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Part II: Descriptive Analysis of Identified Twitter Activity during the 2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado PLOS Currents Disasters) >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 14 0 R 16 0 R 18 0 R 20 0 R 22 0 R 24 0 R 26 0 R 28 0 R 30 0 R 32 0 R 34 0 R 36 0 R 38 0 R 40 0 R 42 0 R 44 0 R 47 0 R 49 0 R 51 0 R 53 0 R 55 0 R 57 0 R 59 0 R 61 0 R 63 0 R 65 0 R 67 0 R 69 0 R 71 0 R 73 0 R 75 0 R 77 0 R 79 0 R 81 0 R 83 0 R 85 0 R 87 0 R 89 0 R 91 0 R 93 0 R 95 0 R 97 0 R 99 0 R 101 0 R 103 0 R 105 0 R 107 0 R 109 0 R ] /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Length 20507 >> stream q 375.000 0 0 39.000 222.000 738.000 cm /I2 Do Q q 15.000 659.406 577.500 78.594 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Descriptive Analysis of Identified Twitter Activity during the )] TJ ET BT 15.000 668.146 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(June 29, 2015)] TJ ET BT 74.846 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.721 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Guy Paul Cooper Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 114.575 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 119.996 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Violet Yeager)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 183.946 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.002 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 287.423 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Italo Subbarao)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: Descriptive Analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.490 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of Identified Twitter Activity during the 2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.1371/currents.dis.f2e5b9e979af6174d2f97c1f0349be5c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 -400.368 577.500 1000.572 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 573.482 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: This article describes a novel triangulation methodological approach for identifying twitter activity of regional active )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(twitter users during the 2013 Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.219 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methodology: A data extraction and geographically centered filtration approach was utilized to generate Twitter data for 48 hrs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.314 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pre- and post-Tornado. The data was further validated using six sigma approach utilizing GPS data. Results: The regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.409 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(analysis revealed a total of 81,441 tweets, 10,646 Twitter users,27,309 retweets and 2637 tweets with GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: Twitter tweet activity increased 5 fold during the response to the Hattiesburg Tornado. Retweeting activity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(increased 2.2 fold. Tweets with a hashtag increased 1.4 fold. Twitter was an effective disaster risk reduction tool for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 455.195 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado 2013.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.592 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.638 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(No external \(outside\) funding was utilized to support the study.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 369.536 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This is Part II of the four part series of articles that analyze the effectiveness of Twitter as a disaster risk reduction tool in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigating morbidity and mortality. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 174.167 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 197.470 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( reviewed the relevant background for Twitter, its terminology, existing methodological )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(challenges, and provided a novel methodological approach that shows greater validity and reliability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 458.156 327.279 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.974 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This part describes the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.867 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the haystack of tweets transmitted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.962 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the 96 hour window of the storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that were emitted on the Twitterverse.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 189.358 291.565 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 194.176 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The data generated from the approach provides a descriptive analysis of the regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 289.061 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 317.785 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( describes the needle in the haystack itself by identifying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Top 100 Twitter Users that were re-tweeted 48 hours pre- and post -tornado and analyzing the significant statistical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.343 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relationship between metadata variables and in particular disaster-related hashtags to the users themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.741 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methodology)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 49.552 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( described the novel methodological approach. This first step includes data extraction of all tweets utilizing PowerTrack )] TJ ET BT 26.250 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rules from GNIP \(an authorized reseller of Twitter data\) that include broad-based tornado disaster centric filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 506.350 187.389 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.168 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The second )] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(step uses a triangulated approach to filter and identifies regional Twitter users. The methodology employed a filtration approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to capture or triangulate tweets from multiple angles \(location, biography, retweets of Twitter users\) to ensure they were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actually utilized by the at-risk disaster affected geographic population \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.719 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.482 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This structured analysis utilized six sigma )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(principles and was validated by an independent quality analysis team.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -400.368 555.000 528.750 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 128.382 m 581.250 128.382 l 581.250 127.632 l 26.250 127.632 l f q 450.000 0 0 513.000 35.250 -394.368 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 -400.368 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 659.406 577.500 78.594 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Descriptive Analysis of Identified Twitter Activity during the )] TJ ET BT 15.000 668.146 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(June 29, 2015)] TJ ET BT 74.846 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.721 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Guy Paul Cooper Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 114.575 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 119.996 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Violet Yeager)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 183.946 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.002 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 287.423 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Italo Subbarao)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: Descriptive Analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.490 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of Identified Twitter Activity during the 2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.1371/currents.dis.f2e5b9e979af6174d2f97c1f0349be5c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 -400.368 577.500 1000.572 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 573.482 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: This article describes a novel triangulation methodological approach for identifying twitter activity of regional active )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(twitter users during the 2013 Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.219 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methodology: A data extraction and geographically centered filtration approach was utilized to generate Twitter data for 48 hrs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.314 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pre- and post-Tornado. The data was further validated using six sigma approach utilizing GPS data. Results: The regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.409 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(analysis revealed a total of 81,441 tweets, 10,646 Twitter users,27,309 retweets and 2637 tweets with GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: Twitter tweet activity increased 5 fold during the response to the Hattiesburg Tornado. Retweeting activity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(increased 2.2 fold. Tweets with a hashtag increased 1.4 fold. Twitter was an effective disaster risk reduction tool for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 455.195 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado 2013.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.592 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.638 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(No external \(outside\) funding was utilized to support the study.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 369.536 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This is Part II of the four part series of articles that analyze the effectiveness of Twitter as a disaster risk reduction tool in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigating morbidity and mortality. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 174.167 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 197.470 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( reviewed the relevant background for Twitter, its terminology, existing methodological )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(challenges, and provided a novel methodological approach that shows greater validity and reliability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 458.156 327.279 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.974 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This part describes the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.867 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the haystack of tweets transmitted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.962 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the 96 hour window of the storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that were emitted on the Twitterverse.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 189.358 291.565 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 194.176 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The data generated from the approach provides a descriptive analysis of the regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 289.061 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 317.785 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( describes the needle in the haystack itself by identifying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Top 100 Twitter Users that were re-tweeted 48 hours pre- and post -tornado and analyzing the significant statistical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.343 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relationship between metadata variables and in particular disaster-related hashtags to the users themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.741 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methodology)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 49.552 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( described the novel methodological approach. This first step includes data extraction of all tweets utilizing PowerTrack )] TJ ET BT 26.250 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rules from GNIP \(an authorized reseller of Twitter data\) that include broad-based tornado disaster centric filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 506.350 187.389 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.168 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The second )] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(step uses a triangulated approach to filter and identifies regional Twitter users. The methodology employed a filtration approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to capture or triangulate tweets from multiple angles \(location, biography, retweets of Twitter users\) to ensure they were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actually utilized by the at-risk disaster affected geographic population \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.719 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.482 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This structured analysis utilized six sigma )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(principles and was validated by an independent quality analysis team.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -400.368 555.000 528.750 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 128.382 m 581.250 128.382 l 581.250 127.632 l 26.250 127.632 l f q 450.000 0 0 513.000 35.250 -394.368 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 -400.368 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 659.406 577.500 78.594 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: )] TJ ET BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Descriptive Analysis of Identified Twitter Activity during the )] TJ ET BT 15.000 668.146 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado)] TJ ET Q 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(June 29, 2015)] TJ ET BT 74.846 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 79.721 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Guy Paul Cooper Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 114.575 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 119.996 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Violet Yeager)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 178.525 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 183.946 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 282.002 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 287.423 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Italo Subbarao)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 626.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part II: Descriptive Analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.490 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of Identified Twitter Activity during the 2013 Hattiesburg F4 Tornado. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.1371/currents.dis.f2e5b9e979af6174d2f97c1f0349be5c.)] TJ ET q 15.000 -400.368 577.500 1000.572 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 573.482 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Background: This article describes a novel triangulation methodological approach for identifying twitter activity of regional active )] TJ ET BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(twitter users during the 2013 Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.219 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Methodology: A data extraction and geographically centered filtration approach was utilized to generate Twitter data for 48 hrs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.314 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(pre- and post-Tornado. The data was further validated using six sigma approach utilizing GPS data. Results: The regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.409 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(analysis revealed a total of 81,441 tweets, 10,646 Twitter users,27,309 retweets and 2637 tweets with GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Conclusions: Twitter tweet activity increased 5 fold during the response to the Hattiesburg Tornado. Retweeting activity )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(increased 2.2 fold. Tweets with a hashtag increased 1.4 fold. Twitter was an effective disaster risk reduction tool for the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 455.195 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hattiesburg EF-4 Tornado 2013.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.592 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.638 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(No external \(outside\) funding was utilized to support the study.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 369.536 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Background)] TJ ET BT 26.250 349.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This is Part II of the four part series of articles that analyze the effectiveness of Twitter as a disaster risk reduction tool in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigating morbidity and mortality. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 174.167 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 197.470 337.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( reviewed the relevant background for Twitter, its terminology, existing methodological )] TJ ET BT 26.250 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(challenges, and provided a novel methodological approach that shows greater validity and reliability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 458.156 327.279 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.974 325.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This part describes the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.867 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the haystack of tweets transmitted )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.962 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the 96 hour window of the storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that were emitted on the Twitterverse.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 189.358 291.565 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 194.176 290.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The data generated from the approach provides a descriptive analysis of the regional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 289.061 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 317.785 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( describes the needle in the haystack itself by identifying )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Top 100 Twitter Users that were re-tweeted 48 hours pre- and post -tornado and analyzing the significant statistical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.343 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relationship between metadata variables and in particular disaster-related hashtags to the users themselves.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.741 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Methodology)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part I)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 49.552 197.787 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( described the novel methodological approach. This first step includes data extraction of all tweets utilizing PowerTrack )] TJ ET BT 26.250 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(rules from GNIP \(an authorized reseller of Twitter data\) that include broad-based tornado disaster centric filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 506.350 187.389 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.168 185.882 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The second )] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(step uses a triangulated approach to filter and identifies regional Twitter users. The methodology employed a filtration approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to capture or triangulate tweets from multiple angles \(location, biography, retweets of Twitter users\) to ensure they were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actually utilized by the at-risk disaster affected geographic population \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.719 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.482 150.168 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This structured analysis utilized six sigma )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(principles and was validated by an independent quality analysis team.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -400.368 555.000 528.750 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 128.382 m 581.250 128.382 l 581.250 127.632 l 26.250 127.632 l f q 450.000 0 0 513.000 35.250 -394.368 cm /I3 Do Q q 35.250 -400.368 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 450.000 0 0 513.000 35.250 -394.368 cm /I3 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Times-Italic /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 500 /Height 52 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 144>> stream x1 0 'ݲ؎"e{dzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAdzAtlM0\ endstream endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 500 /Height 52 /SMask 12 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 500 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 3627>> stream x?b!/w N BU!@rܥ>L%|"ɾeB~qbϧG0 0 0 ü<,a ,a ,a /)܋( daKnW>'IR2 0x1ͽ{0 Z4= 4M޶mY}'IĖ2 0ָML}GQ48Iy>i("u>s6ne0 YfB;S}b 5ba,ZP՚ћuFڶ= 0{ǤbA!>m{wwW׵ApssDZdU,K:fs_׿___qykQbfMii{$̂>}JdB um{Lh'پy2c\ifZypE|,Uݝ,h4ڶ],R*\U-rQ9l PUUQ#G80aef_-mI*gߋlil-d:5ec]RUa0\ͼ$ ֌8jE%4BH\m=ϣfY )!vDL^)4axt=3*E<' _?>>.7DYt]׆0gqwр,ajmۢ(HMB$ [ U5;gfw`2R]u]GQD0g[Tt:a1J#,AU}0hwb>&8V~*ȀIH fuiah aMl7\:\>|,L5w(YqOFsoBy|<3^=6.ym۾%)~`XHnݰ‹IDs'oZ7In}wV|C%H{lDsDQ6]4jcЊͭ;*ٶv&A.09e(ji2btXɄy4?!ZEI"+Yɲy%'hZch@C+q,U1TA+FEe_R18;z.􃰢c ( H| $I.hy {ss&` 26:#(RuGQmZtJӅ˲csоj$}3#rl& j }>  ]x] ъ|G[1lfu ϛIaVz0-mvy2h܉ေA^XD`b"W#ֵU{(Y BAaDL]z_ex6 (nMOÈ%֐m`04Ԝ0aℓ.*"^=KeY~-'iM``v,Z꺞fRf1c+! 85BX,HeEљ @N^ԚG`5p |!L]U).?"l5eFQŞu]ɍK'eW/o҆&(i VM_ = E/J,;sqq0 W>rM=gdќ陞qѼ:2X;.˲j#Ņ뺮fbi\ו.u݋1mgXEQꋋ q@P%~VL0%b`eF4M}'@Sp8v;FߊdY]@u[5 (96 V0~1Gj Ňg֏= >\'ͪ$yX`!dhq%I0fF5x]t,hRˮb"3鈰@'5ؽE2>GI@ KȲLrÿ*1ȰT5ffܱYjuqqC3v(uEsI'c^چ#X,hAk"ZH6`XPW,>}fY6t^C8,Fi#nica Jzlf0 >سX,)m_Bs' c oN c>TT'%x&ߘ fi$W܇g[@ mDZ7]:RQjƘ.ğ$:؝, s{HzxqZKmF|Ϗ~p7@ {1$Xu}p(ĉzZaJ%i&0L@#\}GaT~tTQ,asEOxhy.?,aC9oqE=MS9I%8~WmdG:agO\\$,yHg^Ab%Ĩ7Z}џd2!YmN0X-#*ڈ/&W4MAYT?3;f udJ 6%ag9IxINlȦ|[+ ٘{R0' uT?NP%A wD&1=4L&ĵg-G)+0*V} 62T75yiۣrѰڳ>$'?B'IeY0K1WH]NkiR m<˭XF.xaijT==}~&;ہHA7| \( s\? ~_{ޒ{ O?^AVtї~g~~mVfS XtU6wMUv8|xxG-ü[A܆m!g۾勜*N5,sP=0 cibCub=2xa? 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(https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 109 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 110 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 -394.3680 485.2500 118.6320 ] >> endobj 110 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 111 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 113 0 R 115 0 R 117 0 R 119 0 R 121 0 R 123 0 R 125 0 R 127 0 R 129 0 R 131 0 R 133 0 R 135 0 R 137 0 R 139 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 145 0 R 147 0 R 149 0 R 151 0 R 153 0 R ] /Contents 112 0 R >> endobj 112 0 obj << /Length 43162 >> stream q 15.000 39.740 577.500 737.260 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Filtration Methodology)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted and user region was determined through triangulation followed by GPS and quality assessment )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(validation.