Siafa P. A Lombeh Married with a kid. A Liberian by birth Born on the 12th September 1980
Introduction: During the flare-ups of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Liberia, Sinoe County reactivated the multi-sectorial EVD control strategy in order to be ready to respond to the eventual reintroduction of cases. This paper describes the impacts of the interventions implemented in Sinoe County during the last flare-up in Monrovia, from April 1 to June 9, 2016, using the resources provided during the original outbreak that ended a year ago.
Methods: We conducted a descriptive study to describe the key interventions implemented in Sinoe County, the capacity available, the implications for the reactivation of the multi-sectoral EVD control strategy, and the results of the same. We also conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze the impact of the interventions on the surveillance and on infection prevention and control (IPC).
Results: The attrition of the staff trained during the original outbreak was low, and most of the supplies, equipment, and infrastructure from the original outbreak remained available. With an additional USD 1755, improvements were observed in the IPC indicators of triage, which increased from a mean of 60% at the first assessment to 77% (P=0.002). Additionally, personnel/staff training improved from 78% to 89% (P=0.04). The percentage of EVD death alerts per expected deaths investigated increased from 26% to 63% (P<0.0001).
Discussion: The low attrition of the trained staff and the availability of most supplies, equipment, and infrastructure made the reactivation of the multi-sectoral EVD control strategy fast and affordable. The improvement of the EVD surveillance was possibly affected by the community engagement activities, awareness and mentoring of the health workers, and improved availability of clinicians in the facilities during the flare-up. The community engagement may contribute to the report of community-based events, specifically community deaths. The mentoring of the staff during the supportive supervisions also contributed to improve the IPC indicators.
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak started in Guinea in 2013
Flare-ups may occur due to importation, reintroduction of the virus from an animal reservoir, a missed chain of transmission, or reemergence of the virus from a survivor
Liberia reported three flare-ups after the initial declaration of “disease-free” status on May 9, 2015
Sinoe County reported 22 confirmed EVD cases and 11 deaths during the original outbreak, which was controlled with the isolation of the cases
This paper describes the impacts of the interventions implemented in Sinoe County during the last flare-up in Monrovia, using the resources provided during the original outbreak, in order to be ready to respond to the eventual importation of cases.
Sinoe County, one of the southeastern counties in rural Liberia, is divided into 10 health districts, four of which have a history of EVD positive cases reported during the original outbreak (Fig. 1)
We conducted a descriptive study to describe the key interventions implemented in the county from April 1 to June 9, 2016, the capacity available, the implications for the reactivation of the multi-sectoral EVD control strategy, and the results of the same. We also conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze the impact of the interventions on surveillance and infection, prevention, and control (IPC).
We entered the data into MicrosoftTM Excel and used MedCalc® Statistical Software version 17.2
We reactivated the different committees involved in the EVD control activities, as recommended by the WHO (Fig. 2)
The county health team (CHT) developed an emergency plan to prepare for responding to the eventual importation of cases from Monrovia using the resources provided during the original outbreak. When the end of the flare-up was declared, we analyzed the level of implementation of the plan as well as the costs involved.
The coordination committee conducted meetings with county, district, and community stakeholders, partners, and other line ministries for coordination, awareness, and advocacy, in order to mobilize resources.
We analyzed the human resources database to assess how many Rapid Response Team (RRT) members, contact tracers, and burial team members trained during the original outbreak were available in the county during the last flare-up.
Using the minimum standards assessment tool developed during the original outbreak (Appendix: S1 File), we conducted the first integrated assessment of the logistic capacity available at 30 (88%) health facilities in the county, including the referral hospital, in April 2016. However, five (14%) of the 35 health facilities in county were inaccessible.
After the initial assessment we replenished the supplies, mentored the health care workers, and conducted the second assessment from the end of May to October, 2016 to verify the changes. The assessments were conducted through direct observation, interviews of the healthcare workers, and perusal of the documents available (Appendix: S1 File).
We also assessed the 10 most important check points connecting Sinoe County and other counties to verify the knowledge of the staff and availability of IPC supplies.
We conducted supportive supervisions at 30 (88%) health facilities in Sinoe County and held weekly meetings with district health officers and district surveillance officers to reinforce the triage of all the patients, the use of the EVD outbreak case definitions, and to analyze the EVD surveillance situation in the county. Besides using the WHO case definition for the investigation of cases (Fig. 3)
The specimens were collected by trained clinicians and lab staff in all the health facilities in the county and were transported to the regional labs in Liberia with the capacity to perform the qRT-PCR for EVD. We perused all the lab records to quantify the numbers of specimens collected before and during the flare-up.
We conducted a rapid assessment of availability of contact listing, follow-up, reporting and monitoring forms, as well as the availability of staff with experience in contact tracing supervision. The partners were mobilized to provide logistic support for contact tracers and supervisors as well as food and water for the contacts.
