Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Newser, US Report Questions Haiti Death Toll, in Newser. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. Red Earthquake alert in Haiti 2010 [cited 2011 2 April].)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 599.347 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. About alert levels. 2011 [cited 2011 20 June]; Available from: https://www.gdacs.org/about/alertlevels.asp)] TJ ET BT 26.250 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Asef, Introducing a national earthquake vulnerability index, in International Association for Engineering Geology. 2006.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NAFT. Needs assessment taskforce. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-subsidi-common-default&sb=75.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 512.702 577.500 264.298 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/hlp.nsf/db900ByKey/AboutReliefWeb?OpenDocument.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epi-Data Software: Odense, Denmark.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(EpiData_Software, Epidata analysis.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(CRED. EM-DAT, The international Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2010; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available from: https://www.emdat.be/result-country-profile.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Times, T.N.Y., Haiti: Quakess toll rises to 316 000, in The New York Times. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PDNA, Post-Disaster Assessment Report, Haiti Earthquake PDNA, Assessment of damage, losses, general and sectoral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(needs. Annex to the Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti. 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Newser, US Report Questions Haiti Death Toll, in Newser. 2011.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 607.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. Red Earthquake alert in Haiti 2010 [cited 2011 2 April].)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 599.347 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 580.797 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GDAC. About alert levels. 2011 [cited 2011 20 June]; Available from: https://www.gdacs.org/about/alertlevels.asp)] TJ ET BT 26.250 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 561.393 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Asef, Introducing a national earthquake vulnerability index, in International Association for Engineering Geology. 2006.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 541.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NAFT. Needs assessment taskforce. 2011 [cited 2011 2 April]; Available from: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/pageloader.aspx?page=content-subsidi-common-default&sb=75.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(6)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj xref 0 292 0000000000 65535 f 0000000008 00000 n 0000000073 00000 n 0000000119 00000 n 0000000896 00000 n 0000000933 00000 n 0000001182 00000 n 0000001598 00000 n 0000024921 00000 n 0000025028 00000 n 0000025136 00000 n 0000025247 00000 n 0000025360 00000 n 0000025748 00000 n 0000029633 00000 n 0000029760 00000 n 0000029955 00000 n 0000030082 00000 n 0000030277 00000 n 0000030404 00000 n 0000030525 00000 n 0000030651 00000 n 0000030756 00000 n 0000030883 00000 n 0000031000 00000 n 0000031128 00000 n 0000031164 00000 n 0000031290 00000 n 0000031326 00000 n 0000031454 00000 n 0000031490 00000 n 0000031618 00000 n 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