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 695.849 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA EXTRACTION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted from the Twitter database through an authorized Twitter data reseller, GNIP, using filters, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack rules that were defined by an 11 day window, February 5, 2013 5:00 pm to February 15, 2013 5:00 pm based at the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(date and time of the Hattiesburg Tornado February 10, 2013 5:00 pm \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 330.284 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.047 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 372.004 654.142 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.823 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The PowerTrack rules were based on a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria that included state and local biographical locations, disaster and relief hashtags and keywords, local news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 628.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sources, and statewide GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 205.084 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.903 632.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 212.312 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 609.420 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The data extraction was completed requiring a tweet metadata or attached profile of one of a variety of previously used disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags, keywords, Mississippi cities, Mississippi, or geolocation within the state of Mississippi. Data was returned from GNIP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a JSON format and subsequently turned into a tab delimited file, and secondary filtration was done by a Unix-based Perl )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(script on a Lenovo V570 laptop.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.374 555.809 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 168.193 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Regionality was then established based on a previously verified methodology focusing on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi and Alabama regional users. The data was then divided into two 48 hour windows before and after the tornado )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(impact with a 2 hour pre-tornado buffer to capture tweets just prior to impact. Tweets and users were analyzed based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria found in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.612 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 131.375 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET q 26.250 494.970 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 497.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Regional User Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.905 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 487.470 m 581.250 487.470 l 580.500 486.720 l 27.000 486.720 l f 581.250 487.470 m 581.250 454.905 l 580.500 454.905 l 580.500 486.720 l f 26.250 487.470 m 26.250 454.905 l 27.000 454.905 l 27.000 486.720 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 473.394 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Regional user tweet data was analyzed 48 hours before and 48 hours after the storm with a 2 hour buffer to capture tweets just prior to )] TJ ET BT 33.000 464.236 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(impact)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 218.788 555.000 236.117 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 441.875 114.393 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 453.780 114.768 0.750 re f 26.625 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 141.393 441.875 201.637 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.393 453.780 201.637 0.750 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 343.029 441.875 115.095 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 343.029 453.780 115.095 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.529 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Pre-Storm)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 458.124 441.875 122.376 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 458.124 453.780 122.751 0.750 re f 580.125 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.624 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Post-Storm)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 441.500 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 431.645 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 441.500 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 441.500 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 441.500 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 425.619 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 425.619 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 425.619 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3,145)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 425.619 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7,501)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 409.738 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 409.738 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 409.738 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27,927)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 409.738 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(53,514)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 393.856 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 393.856 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 393.856 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6,551)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 393.856 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20,758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 377.975 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 377.975 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets with a hashtag)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 377.975 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5,763)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 377.975 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13,598)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 362.094 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 362.094 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 362.094 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 362.094 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,879)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 346.213 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 346.213 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Application types)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 346.213 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(141)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 346.213 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(192)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.331 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 330.331 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 330.331 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 330.331 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.450 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 314.450 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Languages)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 314.450 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 314.450 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.569 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Average:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 298.569 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 298.569 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 298.569 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 282.688 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 282.688 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User account length)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 282.688 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(785)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 282.688 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(846)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 266.806 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 266.806 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Followers)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 266.806 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(745)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 266.806 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(779)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 250.925 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 250.925 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Klout)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 250.925 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(33)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 250.925 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(34)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.044 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 235.044 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Friends)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 235.044 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(506)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 235.044 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(504)] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.264 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Case insensitive regional filters were developed around the geographical locations, news sources \(radio, news, television\), and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(colleges/universities in the area. The filters were then applied to the extracted data based on the users: tweets, biographies, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(locations \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.681 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 106.444 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Regionality was defined as Twitter users who had one of the following criteria in the 11 day span: 1\) User )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mentioned a regional news source in their tweet, 2\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, USM, Ole Miss, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.240 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT\) in their biography, or 3\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, MS, AL, a regional Zip code, USM, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.335 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss, SMTTT\) in their location \(Table 2\). The categories were then evaluated to determine the contribution of each of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.431 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filters. Time zones were collected from all regionally defined users to determine their potential contribution and activity. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.526 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activity of the regionally defined users was then centered on the first touchdown of the Hattiesburg Tornado 48 hours pre-storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.621 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and 48 hours post-storm were determined.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 39.740 577.500 737.260 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Filtration Methodology)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted and user region was determined through triangulation followed by GPS and quality assessment )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(validation.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 695.849 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA EXTRACTION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted from the Twitter database through an authorized Twitter data reseller, GNIP, using filters, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack rules that were defined by an 11 day window, February 5, 2013 5:00 pm to February 15, 2013 5:00 pm based at the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(date and time of the Hattiesburg Tornado February 10, 2013 5:00 pm \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 330.284 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.047 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 372.004 654.142 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.823 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The PowerTrack rules were based on a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria that included state and local biographical locations, disaster and relief hashtags and keywords, local news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 628.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sources, and statewide GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 205.084 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.903 632.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 212.312 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 609.420 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The data extraction was completed requiring a tweet metadata or attached profile of one of a variety of previously used disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags, keywords, Mississippi cities, Mississippi, or geolocation within the state of Mississippi. Data was returned from GNIP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a JSON format and subsequently turned into a tab delimited file, and secondary filtration was done by a Unix-based Perl )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(script on a Lenovo V570 laptop.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.374 555.809 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 168.193 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Regionality was then established based on a previously verified methodology focusing on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi and Alabama regional users. The data was then divided into two 48 hour windows before and after the tornado )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(impact with a 2 hour pre-tornado buffer to capture tweets just prior to impact. Tweets and users were analyzed based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria found in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.612 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 131.375 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET q 26.250 494.970 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 497.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Regional User Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.905 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 487.470 m 581.250 487.470 l 580.500 486.720 l 27.000 486.720 l f 581.250 487.470 m 581.250 454.905 l 580.500 454.905 l 580.500 486.720 l f 26.250 487.470 m 26.250 454.905 l 27.000 454.905 l 27.000 486.720 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 473.394 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Regional user tweet data was analyzed 48 hours before and 48 hours after the storm with a 2 hour buffer to capture tweets just prior to )] TJ ET BT 33.000 464.236 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(impact)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 218.788 555.000 236.117 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 441.875 114.393 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 453.780 114.768 0.750 re f 26.625 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 141.393 441.875 201.637 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.393 453.780 201.637 0.750 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 343.029 441.875 115.095 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 343.029 453.780 115.095 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.529 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Pre-Storm)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 458.124 441.875 122.376 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 458.124 453.780 122.751 0.750 re f 580.125 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.624 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Post-Storm)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 441.500 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 431.645 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 441.500 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 441.500 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 441.500 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 425.619 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 425.619 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 425.619 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3,145)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 425.619 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7,501)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 409.738 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 409.738 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 409.738 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27,927)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 409.738 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(53,514)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 393.856 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 393.856 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 393.856 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6,551)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 393.856 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20,758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 377.975 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 377.975 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets with a hashtag)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 377.975 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5,763)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 377.975 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13,598)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 362.094 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 362.094 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 362.094 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 362.094 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,879)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 346.213 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 346.213 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Application types)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 346.213 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(141)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 346.213 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(192)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.331 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 330.331 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 330.331 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 330.331 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.450 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 314.450 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Languages)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 314.450 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 314.450 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.569 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Average:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 298.569 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 298.569 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 298.569 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 282.688 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 282.688 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User account length)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 282.688 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(785)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 282.688 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(846)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 266.806 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 266.806 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Followers)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 266.806 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(745)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 266.806 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(779)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 250.925 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 250.925 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Klout)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 250.925 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(33)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 250.925 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(34)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.044 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 235.044 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Friends)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 235.044 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(506)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 235.044 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(504)] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.264 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Case insensitive regional filters were developed around the geographical locations, news sources \(radio, news, television\), and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(colleges/universities in the area. The filters were then applied to the extracted data based on the users: tweets, biographies, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(locations \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.681 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 106.444 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Regionality was defined as Twitter users who had one of the following criteria in the 11 day span: 1\) User )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mentioned a regional news source in their tweet, 2\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, USM, Ole Miss, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.240 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT\) in their biography, or 3\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, MS, AL, a regional Zip code, USM, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.335 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss, SMTTT\) in their location \(Table 2\). The categories were then evaluated to determine the contribution of each of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.431 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filters. Time zones were collected from all regionally defined users to determine their potential contribution and activity. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.526 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activity of the regionally defined users was then centered on the first touchdown of the Hattiesburg Tornado 48 hours pre-storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.621 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and 48 hours post-storm were determined.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 39.740 577.500 737.260 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Filtration Methodology)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted and user region was determined through triangulation followed by GPS and quality assessment )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(validation.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 695.849 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA EXTRACTION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets were extracted from the Twitter database through an authorized Twitter data reseller, GNIP, using filters, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack rules that were defined by an 11 day window, February 5, 2013 5:00 pm to February 15, 2013 5:00 pm based at the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(date and time of the Hattiesburg Tornado February 10, 2013 5:00 pm \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 330.284 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.047 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 372.004 654.142 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.823 652.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The PowerTrack rules were based on a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria that included state and local biographical locations, disaster and relief hashtags and keywords, local news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 628.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sources, and statewide GPS coordinates.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 205.084 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 209.903 632.713 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 212.312 630.332 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 609.420 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TWITTER DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The data extraction was completed requiring a tweet metadata or attached profile of one of a variety of previously used disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags, keywords, Mississippi cities, Mississippi, or geolocation within the state of Mississippi. Data was returned from GNIP )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a JSON format and subsequently turned into a tab delimited file, and secondary filtration was done by a Unix-based Perl )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(script on a Lenovo V570 laptop.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.374 555.809 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 168.193 554.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Regionality was then established based on a previously verified methodology focusing on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi and Alabama regional users. The data was then divided into two 48 hour windows before and after the tornado )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(impact with a 2 hour pre-tornado buffer to capture tweets just prior to impact. Tweets and users were analyzed based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(criteria found in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.612 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 131.375 518.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET q 26.250 494.970 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 497.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Regional User Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 454.905 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 487.470 m 581.250 487.470 l 580.500 486.720 l 27.000 486.720 l f 581.250 487.470 m 581.250 454.905 l 580.500 454.905 l 580.500 486.720 l f 26.250 487.470 m 26.250 454.905 l 27.000 454.905 l 27.000 486.720 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 473.394 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Regional user tweet data was analyzed 48 hours before and 48 hours after the storm with a 2 hour buffer to capture tweets just prior to )] TJ ET BT 33.000 464.236 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(impact)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 218.788 555.000 236.117 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 441.875 114.393 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 453.780 114.768 0.750 re f 26.625 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 141.393 441.875 201.637 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.393 453.780 201.637 0.750 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 343.029 441.875 115.095 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 343.029 453.780 115.095 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.529 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Pre-Storm)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 458.124 441.875 122.376 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 458.124 453.780 122.751 0.750 re f 580.125 441.500 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.624 444.631 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Post-Storm)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 441.500 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 431.645 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 441.500 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 441.500 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 441.500 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 425.619 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 425.619 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 425.619 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 425.619 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3,145)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 425.619 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 409.738 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 415.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7,501)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 409.738 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 409.738 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 409.738 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27,927)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 409.738 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 393.856 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 399.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(53,514)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 393.856 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 393.856 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 393.856 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6,551)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 393.856 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 377.975 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 384.001 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20,758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 377.975 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 377.975 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweets with a hashtag)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 377.975 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5,763)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 377.975 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 362.094 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 368.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13,598)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 362.094 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 362.094 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 362.094 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(758)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 362.094 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 346.213 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 352.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,879)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 346.213 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 346.213 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Application types)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 346.213 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(141)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 346.213 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 330.331 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 336.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(192)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.331 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 330.331 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 330.331 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 330.331 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.450 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 320.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.450 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 314.450 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Languages)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 314.450 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 314.450 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.569 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 304.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.569 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Average:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 141.018 298.569 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 342.654 298.569 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 457.749 298.569 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.688 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 282.688 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 282.688 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User account length)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 282.688 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(785)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 282.688 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 266.806 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 272.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(846)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 266.806 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 266.806 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Followers)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 266.806 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(745)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 266.806 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 250.925 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 256.951 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(779)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 250.925 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 250.925 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Klout)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 250.925 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(33)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 250.925 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 235.044 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 241.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(34)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.044 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 115.143 0.750 re f 26.625 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 141.018 235.044 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 202.387 0.750 re f 141.018 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 146.268 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Friends)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 342.654 235.044 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 115.845 0.750 re f 342.654 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 347.904 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(506)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 457.749 235.044 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 123.126 0.750 re f 457.749 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 219.163 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 462.999 225.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(504)] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.264 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(DATA TRIANGULATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 144.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Case insensitive regional filters were developed around the geographical locations, news sources \(radio, news, television\), and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 132.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(colleges/universities in the area. The filters were then applied to the extracted data based on the users: tweets, biographies, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(locations \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 70.681 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 106.444 121.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Regionality was defined as Twitter users who had one of the following criteria in the 11 day span: 1\) User )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mentioned a regional news source in their tweet, 2\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, USM, Ole Miss, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.240 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT\) in their biography, or 3\) entered \(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham, MS, AL, a regional Zip code, USM, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.335 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss, SMTTT\) in their location \(Table 2\). The categories were then evaluated to determine the contribution of each of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.431 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(filters. Time zones were collected from all regionally defined users to determine their potential contribution and activity. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.526 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activity of the regionally defined users was then centered on the first touchdown of the Hattiesburg Tornado 48 hours pre-storm )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.621 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and 48 hours post-storm were determined.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(2)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 113 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 114 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 330.2842 651.7328 366.0472 661.6534 ] >> endobj 114 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 115 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 116 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 372.0045 653.3402 376.8232 662.1585 ] >> endobj 116 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 117 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 118 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 205.0845 629.5307 209.9032 638.3490 ] >> endobj 118 0 obj << /Type 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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG q 15.000 74.548 577.500 702.452 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 2. Regional User Criteria)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 723.199 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 723.199 l 580.500 723.199 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 723.199 l 27.000 723.199 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(User profile categories and the terms that were used to determine the region of a user. Inclusive criteria was captured by more than )] TJ ET BT 33.000 732.530 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(one term, while exclusive criteria was captured by a single term.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 518.844 555.000 204.355 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 710.169 106.026 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 722.074 106.401 0.750 re f 26.625 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 133.026 710.169 250.461 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 133.026 722.074 250.461 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.526 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Terms)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 383.487 710.169 95.443 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.487 722.074 95.443 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 387.987 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Inclusive)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 478.930 710.169 101.570 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.930 722.074 101.945 0.750 re f 580.125 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.430 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Exclusive)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 709.794 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 699.939 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweet:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 709.794 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 709.794 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 709.794 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 693.913 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 693.913 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User Mentioned Regional News)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 693.913 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 693.913 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,444)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 678.031 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 668.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Biography:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 678.031 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 678.031 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 678.031 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 662.150 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 662.150 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 662.150 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(845)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 662.150 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 646.269 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 646.269 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 646.269 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(417)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 646.269 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(126)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.388 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 630.388 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 630.388 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(327)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 630.388 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(74)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 614.506 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 604.651 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Location:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 614.506 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 614.506 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 614.506 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 598.625 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 598.625 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 598.625 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,077)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 598.625 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,826)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.744 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 582.744 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 582.744 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,175)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 582.744 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,882)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.863 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 566.863 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ZIP \(for all MS & AL\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 566.863 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 566.863 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(44)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 550.981 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 550.981 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 550.981 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 550.981 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 535.100 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 535.100 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 535.100 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 535.100 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0)] TJ ET BT 26.250 464.320 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL USER VALIDATION METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users were confirmed and validated in a two-tier approach based upon the available GPS coordinates and an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 433.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(independent quality assessment. GPS coordinates for users that had activated their geo-locations were compared against )] TJ ET BT 26.250 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(regionally defined users to confirm their presence in Alabama or Mississippi \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 357.857 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 393.620 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Reverse geolocation lookup was done )] TJ ET BT 26.250 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through a Ruby on Rails script in conjunction with a geocoder that accessed the Bing API.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.188 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 418.007 413.089 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 420.416 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 425.235 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( GPS Sample standards were set )] TJ ET BT 26.250 397.296 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a 99% confidence interval and a 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.892 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 358.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A research team comprised of an epidemiologist and a masters in biomedical science, independent of the coding protocol, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluated the data to determine if it regionally met the criteria established in Table 2 and if non-regionally was appropriately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(excluded. The results found no apparent errors or aberrations of those terms. Regional GPS threshold, regional quality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment, and non-regional quality assessment was set at a 99% confidence interval and 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.368 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study received an IRB exemption for human subjects research from the William Carey University IRB Committee.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.765 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.811 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(EXTRACTION & FILTRATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The 11 day span of approximately 5.5 billion total tweets were reduced to 1.1 million tweets per PowerTrack filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 519.366 228.914 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.185 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( These 1.1 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 215.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(million tweets were further extracted from the Twitter database. Initial evaluation of the results revealed that approximately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 203.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(800,000 of these tweets were not from an area of tornado impact Petal, Mississippi, but Petaling, Malaysia. These tweets were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 191.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(removed leaving 350,583 tweets and 41,458 users in the 11 day span.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.287 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(OVERALL TRIANGULATION RESULTS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data was first evaluated around the 96 hour window of the tornado \(Table 3\). The window showed 127,954 posted tweets, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938 total users, but only 81,441 were regionally defined tweets posted by 8,423 regional users with 515 users having )] TJ ET BT 26.250 129.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activated their GPS setting in Twitter \(Table 3\).)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 74.548 577.500 702.452 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 2. Regional User Criteria)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 723.199 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 723.199 l 580.500 723.199 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 723.199 l 27.000 723.199 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(User profile categories and the terms that were used to determine the region of a user. Inclusive criteria was captured by more than )] TJ ET BT 33.000 732.530 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(one term, while exclusive criteria was captured by a single term.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 518.844 555.000 204.355 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 710.169 106.026 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 722.074 106.401 0.750 re f 26.625 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 133.026 710.169 250.461 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 133.026 722.074 250.461 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.526 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Terms)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 383.487 710.169 95.443 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.487 722.074 95.443 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 387.987 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Inclusive)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 478.930 710.169 101.570 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.930 722.074 101.945 0.750 re f 580.125 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.430 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Exclusive)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 709.794 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 699.939 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweet:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 709.794 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 709.794 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 709.794 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 693.913 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 693.913 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User Mentioned Regional News)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 693.913 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 693.913 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,444)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 678.031 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 668.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Biography:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 678.031 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 678.031 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 678.031 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 662.150 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 662.150 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 662.150 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(845)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 662.150 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 646.269 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 646.269 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 646.269 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(417)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 646.269 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(126)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.388 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 630.388 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 630.388 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(327)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 630.388 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(74)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 614.506 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 604.651 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Location:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 614.506 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 614.506 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 614.506 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 598.625 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 598.625 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 598.625 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,077)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 598.625 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,826)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.744 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 582.744 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 582.744 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,175)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 582.744 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,882)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.863 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 566.863 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ZIP \(for all MS & AL\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 566.863 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 566.863 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(44)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 550.981 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 550.981 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 550.981 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 550.981 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 535.100 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 535.100 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 535.100 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 535.100 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0)] TJ ET BT 26.250 464.320 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL USER VALIDATION METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users were confirmed and validated in a two-tier approach based upon the available GPS coordinates and an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 433.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(independent quality assessment. GPS coordinates for users that had activated their geo-locations were compared against )] TJ ET BT 26.250 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(regionally defined users to confirm their presence in Alabama or Mississippi \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 357.857 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 393.620 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Reverse geolocation lookup was done )] TJ ET BT 26.250 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through a Ruby on Rails script in conjunction with a geocoder that accessed the Bing API.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.188 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 418.007 413.089 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 420.416 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 425.235 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( GPS Sample standards were set )] TJ ET BT 26.250 397.296 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a 99% confidence interval and a 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.892 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 358.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A research team comprised of an epidemiologist and a masters in biomedical science, independent of the coding protocol, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluated the data to determine if it regionally met the criteria established in Table 2 and if non-regionally was appropriately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(excluded. The results found no apparent errors or aberrations of those terms. Regional GPS threshold, regional quality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment, and non-regional quality assessment was set at a 99% confidence interval and 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.368 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study received an IRB exemption for human subjects research from the William Carey University IRB Committee.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.765 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.811 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(EXTRACTION & FILTRATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The 11 day span of approximately 5.5 billion total tweets were reduced to 1.1 million tweets per PowerTrack filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 519.366 228.914 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.185 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( These 1.1 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 215.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(million tweets were further extracted from the Twitter database. Initial evaluation of the results revealed that approximately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 203.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(800,000 of these tweets were not from an area of tornado impact Petal, Mississippi, but Petaling, Malaysia. These tweets were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 191.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(removed leaving 350,583 tweets and 41,458 users in the 11 day span.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.287 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(OVERALL TRIANGULATION RESULTS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data was first evaluated around the 96 hour window of the tornado \(Table 3\). The window showed 127,954 posted tweets, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938 total users, but only 81,441 were regionally defined tweets posted by 8,423 regional users with 515 users having )] TJ ET BT 26.250 129.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activated their GPS setting in Twitter \(Table 3\).)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 74.548 577.500 702.452 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 2. Regional User Criteria)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 723.199 555.000 32.565 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 723.199 l 580.500 723.199 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 723.199 l 27.000 723.199 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(User profile categories and the terms that were used to determine the region of a user. Inclusive criteria was captured by more than )] TJ ET BT 33.000 732.530 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(one term, while exclusive criteria was captured by a single term.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 518.844 555.000 204.355 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 710.169 106.026 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 722.074 106.401 0.750 re f 26.625 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 133.026 710.169 250.461 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 133.026 722.074 250.461 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.526 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Terms)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 383.487 710.169 95.443 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.487 722.074 95.443 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 387.987 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Inclusive)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 478.930 710.169 101.570 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.930 722.074 101.945 0.750 re f 580.125 709.794 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.430 712.925 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Exclusive)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 709.794 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 699.939 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tweet:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 709.794 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 709.794 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 709.794 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 693.913 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 693.913 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 693.913 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User Mentioned Regional News)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 693.913 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 693.913 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 678.031 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 684.058 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,444)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 678.031 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 668.176 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Biography:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 678.031 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 678.031 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 678.031 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 662.150 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 662.150 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 662.150 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 662.150 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(845)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 662.150 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 646.269 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 652.295 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 646.269 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 646.269 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 646.269 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(417)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 646.269 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 630.388 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 636.414 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(126)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 630.388 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 630.388 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 630.388 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(327)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 630.388 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 614.506 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 620.533 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(74)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 614.506 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 604.651 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Location:)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 132.651 614.506 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 383.112 614.506 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 478.555 614.506 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 598.625 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 598.625 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 598.625 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 598.625 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,077)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 598.625 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.744 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 588.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,826)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.744 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 582.744 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 582.744 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,175)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 582.744 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.863 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 572.889 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1,882)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.863 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 566.863 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ZIP \(for all MS & AL\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 566.863 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 566.863 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.981 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 557.008 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(44)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 550.981 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 550.981 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USM, Ole Miss)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 550.981 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 550.981 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 535.100 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 541.126 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 535.100 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 106.776 0.750 re f 26.625 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 132.651 535.100 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 251.211 0.750 re f 132.651 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 137.901 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 383.112 535.100 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 96.193 0.750 re f 383.112 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 388.362 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 478.555 535.100 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 102.320 0.750 re f 478.555 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 519.219 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 483.805 525.245 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0)] TJ ET BT 26.250 464.320 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL USER VALIDATION METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users were confirmed and validated in a two-tier approach based upon the available GPS coordinates and an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 433.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(independent quality assessment. GPS coordinates for users that had activated their geo-locations were compared against )] TJ ET BT 26.250 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(regionally defined users to confirm their presence in Alabama or Mississippi \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 357.857 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 393.620 421.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). Reverse geolocation lookup was done )] TJ ET BT 26.250 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(through a Ruby on Rails script in conjunction with a geocoder that accessed the Bing API.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 413.188 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 418.007 413.089 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 420.416 410.708 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 425.235 409.201 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( GPS Sample standards were set )] TJ ET BT 26.250 397.296 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as a 99% confidence interval and a 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.892 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY)] TJ ET BT 26.250 358.487 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A research team comprised of an epidemiologist and a masters in biomedical science, independent of the coding protocol, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 346.582 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluated the data to determine if it regionally met the criteria established in Table 2 and if non-regionally was appropriately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(excluded. The results found no apparent errors or aberrations of those terms. Regional GPS threshold, regional quality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment, and non-regional quality assessment was set at a 99% confidence interval and 3.0% margin of error.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.368 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study received an IRB exemption for human subjects research from the William Carey University IRB Committee.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.765 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Results)] TJ ET BT 26.250 246.811 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(EXTRACTION & FILTRATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The 11 day span of approximately 5.5 billion total tweets were reduced to 1.1 million tweets per PowerTrack filters.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 519.366 228.914 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.185 227.406 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( These 1.1 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 215.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(million tweets were further extracted from the Twitter database. Initial evaluation of the results revealed that approximately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 203.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(800,000 of these tweets were not from an area of tornado impact Petal, Mississippi, but Petaling, Malaysia. These tweets were )] TJ ET BT 26.250 191.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(removed leaving 350,583 tweets and 41,458 users in the 11 day span.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.287 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(OVERALL TRIANGULATION RESULTS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Data was first evaluated around the 96 hour window of the tornado \(Table 3\). The window showed 127,954 posted tweets, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938 total users, but only 81,441 were regionally defined tweets posted by 8,423 regional users with 515 users having )] TJ ET BT 26.250 129.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(activated their GPS setting in Twitter \(Table 3\).)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 157 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 158 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 357.8573 420.2041 393.6202 430.1247 ] >> endobj 158 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 159 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 160 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 413.1885 409.9067 418.0072 418.7250 ] >> endobj 160 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 162 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 420.4165 409.9067 425.2352 418.7250 ] >> endobj 162 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 163 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 164 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 519.3660 228.1119 524.1847 236.9302 ] >> endobj 164 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 165 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 166 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 357.8573 420.2041 393.6202 430.1247 ] >> endobj 166 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 168 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 413.1885 409.9067 418.0072 418.7250 ] >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 169 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 170 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 420.4165 409.9067 425.2352 418.7250 ] >> endobj 170 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 171 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 172 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 519.3660 228.1119 524.1847 236.9302 ] >> endobj 172 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 173 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 174 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 357.8573 420.2041 393.6202 430.1247 ] >> endobj 174 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-3_Figure-1-JPEG1.jpg) >> endobj 175 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 176 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 413.1885 409.9067 418.0072 418.7250 ] >> endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 178 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 420.4165 409.9067 425.2352 418.7250 ] >> endobj 178 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 180 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 519.3660 228.1119 524.1847 236.9302 ] >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 182 0 R >> endobj 182 0 obj << /Length 30760 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG q 15.000 33.009 577.500 743.991 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Tornado Impact Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Data from a 96 hour window around the tornado impact.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 591.526 555.000 140.830 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 395.854 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 396.229 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 422.854 719.326 157.646 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.854 731.231 158.021 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.354 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 718.951 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(127,954)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 703.070 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 687.189 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 687.189 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(81,441)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 671.308 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 671.308 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8,423)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 655.426 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 655.426 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(515)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 639.545 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 639.545 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(463)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 623.664 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 623.664 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,353)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 607.783 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional confirmed with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 607.783 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,290)] TJ ET BT 26.250 537.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preliminary evaluation of Twitter users was obtained via filtration sorting through three categories: tweets, biography, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 525.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of users. The relationship between the filters and the collected Twitter users revealed that the terms were mutually )] TJ ET BT 26.250 513.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(exclusive \(a single filter detected the user\) or mutually inclusive \(more than one filter detected the same user\) \(Table 2\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The first filter category labeled Tweet utilized users that specifically referenced the Twitter username of a regional news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outlet \(1,938 inclusive users and 1,444 exclusive users \(Table 2\). The Tweet filter second category labelled Biography used the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(845 inclusive and 186 exclusive users\), USM and Ole Miss \(417 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 458.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inclusive users and 126 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(327 inclusive users and 74 exclusive users\). The third filter category )] TJ ET BT 26.250 446.169 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(labeled Location used the terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(4,077 inclusive and 1,826 exclusive users\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 434.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL \(4,175 inclusive and 1,882 exclusive users\), all ZIP codes for MS & AL \(42 inclusive and 44 exclusive users\), USM and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss \(22 inclusive users and 18 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(1 inclusive user and 0 exclusive users\). The further )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation also revealed that 1,201 users identified as regional did not enter a biography, and 316 did not enter a location.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.050 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TIME ZONE ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Time zones from the 8,423 users found to encompass 40 time zones, and 2,268 users did not enter a time zone \(Table 4\). )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central time was listed on 4,268 users profiles, Mountain Time on 680 users, Eastern Time on 618 users, Pacific Time on 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(users, and the other 36 time zones represented 389 users. The variable results of time zones excluded them as being )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(considered as usable regional criteria.)] TJ ET q 26.250 312.314 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 315.061 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 4. Time Zones of the Regional Users)] TJ ET Q 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.747 555.000 109.067 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 291.784 423.195 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 303.689 423.570 0.750 re f 26.625 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Time Zones)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 450.195 291.784 130.305 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 450.195 303.689 130.680 0.750 re f 580.125 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 454.695 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 291.409 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 291.409 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 275.528 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Null)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 275.528 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 259.647 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mountain Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 259.647 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(680)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 243.766 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Eastern Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 243.766 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(618)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 227.884 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pacific Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 227.884 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 212.003 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 212.003 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(389)] TJ ET BT 26.250 141.223 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was completed in the required 96 hours \(4 days\) Twitter analysis: pre-storm total users \(3,145\), total tweets \(27,927\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(re-tweet \(6,551\), total tweets with hashtag \(5,763\), total GPS tweets \(758\), total Twitter application device types \(141\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified people \(3\), total languages \(6\), average use account length \(785 days\), average followers \(745\), average Klout \(33\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average friends \(506\).)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 33.009 577.500 743.991 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Tornado Impact Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Data from a 96 hour window around the tornado impact.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 591.526 555.000 140.830 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 395.854 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 396.229 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 422.854 719.326 157.646 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.854 731.231 158.021 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.354 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 718.951 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(127,954)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 703.070 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 687.189 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 687.189 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(81,441)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 671.308 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 671.308 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8,423)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 655.426 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 655.426 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(515)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 639.545 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 639.545 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(463)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 623.664 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 623.664 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,353)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 607.783 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional confirmed with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 607.783 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,290)] TJ ET BT 26.250 537.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preliminary evaluation of Twitter users was obtained via filtration sorting through three categories: tweets, biography, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 525.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of users. The relationship between the filters and the collected Twitter users revealed that the terms were mutually )] TJ ET BT 26.250 513.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(exclusive \(a single filter detected the user\) or mutually inclusive \(more than one filter detected the same user\) \(Table 2\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The first filter category labeled Tweet utilized users that specifically referenced the Twitter username of a regional news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outlet \(1,938 inclusive users and 1,444 exclusive users \(Table 2\). The Tweet filter second category labelled Biography used the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(845 inclusive and 186 exclusive users\), USM and Ole Miss \(417 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 458.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inclusive users and 126 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(327 inclusive users and 74 exclusive users\). The third filter category )] TJ ET BT 26.250 446.169 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(labeled Location used the terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(4,077 inclusive and 1,826 exclusive users\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 434.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL \(4,175 inclusive and 1,882 exclusive users\), all ZIP codes for MS & AL \(42 inclusive and 44 exclusive users\), USM and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss \(22 inclusive users and 18 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(1 inclusive user and 0 exclusive users\). The further )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation also revealed that 1,201 users identified as regional did not enter a biography, and 316 did not enter a location.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.050 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TIME ZONE ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Time zones from the 8,423 users found to encompass 40 time zones, and 2,268 users did not enter a time zone \(Table 4\). )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central time was listed on 4,268 users profiles, Mountain Time on 680 users, Eastern Time on 618 users, Pacific Time on 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(users, and the other 36 time zones represented 389 users. The variable results of time zones excluded them as being )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(considered as usable regional criteria.)] TJ ET q 26.250 312.314 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 315.061 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 4. Time Zones of the Regional Users)] TJ ET Q 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.747 555.000 109.067 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 291.784 423.195 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 303.689 423.570 0.750 re f 26.625 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Time Zones)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 450.195 291.784 130.305 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 450.195 303.689 130.680 0.750 re f 580.125 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 454.695 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 291.409 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 291.409 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 275.528 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Null)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 275.528 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 259.647 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mountain Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 259.647 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(680)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 243.766 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Eastern Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 243.766 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(618)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 227.884 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pacific Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 227.884 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 212.003 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 212.003 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(389)] TJ ET BT 26.250 141.223 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was completed in the required 96 hours \(4 days\) Twitter analysis: pre-storm total users \(3,145\), total tweets \(27,927\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(re-tweet \(6,551\), total tweets with hashtag \(5,763\), total GPS tweets \(758\), total Twitter application device types \(141\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified people \(3\), total languages \(6\), average use account length \(785 days\), average followers \(745\), average Klout \(33\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average friends \(506\).)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 33.009 577.500 743.991 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Tornado Impact Data)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Data from a 96 hour window around the tornado impact.)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 591.526 555.000 140.830 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 395.854 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 396.229 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Category)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 422.854 719.326 157.646 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.854 731.231 158.021 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.354 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 718.951 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(127,954)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 703.070 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 687.189 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26,938)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 687.189 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 687.189 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 671.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 677.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(81,441)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 671.308 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 671.308 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 655.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 661.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8,423)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 655.426 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 655.426 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 639.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 645.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(515)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 639.545 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional users with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 639.545 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 623.664 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 629.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(463)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 623.664 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional tweets with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 623.664 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 607.783 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 613.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,353)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 607.783 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 396.604 0.750 re f 26.625 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regional confirmed with GPS)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 422.479 607.783 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 158.396 0.750 re f 422.479 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 591.901 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 427.729 597.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,290)] TJ ET BT 26.250 537.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Preliminary evaluation of Twitter users was obtained via filtration sorting through three categories: tweets, biography, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 525.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of users. The relationship between the filters and the collected Twitter users revealed that the terms were mutually )] TJ ET BT 26.250 513.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(exclusive \(a single filter detected the user\) or mutually inclusive \(more than one filter detected the same user\) \(Table 2\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The first filter category labeled Tweet utilized users that specifically referenced the Twitter username of a regional news media )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outlet \(1,938 inclusive users and 1,444 exclusive users \(Table 2\). The Tweet filter second category labelled Biography used the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(845 inclusive and 186 exclusive users\), USM and Ole Miss \(417 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 458.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(inclusive users and 126 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(327 inclusive users and 74 exclusive users\). The third filter category )] TJ ET BT 26.250 446.169 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(labeled Location used the terms Mississippi, Alabama, Hattiesburg, Birmingham \(4,077 inclusive and 1,826 exclusive users\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 434.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(MS, AL \(4,175 inclusive and 1,882 exclusive users\), all ZIP codes for MS & AL \(42 inclusive and 44 exclusive users\), USM and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ole Miss \(22 inclusive users and 18 exclusive users\), and SMTTT \(1 inclusive user and 0 exclusive users\). The further )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(evaluation also revealed that 1,201 users identified as regional did not enter a biography, and 316 did not enter a location.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.050 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(TIME ZONE ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Time zones from the 8,423 users found to encompass 40 time zones, and 2,268 users did not enter a time zone \(Table 4\). )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central time was listed on 4,268 users profiles, Mountain Time on 680 users, Eastern Time on 618 users, Pacific Time on 200 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(users, and the other 36 time zones represented 389 users. The variable results of time zones excluded them as being )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(considered as usable regional criteria.)] TJ ET q 26.250 312.314 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 315.061 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 4. Time Zones of the Regional Users)] TJ ET Q 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.747 555.000 109.067 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 291.784 423.195 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 303.689 423.570 0.750 re f 26.625 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Time Zones)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 450.195 291.784 130.305 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 450.195 303.689 130.680 0.750 re f 580.125 291.409 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 454.695 294.540 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Users)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 291.409 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Central Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 291.409 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 275.528 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 281.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 275.528 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Null)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 275.528 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 259.647 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 265.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2,268)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 259.647 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mountain Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 259.647 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 243.766 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 249.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(680)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 243.766 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Eastern Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 243.766 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 227.884 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 233.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(618)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 227.884 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pacific Time \(US & Canada\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 227.884 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 212.003 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 218.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 212.003 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 423.945 0.750 re f 26.625 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 449.820 212.003 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 131.055 0.750 re f 449.820 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 196.122 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 455.070 202.148 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(389)] TJ ET BT 26.250 141.223 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS)] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.818 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This was completed in the required 96 hours \(4 days\) Twitter analysis: pre-storm total users \(3,145\), total tweets \(27,927\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.914 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(re-tweet \(6,551\), total tweets with hashtag \(5,763\), total GPS tweets \(758\), total Twitter application device types \(141\), total )] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Verified people \(3\), total languages \(6\), average use account length \(785 days\), average followers \(745\), average Klout \(33\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average friends \(506\).)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(4)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 183 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 185 0 R 187 0 R 190 0 R 193 0 R 195 0 R 197 0 R 199 0 R 201 0 R 203 0 R ] /Contents 184 0 R >> endobj 184 0 obj << /Length 5350 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 32.158 577.500 744.842 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-storm results found total users \(7,501\), total tweets \(53,514\), total retweets \(20,758\), total tweets with hashtag \(13,598\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(total GPS tweets \(1,879\), total application types \(192\), total verified people \(3\), total languages \(8\), average user account length )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(846\), average followers \(779\), average Klout \(34\), and average friends \(504\)\(Table 1\) \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 403.945 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figures 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 453.251 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 369.658 555.000 364.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 733.786 m 581.250 733.786 l 581.250 733.036 l 26.250 733.036 l f 26.250 369.658 m 581.250 369.658 l 581.250 370.408 l 26.250 370.408 l f q 450.000 0 0 284.250 35.250 439.786 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 380.908 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 424.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Regional Users: Tweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 404.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 391.156 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tweets by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 32.158 555.000 330.000 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 362.158 m 581.250 362.158 l 581.250 361.408 l 26.250 361.408 l f q 450.000 0 0 314.250 35.250 38.158 cm /I5 Do Q q 35.250 32.158 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 32.158 577.500 744.842 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-storm results found total users \(7,501\), total tweets \(53,514\), total retweets \(20,758\), total tweets with hashtag \(13,598\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(total GPS tweets \(1,879\), total application types \(192\), total verified people \(3\), total languages \(8\), average user account length )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(846\), average followers \(779\), average Klout \(34\), and average friends \(504\)\(Table 1\) \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 403.945 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figures 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 453.251 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 369.658 555.000 364.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 733.786 m 581.250 733.786 l 581.250 733.036 l 26.250 733.036 l f 26.250 369.658 m 581.250 369.658 l 581.250 370.408 l 26.250 370.408 l f q 450.000 0 0 284.250 35.250 439.786 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 380.908 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 424.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Regional Users: Tweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 404.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 391.156 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tweets by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 32.158 555.000 330.000 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 362.158 m 581.250 362.158 l 581.250 361.408 l 26.250 361.408 l f q 450.000 0 0 314.250 35.250 38.158 cm /I5 Do Q q 35.250 32.158 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 32.158 577.500 744.842 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-storm results found total users \(7,501\), total tweets \(53,514\), total retweets \(20,758\), total tweets with hashtag \(13,598\), )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(total GPS tweets \(1,879\), total application types \(192\), total verified people \(3\), total languages \(8\), average user account length )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(846\), average followers \(779\), average Klout \(34\), and average friends \(504\)\(Table 1\) \()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 403.945 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figures 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 453.251 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\).)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 369.658 555.000 364.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 733.786 m 581.250 733.786 l 581.250 733.036 l 26.250 733.036 l f 26.250 369.658 m 581.250 369.658 l 581.250 370.408 l 26.250 370.408 l f q 450.000 0 0 284.250 35.250 439.786 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 380.908 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 424.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Regional Users: Tweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 404.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. 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M)Km,yld0ޕxFSլtq[|׵o<-3LoxMQFFr ]xSM'Q|U%sR~ʰZ.f[xq̅G$Ns^. 7ki.Oyg+(Qo-F %A(ͦ>3Wދt@s%0 uY;2(yR'f(!鸶9s]{~6[;qoqlLy2Qÿ$Z[œ71Z**:s!ߜ8_BъSUӧ-.] Eܨe+dbONM/ēUUhtnV\DmsjZ;osύcس_#7;N/wm@Wh|]Ou{HlUX2;9'=-b?x/$ʹشR E)& ltؕfE 栶tyh͌oI@&1X7n@+֖ >Bҿ:7?&Q ӓuo7˒ 3t?C|a?|N--VD*\*Y|FOT>~a$x/''|:fK']>?:;1ύA#x.þ!>(Ƌ,\Li|e p2DyI}/je&K{M!CH<;Rm^?kź펹WF%EsݐC&.C6T> sZ-mo I> endobj 194 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-4-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 195 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 196 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 439.7858 485.2500 724.0358 ] >> endobj 196 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-2-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 197 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 198 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 38.1585 485.2500 352.4085 ] >> endobj 198 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-3-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 199 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 200 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 403.9455 742.7648 453.2512 752.6854 ] >> endobj 200 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-4-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 201 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 202 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 439.7858 485.2500 724.0358 ] >> endobj 202 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-2-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 204 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 38.1585 485.2500 352.4085 ] >> endobj 204 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-3-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 205 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 207 0 R 210 0 R 212 0 R 214 0 R 216 0 R 218 0 R ] /Contents 206 0 R >> endobj 206 0 obj << /Length 11979 >> stream q 15.000 24.463 577.500 752.537 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Regional Users: Hashtags per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 301.495 555.000 403.877 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 705.373 m 581.250 705.373 l 581.250 704.623 l 26.250 704.623 l f 26.250 301.495 m 581.250 301.495 l 581.250 302.245 l 26.250 302.245 l f q 450.000 0 0 324.000 35.250 371.623 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 312.745 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 356.099 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Regional Users: Retweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 336.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 322.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 284.472 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL GPS VALIDATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.067 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS data was provided by 515 total regional users, and 463 users were found to have tweeted with GPS locations in Alabama )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.162 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or Mississippi in the 11 day span. Of the 52 users that did not have GPS locations, 30 users listed Hattiesburg, MS as their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.257 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location, and 9 listed locations within Mississippi and Alabama. Including those users who may have been traveling and identify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.353 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(themselves as Mississippi or Alabama locations put the likely regional accuracy of 502 of 515, 97.4%. Inspecting the GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.448 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of the specific tweets 2,290 of 2,353 fall within the state borders. Closer inspection found 41 of the 63 users who )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.543 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tweeted also had their location listed as Hattiesburg, MS.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.138 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT)] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.734 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Quality assessment of the 900 users showed a 100% validation of no aberrant term usage. Assessing 900 non-regional users )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.829 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(found two users that were likely Mississippi or Alabama regional users during the four day window.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.226 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.272 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study team successfully developed and validated a novel methodological approach for extracting regional Twitter data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(despite the anonymity established in popular social media devices. This triangulation methodological approach is designed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 74.463 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around the Twitter API or firehose in order to provide a real-time or cross-sectional technique to accurately predict user )] TJ ET BT 26.250 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.269 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.032 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( provides a categorical summation of our triangulation approach revealing the exclusive terms that provided )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.653 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(unique users that would not otherwise have been captured by a single event. Location represents the largest predictor of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 38.748 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(user region with 70.3%, but would lose 29.3% if used as a single feature. Users that posted a tweet referencing a local news )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 24.463 577.500 752.537 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Regional Users: Hashtags per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 301.495 555.000 403.877 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 705.373 m 581.250 705.373 l 581.250 704.623 l 26.250 704.623 l f 26.250 301.495 m 581.250 301.495 l 581.250 302.245 l 26.250 302.245 l f q 450.000 0 0 324.000 35.250 371.623 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 312.745 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 356.099 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Regional Users: Retweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 336.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 322.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 284.472 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL GPS VALIDATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.067 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS data was provided by 515 total regional users, and 463 users were found to have tweeted with GPS locations in Alabama )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.162 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or Mississippi in the 11 day span. Of the 52 users that did not have GPS locations, 30 users listed Hattiesburg, MS as their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.257 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location, and 9 listed locations within Mississippi and Alabama. Including those users who may have been traveling and identify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.353 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(themselves as Mississippi or Alabama locations put the likely regional accuracy of 502 of 515, 97.4%. Inspecting the GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.448 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of the specific tweets 2,290 of 2,353 fall within the state borders. Closer inspection found 41 of the 63 users who )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.543 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tweeted also had their location listed as Hattiesburg, MS.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.138 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT)] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.734 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Quality assessment of the 900 users showed a 100% validation of no aberrant term usage. Assessing 900 non-regional users )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.829 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(found two users that were likely Mississippi or Alabama regional users during the four day window.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.226 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.272 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study team successfully developed and validated a novel methodological approach for extracting regional Twitter data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(despite the anonymity established in popular social media devices. This triangulation methodological approach is designed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 74.463 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around the Twitter API or firehose in order to provide a real-time or cross-sectional technique to accurately predict user )] TJ ET BT 26.250 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.269 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.032 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( provides a categorical summation of our triangulation approach revealing the exclusive terms that provided )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.653 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(unique users that would not otherwise have been captured by a single event. Location represents the largest predictor of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 38.748 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(user region with 70.3%, but would lose 29.3% if used as a single feature. Users that posted a tweet referencing a local news )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 24.463 577.500 752.537 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 712.873 555.000 64.127 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 712.873 m 581.250 712.873 l 581.250 713.623 l 26.250 713.623 l f q 35.250 724.123 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Regional Users: Hashtags per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hashtags by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 301.495 555.000 403.877 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 705.373 m 581.250 705.373 l 581.250 704.623 l 26.250 704.623 l f 26.250 301.495 m 581.250 301.495 l 581.250 302.245 l 26.250 302.245 l f q 450.000 0 0 324.000 35.250 371.623 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 312.745 537.000 52.877 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 356.099 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Regional Users: Retweets per Hour)] TJ ET BT 35.250 336.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0 signifies the storm impact. -50 is 50 hours pre-storm. 46 is 46 hours post-storm. This figure displays the usage of )] TJ ET BT 35.250 322.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Retweets by regionally identified Mississippi & Alabama Twitter users.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 284.472 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(REGIONAL GPS VALIDATION)] TJ ET BT 26.250 265.067 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(GPS data was provided by 515 total regional users, and 463 users were found to have tweeted with GPS locations in Alabama )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.162 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or Mississippi in the 11 day span. Of the 52 users that did not have GPS locations, 30 users listed Hattiesburg, MS as their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.257 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location, and 9 listed locations within Mississippi and Alabama. Including those users who may have been traveling and identify )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.353 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(themselves as Mississippi or Alabama locations put the likely regional accuracy of 502 of 515, 97.4%. Inspecting the GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.448 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location of the specific tweets 2,290 of 2,353 fall within the state borders. Closer inspection found 41 of the 63 users who )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.543 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(tweeted also had their location listed as Hattiesburg, MS.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.138 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(QUALITY ASSESSMENT)] TJ ET BT 26.250 166.734 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Quality assessment of the 900 users showed a 100% validation of no aberrant term usage. Assessing 900 non-regional users )] TJ ET BT 26.250 154.829 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(found two users that were likely Mississippi or Alabama regional users during the four day window.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.226 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 98.272 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The study team successfully developed and validated a novel methodological approach for extracting regional Twitter data )] TJ ET BT 26.250 86.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(despite the anonymity established in popular social media devices. This triangulation methodological approach is designed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 74.463 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(around the Twitter API or firehose in order to provide a real-time or cross-sectional technique to accurately predict user )] TJ ET BT 26.250 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(location. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.269 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.032 62.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( provides a categorical summation of our triangulation approach revealing the exclusive terms that provided )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.653 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(unique users that would not otherwise have been captured by a single event. Location represents the largest predictor of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 38.748 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(user region with 70.3%, but would lose 29.3% if used as a single feature. Users that posted a tweet referencing a local news )] TJ ET Q q 450.000 0 0 324.000 35.250 371.623 cm /I6 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(6)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 207 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 208 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 371.6227 485.2500 695.6227 ] >> endobj 208 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2015/01/Part-2_Figure-4-JPEG21.jpg) >> endobj 209 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 600 /Height 432 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 33119>> stream JFIF;CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), quality = 90 C     C   X" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?QǽъL{ޓ Qz( {ъ(QE9Qϭ( {E1GGz1F( {ъ??1F(h`@(ǽs@(PGF Q(hրƌ{Q(bhh9Pњ3@4sE94PFh93@4sFh94gڀi9ɣ4.}2hѓK9&JNiy'ҌPsK4)&Nh斌94f9^hϵQ4FOsG4>FMf4ffp)s!'~il~XxNӮcIBl?()rqSk~+k6+CdX]41Q<853n~!pbMZ\1830 R9m^Yzx.~ (Ig-?4ek8i?ږK Z?Jx㟅~(^}sMUUSd.p!h | x۵ԐB:PI8~'tK5KXm6):S8#"?tOڏźS^'iBD O݆q$$~]K!Re?#/¿xSl 6N,'ʸf)\/>3ga.]{†uH8̅*~^1{RY*uᧈn|-=bM B"ew_/Gek_VyIxyu4ǹ 3_/>35MKƗ'5*!_&'Kq.[S-7j m%nl (Wa@RCA<%;Gtϋ_9nŚ&omъ2={;4+㶵iX*F2k׍5Gg-UN9y/237D,IHN7KRQZ6xz{5cE$*c+23MjO?DFkĸ~mΛgxƯĨ,}"T'g^?ԗѤ5h u}B쐕e`$;\1y+h~ix?CP/%j>-F\2xcX@Yrw q*zO/đ#!iz<_q~&pP sG|w91Hx~i0ot~Ziut.ʏ-Z(n/wcJ|e>jמCH_DxUY  2W>3~&ckXK1! 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Regional terms such as the Ole Miss, USM, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT played a slight increase in the data at 3.9%. There are no research articles that have currently utilized and validated the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data in this approach. Previous papers have followed an approach solely on keywords or hashtags that have been less )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.066 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.703 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This comprehensive approach reveals the value of the triangulation to capture users.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 363.335 555.000 346.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 709.976 m 581.250 709.976 l 581.250 709.226 l 26.250 709.226 l f 26.250 363.335 m 581.250 363.335 l 581.250 364.085 l 26.250 364.085 l f q 225.000 0 0 280.500 35.250 419.726 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 374.585 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 404.202 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Exclusive Regional Criteria)] TJ ET BT 35.250 384.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The percent of users that were captured by a single regional term.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 346.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Type of usage stayed consistent for both pre-storm and post-storm with mobile phones remaining over 70%; this shows the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(possible application of using the GPS feature during the time of a disaster and the mobility of this communication media in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster period. Prime hours of Twitter usage for the local population were displayed with the peak use times being during )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(daytime hours and diminishing during the night time hours. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 281.486 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Figure 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.163 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\) During the Tornado hours, a peak in Twitter usage was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(apparent with a 2-fold increase in tweets during this timeframe, yet mobile phone usage before and after the storm was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(consistent pre- and post-storm. This activity increased its outreach and ability to notify people without the need of sitting at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(desktop computer \(Note: merger of the top 6 devices used representing 60% of all tweet origination. The other 210 tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(programs are thinly distributed\). Overall Twitter social media platform shows potential for disaster management and response to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disseminate information to a local population group.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.669 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currently, there are limited studies providing an easily accessible methodology to harnessing the power of social media. By )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(being able to provide methodology to local or subset of a population group one can use social media locally and globally in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(many fields such as but not limited to: public health, information dissemination strategies, sociology, marketing, branding, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(political science, health information and behaviors, entrepreneurship, business, psychology, criminology, sex trafficking, drug )] TJ ET BT 26.250 184.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trafficking, relationship cultivation strategies, linguistic studies, population studies, migration pattern studies, behavior studies, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and educational technique; all of which were once inaccessible to the lay user.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.740 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitters unique features allow it to become a unique social media tool for emergency management and public health officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid and accurate two-way communication.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 230.532 142.343 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 240.169 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Additionally, understanding how and if a variable can be manipulated plays a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(crucial role in learning how to use this social media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.026 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This knowledge will create a better framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.121 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(received by the at-risk population in order to mitigate morbidity and mortality. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(so is relatively ubiquitous for all populations regardless of social and economic status.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The triangulation/ regional approach can be further adapted to real-time solutions based on the presence of an event within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(region of the country. For example, bombing events could be regionally isolated based upon certain regional criteria, thereby )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(zooming in on that part of the Twitter data stream to gain real-time analysis. Active and passive surveillance can be enhanced )] TJ ET BT 26.250 38.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by coupling it with an artificial intelligence-like systems to monitor specific hashtags.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 386.581 39.605 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 396.218 38.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This can potentially minimize the noise )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 23.812 577.500 753.188 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(media source captured 25.8% of users that was effective considering most people use Twitter for news purposes.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 515.047 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.684 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This proved )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to be a unique and valuable asset to capture users propagating local news. Regional terms such as the Ole Miss, USM, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT played a slight increase in the data at 3.9%. There are no research articles that have currently utilized and validated the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data in this approach. Previous papers have followed an approach solely on keywords or hashtags that have been less )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.066 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.703 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This comprehensive approach reveals the value of the triangulation to capture users.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 363.335 555.000 346.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 709.976 m 581.250 709.976 l 581.250 709.226 l 26.250 709.226 l f 26.250 363.335 m 581.250 363.335 l 581.250 364.085 l 26.250 364.085 l f q 225.000 0 0 280.500 35.250 419.726 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 374.585 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 404.202 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Exclusive Regional Criteria)] TJ ET BT 35.250 384.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The percent of users that were captured by a single regional term.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 346.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Type of usage stayed consistent for both pre-storm and post-storm with mobile phones remaining over 70%; this shows the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(possible application of using the GPS feature during the time of a disaster and the mobility of this communication media in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster period. Prime hours of Twitter usage for the local population were displayed with the peak use times being during )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(daytime hours and diminishing during the night time hours. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 281.486 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Figure 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.163 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\) During the Tornado hours, a peak in Twitter usage was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(apparent with a 2-fold increase in tweets during this timeframe, yet mobile phone usage before and after the storm was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(consistent pre- and post-storm. This activity increased its outreach and ability to notify people without the need of sitting at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(desktop computer \(Note: merger of the top 6 devices used representing 60% of all tweet origination. The other 210 tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(programs are thinly distributed\). Overall Twitter social media platform shows potential for disaster management and response to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disseminate information to a local population group.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.669 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currently, there are limited studies providing an easily accessible methodology to harnessing the power of social media. By )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(being able to provide methodology to local or subset of a population group one can use social media locally and globally in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(many fields such as but not limited to: public health, information dissemination strategies, sociology, marketing, branding, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(political science, health information and behaviors, entrepreneurship, business, psychology, criminology, sex trafficking, drug )] TJ ET BT 26.250 184.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trafficking, relationship cultivation strategies, linguistic studies, population studies, migration pattern studies, behavior studies, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and educational technique; all of which were once inaccessible to the lay user.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.740 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitters unique features allow it to become a unique social media tool for emergency management and public health officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid and accurate two-way communication.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 230.532 142.343 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 240.169 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Additionally, understanding how and if a variable can be manipulated plays a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(crucial role in learning how to use this social media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.026 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This knowledge will create a better framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.121 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(received by the at-risk population in order to mitigate morbidity and mortality. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(so is relatively ubiquitous for all populations regardless of social and economic status.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The triangulation/ regional approach can be further adapted to real-time solutions based on the presence of an event within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(region of the country. For example, bombing events could be regionally isolated based upon certain regional criteria, thereby )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(zooming in on that part of the Twitter data stream to gain real-time analysis. Active and passive surveillance can be enhanced )] TJ ET BT 26.250 38.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(by coupling it with an artificial intelligence-like systems to monitor specific hashtags.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 386.581 39.605 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 396.218 38.097 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This can potentially minimize the noise )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 23.812 577.500 753.188 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(media source captured 25.8% of users that was effective considering most people use Twitter for news purposes.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 515.047 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 524.684 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This proved )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to be a unique and valuable asset to capture users propagating local news. Regional terms such as the Ole Miss, USM, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(SMTTT played a slight increase in the data at 3.9%. There are no research articles that have currently utilized and validated the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data in this approach. Previous papers have followed an approach solely on keywords or hashtags that have been less )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 95.066 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.703 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( This comprehensive approach reveals the value of the triangulation to capture users.)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 363.335 555.000 346.641 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 709.976 m 581.250 709.976 l 581.250 709.226 l 26.250 709.226 l f 26.250 363.335 m 581.250 363.335 l 581.250 364.085 l 26.250 364.085 l f q 225.000 0 0 280.500 35.250 419.726 cm /I7 Do Q q 35.250 374.585 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 404.202 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 5: Exclusive Regional Criteria)] TJ ET BT 35.250 384.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The percent of users that were captured by a single regional term.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 346.311 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Type of usage stayed consistent for both pre-storm and post-storm with mobile phones remaining over 70%; this shows the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 334.407 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(possible application of using the GPS feature during the time of a disaster and the mobility of this communication media in a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 322.502 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster period. Prime hours of Twitter usage for the local population were displayed with the peak use times being during )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(daytime hours and diminishing during the night time hours. )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 281.486 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(Figure 2-4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 329.163 310.597 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\) During the Tornado hours, a peak in Twitter usage was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.692 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(apparent with a 2-fold increase in tweets during this timeframe, yet mobile phone usage before and after the storm was )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.788 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(consistent pre- and post-storm. This activity increased its outreach and ability to notify people without the need of sitting at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.883 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(desktop computer \(Note: merger of the top 6 devices used representing 60% of all tweet origination. The other 210 tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.978 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(programs are thinly distributed\). Overall Twitter social media platform shows potential for disaster management and response to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.073 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disseminate information to a local population group.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.669 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Currently, there are limited studies providing an easily accessible methodology to harnessing the power of social media. By )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.764 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(being able to provide methodology to local or subset of a population group one can use social media locally and globally in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.859 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(many fields such as but not limited to: public health, information dissemination strategies, sociology, marketing, branding, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.954 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(political science, health information and behaviors, entrepreneurship, business, psychology, criminology, sex trafficking, drug )] TJ ET BT 26.250 184.050 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trafficking, relationship cultivation strategies, linguistic studies, population studies, migration pattern studies, behavior studies, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 172.145 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and educational technique; all of which were once inaccessible to the lay user.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.740 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Twitters unique features allow it to become a unique social media tool for emergency management and public health officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for rapid and accurate two-way communication.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 230.532 142.343 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 240.169 140.835 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Additionally, understanding how and if a variable can be manipulated plays a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(crucial role in learning how to use this social media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 117.026 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This knowledge will create a better framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively )] TJ ET BT 26.250 105.121 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(received by the at-risk population in order to mitigate morbidity and mortality. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone )] TJ ET BT 26.250 93.216 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(so is relatively ubiquitous for all populations regardless of social and economic status.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The triangulation/ regional approach can be further adapted to real-time solutions based on the presence of an event within a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(region of the country. For example, bombing events could be regionally isolated based upon certain regional criteria, thereby )] TJ ET BT 26.250 50.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(zooming in on that part of the Twitter data stream to gain real-time analysis. 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The triangulation approach could also be used to identify regional viral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(messages or superspreaders to get them on board with disseminating an impending threat at a grass roots level. This will be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed further in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.289 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 133.012 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Next Steps)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 54.974 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( in our series describes the role of variables that may be purposefully manipulated \(modified\) to best use this social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. This knowledge will create a better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively received by the at-risk population and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigate overall morbidity and mortality outcomes. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone so is relatively ubiquitous for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(all populations regardless of social and economic status. The authors will also analyze the message itself and identify factors )] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that promote risk communication and prevent morbidity and mortality at the local level during a time sensitive event.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.984 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Limitations)] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Initial extraction must be performed based on criteria that bias the data to locally specific tweets, but independent access to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(full Twitterverse database is prohibited by terms of service. To limit bias, the team utilized a comprehensive broad-based initial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extraction. The findings are limited by the scope of time \(96 hrs\), and nature of the event that was monitored in the region. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regardless the pre-tornado activity was typical of most normal days and activities in the region. The team was was still able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extract and triangulate a total of 81,441 tweets and 10,646 Twitter users, 27,309 retweets, and 2,637 tweets with GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinates \(pre- and post-\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 492.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Search terms only utilized English and may miss minor misspellings of those terms not caught in the small user sampling. City )] TJ ET BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(names were not used outside of Birmingham and Hattiesburg due to corresponding cities in other states. Social media sites )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often provide anonymity that many users wish to preserve making defining their region impossible. Some users may be on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(business accounts. Some people view tweets without creating accounts.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User mentions are difficult to ascertain due to the name similarity between users. Pseudo-retweets or users who send a tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed to look like a retweet play a small role in the data, but present problems during filtration and extraction. Therefore, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actual population that received and responded to a tweet is likely an underestimate of the true population that received the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(message. Retweets are identical tweets that were messaged forward onto users. While one cannot truly measure whether an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(action was taken upon a Twitter communique an acknowledgment that a tweet was received and important enough to relay to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(its followers, retweets.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 340.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.901 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study describes the technically detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.997 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(haystack of tweets transmitted during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 297.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(96 hour window of the storm that were emitted on the Twitterverse. The data generated from the approach provides a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 285.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(descriptive analysis of the regional Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. By being able to target a subset )] TJ ET BT 26.250 273.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a population, rapid information dissemination is possible leading to a potential improvement in morbidity and mortality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 261.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outcomes in local disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.775 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.218 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We would like to thank the following for their invaluable support of this project: James Turner, DO, Dean of William Carey )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Wesley Medical Center, Forrest General Hospital, Sherry Turner, DO, Elizabeth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Smith-Trigg, Sarah Middleton, Kyle Hopkins and Forrest County Emergency Operations Center.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.352 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part I: Introduction, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Terminology, Research and Operational Applications. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.088 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.1371/currents.dis.a7657429d6f25f02bb5253e551015f0f)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 34.207 577.500 742.793 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in twitter that would unlikely affect those outside the area. The triangulation approach could also be used to identify regional viral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(messages or superspreaders to get them on board with disseminating an impending threat at a grass roots level. This will be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed further in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.289 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 133.012 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Next Steps)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 54.974 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( in our series describes the role of variables that may be purposefully manipulated \(modified\) to best use this social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. This knowledge will create a better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively received by the at-risk population and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigate overall morbidity and mortality outcomes. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone so is relatively ubiquitous for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(all populations regardless of social and economic status. The authors will also analyze the message itself and identify factors )] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that promote risk communication and prevent morbidity and mortality at the local level during a time sensitive event.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.984 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Limitations)] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Initial extraction must be performed based on criteria that bias the data to locally specific tweets, but independent access to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(full Twitterverse database is prohibited by terms of service. To limit bias, the team utilized a comprehensive broad-based initial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extraction. The findings are limited by the scope of time \(96 hrs\), and nature of the event that was monitored in the region. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regardless the pre-tornado activity was typical of most normal days and activities in the region. The team was was still able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extract and triangulate a total of 81,441 tweets and 10,646 Twitter users, 27,309 retweets, and 2,637 tweets with GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinates \(pre- and post-\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 492.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Search terms only utilized English and may miss minor misspellings of those terms not caught in the small user sampling. City )] TJ ET BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(names were not used outside of Birmingham and Hattiesburg due to corresponding cities in other states. Social media sites )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often provide anonymity that many users wish to preserve making defining their region impossible. Some users may be on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(business accounts. Some people view tweets without creating accounts.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User mentions are difficult to ascertain due to the name similarity between users. Pseudo-retweets or users who send a tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed to look like a retweet play a small role in the data, but present problems during filtration and extraction. Therefore, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actual population that received and responded to a tweet is likely an underestimate of the true population that received the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(message. Retweets are identical tweets that were messaged forward onto users. While one cannot truly measure whether an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(action was taken upon a Twitter communique an acknowledgment that a tweet was received and important enough to relay to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(its followers, retweets.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 340.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.901 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study describes the technically detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.997 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(haystack of tweets transmitted during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 297.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(96 hour window of the storm that were emitted on the Twitterverse. The data generated from the approach provides a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 285.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(descriptive analysis of the regional Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. By being able to target a subset )] TJ ET BT 26.250 273.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a population, rapid information dissemination is possible leading to a potential improvement in morbidity and mortality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 261.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outcomes in local disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.775 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.218 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We would like to thank the following for their invaluable support of this project: James Turner, DO, Dean of William Carey )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Wesley Medical Center, Forrest General Hospital, Sherry Turner, DO, Elizabeth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Smith-Trigg, Sarah Middleton, Kyle Hopkins and Forrest County Emergency Operations Center.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.352 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part I: Introduction, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Terminology, Research and Operational Applications. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.088 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.1371/currents.dis.a7657429d6f25f02bb5253e551015f0f)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 34.207 577.500 742.793 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(in twitter that would unlikely affect those outside the area. The triangulation approach could also be used to identify regional viral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(messages or superspreaders to get them on board with disseminating an impending threat at a grass roots level. This will be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(detailed further in )] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 104.289 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 133.012 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Next Steps)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Part III)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 54.974 687.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( in our series describes the role of variables that may be purposefully manipulated \(modified\) to best use this social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 675.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(media platform for effective, accurate, and rapid mass information communication. This knowledge will create a better )] TJ ET BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(framework for understanding how to create and alter messages that will be effectively received by the at-risk population and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(mitigate overall morbidity and mortality outcomes. This platform can be accessed via a smartphone so is relatively ubiquitous for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(all populations regardless of social and economic status. The authors will also analyze the message itself and identify factors )] TJ ET BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that promote risk communication and prevent morbidity and mortality at the local level during a time sensitive event.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.984 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Limitations)] TJ ET BT 26.250 571.029 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Initial extraction must be performed based on criteria that bias the data to locally specific tweets, but independent access to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 559.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(full Twitterverse database is prohibited by terms of service. To limit bias, the team utilized a comprehensive broad-based initial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extraction. The findings are limited by the scope of time \(96 hrs\), and nature of the event that was monitored in the region. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Regardless the pre-tornado activity was typical of most normal days and activities in the region. The team was was still able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extract and triangulate a total of 81,441 tweets and 10,646 Twitter users, 27,309 retweets, and 2,637 tweets with GPS )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinates \(pre- and post-\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 492.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Search terms only utilized English and may miss minor misspellings of those terms not caught in the small user sampling. City )] TJ ET BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(names were not used outside of Birmingham and Hattiesburg due to corresponding cities in other states. Social media sites )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often provide anonymity that many users wish to preserve making defining their region impossible. Some users may be on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(business accounts. Some people view tweets without creating accounts.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(User mentions are difficult to ascertain due to the name similarity between users. Pseudo-retweets or users who send a tweet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(designed to look like a retweet play a small role in the data, but present problems during filtration and extraction. Therefore, the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actual population that received and responded to a tweet is likely an underestimate of the true population that received the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(message. Retweets are identical tweets that were messaged forward onto users. While one cannot truly measure whether an )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(action was taken upon a Twitter communique an acknowledgment that a tweet was received and important enough to relay to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(its followers, retweets.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 340.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Conclusions)] TJ ET BT 26.250 320.901 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This study describes the technically detailed methodological application of the novel triangulation methodology used to filter the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 308.997 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(haystack of tweets transmitted during the 2013 Hattiesburg Tornado among those captured from the over 2 billion tweets in the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 297.092 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(96 hour window of the storm that were emitted on the Twitterverse. The data generated from the approach provides a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 285.187 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(descriptive analysis of the regional Twitter activity 48 hours pre- and post- Hattiesburg Tornado. By being able to target a subset )] TJ ET BT 26.250 273.282 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a population, rapid information dissemination is possible leading to a potential improvement in morbidity and mortality )] TJ ET BT 26.250 261.378 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outcomes in local disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 224.775 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interests)] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.821 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.218 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.264 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(We would like to thank the following for their invaluable support of this project: James Turner, DO, Dean of William Carey )] TJ ET BT 26.250 136.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Wesley Medical Center, Forrest General Hospital, Sherry Turner, DO, Elizabeth )] TJ ET BT 26.250 124.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Smith-Trigg, Sarah Middleton, Kyle Hopkins and Forrest County Emergency Operations Center.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.352 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 67.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cooper GP, Yeager V, Burkle FM, Subbarao I. Twitter as a Potential Disaster Risk Reduction Tool. Part I: Introduction, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Terminology, Research and Operational Applications. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jun 29 . 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United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2013. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 739.586 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack Rules [Computer Software]. Gnip, Inc. 2013. Available at https://support.gnip.com/apis/powertrack/rules.html. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Accessed 1 August 2013.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 700.645 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cates AL, Arnold BW, Cooper GP, Yeager V, Stake J, Ali M, Calderone RC, Wilkinson J, Hsu E, Parrillo S, Piper S, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 670.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Subbarao I. Impact of dual-polarization radar technology and Twitter on the Hattiesburg, Mississippi tornado. Disaster Med )] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Public Health Prep. 2013 Dec;7\(6\):585-92. PubMed PMID:24444131.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Potts L, Seitzinger J, Jones D, Harrison A. 2011. Tweeting disaster: hashtag constructions and collisions. In Proceedings of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 626.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 29th ACM international conference on Design of communication \(SIGDOC '11\). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 235-240. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 615.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Resources for Oklahoma tornado victims Available at https://www.redrover.org/resources-oklahoma-tornado-victims. Accessed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 603.166 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 594.680 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Uccellini, L., W. Service Assessment: May 2013 Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding. National Weather Service. 2013. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.225 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available at https://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/13oklahoma_tornadoes.pdf. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 555.739 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ubuntu \(Version 12.04\) [Computer Software]. Canonical Ltd. 2014. London, England.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruby on Rails \(version 2.0.0\) [Computer Software]. Basecamp. 2014. Chicago, IL.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bing Maps Rest API \(Version 7\). [Computer Software]. Microsoft. 2014. Redmond, WA.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Anderson M and Caumont A. How social media is reshaping news. Pew Research Center. 2014. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/24/how-social-media-is-reshaping-news/. Accessed 11 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 458.585 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruths D, Pfeffer J. Social sciences. Social media for large studies of behavior. Science. 2014 Nov 28;346\(6213\):1063-4. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 428.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PubMed PMID:25430759.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houry D, Swahn MH, Hankin A. Social media, public scholarship, and injury prevention. West J Emerg Med. 2014 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aug;15\(5\):565-6. PubMed PMID:25184017.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gomide J, Veloso, A, Meira W, Almeida V, Benevenuto, F, Ferraz F, Teixeira M. WebSci Conference 2011. 2011. Dengue )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surveillance based on a computational model of spatio-temporal locality of Twitter. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.websci11.org/fileadmin/websci/Papers/92_paper.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 345.120 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 328.594 577.500 448.406 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(FORM S-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2013. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 739.586 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack Rules [Computer Software]. Gnip, Inc. 2013. Available at https://support.gnip.com/apis/powertrack/rules.html. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Accessed 1 August 2013.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 700.645 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cates AL, Arnold BW, Cooper GP, Yeager V, Stake J, Ali M, Calderone RC, Wilkinson J, Hsu E, Parrillo S, Piper S, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 670.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Subbarao I. Impact of dual-polarization radar technology and Twitter on the Hattiesburg, Mississippi tornado. Disaster Med )] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Public Health Prep. 2013 Dec;7\(6\):585-92. PubMed PMID:24444131.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Potts L, Seitzinger J, Jones D, Harrison A. 2011. Tweeting disaster: hashtag constructions and collisions. In Proceedings of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 626.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 29th ACM international conference on Design of communication \(SIGDOC '11\). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 235-240. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 615.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Resources for Oklahoma tornado victims Available at https://www.redrover.org/resources-oklahoma-tornado-victims. Accessed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 603.166 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 594.680 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Uccellini, L., W. Service Assessment: May 2013 Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding. National Weather Service. 2013. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.225 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available at https://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/13oklahoma_tornadoes.pdf. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 555.739 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ubuntu \(Version 12.04\) [Computer Software]. Canonical Ltd. 2014. London, England.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruby on Rails \(version 2.0.0\) [Computer Software]. Basecamp. 2014. Chicago, IL.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bing Maps Rest API \(Version 7\). [Computer Software]. Microsoft. 2014. Redmond, WA.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Anderson M and Caumont A. How social media is reshaping news. Pew Research Center. 2014. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/24/how-social-media-is-reshaping-news/. Accessed 11 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 458.585 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruths D, Pfeffer J. Social sciences. Social media for large studies of behavior. Science. 2014 Nov 28;346\(6213\):1063-4. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 428.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PubMed PMID:25430759.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houry D, Swahn MH, Hankin A. Social media, public scholarship, and injury prevention. West J Emerg Med. 2014 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aug;15\(5\):565-6. PubMed PMID:25184017.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gomide J, Veloso, A, Meira W, Almeida V, Benevenuto, F, Ferraz F, Teixeira M. WebSci Conference 2011. 2011. Dengue )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surveillance based on a computational model of spatio-temporal locality of Twitter. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.websci11.org/fileadmin/websci/Papers/92_paper.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 345.120 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 328.594 577.500 448.406 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(FORM S-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2013. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1418091/000119312513390321/d564001ds1.htm. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 739.586 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 721.035 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PowerTrack Rules [Computer Software]. Gnip, Inc. 2013. Available at https://support.gnip.com/apis/powertrack/rules.html. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 709.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Accessed 1 August 2013.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 700.645 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 682.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cates AL, Arnold BW, Cooper GP, Yeager V, Stake J, Ali M, Calderone RC, Wilkinson J, Hsu E, Parrillo S, Piper S, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 670.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Subbarao I. Impact of dual-polarization radar technology and Twitter on the Hattiesburg, Mississippi tornado. Disaster Med )] TJ ET BT 26.250 658.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Public Health Prep. 2013 Dec;7\(6\):585-92. PubMed PMID:24444131.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 638.880 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Potts L, Seitzinger J, Jones D, Harrison A. 2011. Tweeting disaster: hashtag constructions and collisions. In Proceedings of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 626.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 29th ACM international conference on Design of communication \(SIGDOC '11\). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 235-240. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 615.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Resources for Oklahoma tornado victims Available at https://www.redrover.org/resources-oklahoma-tornado-victims. Accessed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 603.166 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 594.680 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 576.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Uccellini, L., W. Service Assessment: May 2013 Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding. National Weather Service. 2013. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 564.225 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Available at https://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/13oklahoma_tornadoes.pdf. Accessed 30 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 555.739 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 537.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ubuntu \(Version 12.04\) [Computer Software]. Canonical Ltd. 2014. London, England.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 517.785 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruby on Rails \(version 2.0.0\) [Computer Software]. Basecamp. 2014. Chicago, IL.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 498.380 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bing Maps Rest API \(Version 7\). [Computer Software]. Microsoft. 2014. Redmond, WA.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 478.975 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Anderson M and Caumont A. How social media is reshaping news. Pew Research Center. 2014. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 467.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/24/how-social-media-is-reshaping-news/. Accessed 11 November 2014.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 458.585 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 440.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ruths D, Pfeffer J. Social sciences. Social media for large studies of behavior. Science. 2014 Nov 28;346\(6213\):1063-4. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 428.130 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(PubMed PMID:25430759.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 408.725 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Houry D, Swahn MH, Hankin A. Social media, public scholarship, and injury prevention. West J Emerg Med. 2014 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 396.820 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Aug;15\(5\):565-6. PubMed PMID:25184017.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 377.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gomide J, Veloso, A, Meira W, Almeida V, Benevenuto, F, Ferraz F, Teixeira M. WebSci Conference 2011. 2011. Dengue )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.511 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surveillance based on a computational model of spatio-temporal locality of Twitter. Available at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.websci11.org/fileadmin/websci/Papers/92_paper.pdf. 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