We disseminated EVD prevention messages through radio talk shows with county authorities and traditional leaders at a local radio station. We also conducted community meetings in high-risk communities, churches, mosques, and funeral and healing homes to increase awareness and to encourage the reporting of community deaths to the health facilities.
Ethical approval was not required to implement the activities, as they were part of the public health interventions of the Ministry of Health to respond to outbreaks in Liberia. We did not use any confidential data and did not disclose any unauthorized names in our report.
The county’s task force for EVD was activated and was responsible to ensure that the preventive measures were implemented at all levels and that any suspected case was promptly reported. As the resources were already available from the original outbreak, the three-month plan cost an additional USD 1755 besides the budget for the routine activities. The dissemination of EVD prevention messages to churches, mosques, households, meetings in high-risk communities, and funeral and healing homes was the most expensive activity, at about USD 400. This was mostly attributable to purchasing fuel for the activities and paying daily subsistence allowance (DSA) for the staff (Table 1).
At the first assessment, we included 30 health facilities (29 clinics and one hospital) in our analysis of the IPC indicators. From this analysis, we excluded the indicators that were not applicable to clinics (Appendix: S1 File), according to the tool used. Personnel/staff training was the group of indicators with the highest scores. The mean of the four individual indicators in this group was 78% [standard deviation (SD) = 11%] including 90% of the health facilities with staff trained in IPC by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW) in a training called “keep safe keep serving.” Additionally, 63% had staff meeting the criteria outlined in the MOHSW’s Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS), the minimum skills required to work in the facilities (Table 2). On the other hand, the group of four indicators for triage had a mean of 60% (SD = 12%), and the other three indicators assessing the facilities in terms of having an appropriate isolation space ready to receive cases had a mean of 52% (SD = 9%). The structure of the community care center in the Karquekpo community, with a capacity of 12 beds, and the ETU in Greenville district, with a capacity of 60 beds, remained intact, but these facilities required equipment and supplies to start receiving patients. Out of the facilities assessed, 27 (90%) had IPC supplies that would last them for one month. These supplies were provided during the original outbreak.
In the second assessment, significant improvements were observed on the indicators of triage (an increase from 60% during the first assessment to 77% on reassessment; P = 0.002) and personnel/staff training (an increase from 78% to 89%; P = 0.04), while other indicators did not exhibit significant improvements.
The lab supplies for the oral swab of dead bodies and whole blood for live alert investigation were available in all the facilities (100%) during the first and second assessments.
The county had three vehicles that were available to be used in case of an outbreak, including one ambulance for the transportation of cases.
Of the 21 members of the RRT trained during the original outbreak, 19 (90.5%) remained present in the county. All 250 (100%) community volunteers trained for contact tracing remained in their communities, and they were available to resume the task in case of need. Of the 14 members of the two burial teams trained during the previous outbreak, 12 (86%) remained present in the county.
All 10 most important checkpoints connecting Sinoe with other counties had a bucket for handwashing and thermometers, although some were not functional. After mentoring the staff and replacing the thermometers, nine (90%) check points reactivated the monitoring of temperature and handwashing for people crossing these locations.
The percentage of EVD death alerts investigated, including the oral swabs collected and sent to the regional lab in Liberia, increased from 26% of the death alerts per expected deaths during the three months before the flare-up in Monrovia, to 63% of the alerts per expected deaths during the flare-up (P < 0.0001). Significant improvement was verified in seven of the 10 health districts in the county. On the other hand, the number of live alerts investigated and the whole blood tested for EVD decreased from 0.5 alerts per 100 population to 0.4 alerts per 100 population (P = 0.0003). The reduction was significant in Greenville (P < 0.0001) and Butaw (P = 0.05) districts (Table 3). All the specimens from both live and death alerts came negative for EVD. The total number of health facilities investigating death alerts increased from 19 (Mean = 54% per health district, SD = 34%) to 28 (Mean = 83% per health district, SD = 22%) health facilities (P = 0.006) in all 10 health districts in the county (Fig. 4).
All the reporting and monitoring tools used during the original outbreak were available and would be reproduced according to number of eventual contacts listed. All the county supervisors and partners, including World Health Organization (WHO) had experiences from the original outbreak. In case of eventual importation of cases, the county surveillance officer, the county monitoring and evaluation officer and the epidemiologists from WHO present in County would be in charge of contact listing as well as to provide one day orientations to the experienced community volunteers responsible for home visits to the contacts. All the 10 district health officers (DHOs) present in county also had experiences from the previous outbreak and would support the supervision of contact tracers together with county supervisors and partners. There was no formal commitment from the local partners to provide incentives for contact tracers and supervisors as well as food and water for contacts. The IPC materials and thermometers in stock in county would be used also for contact tracing in case of need.
The error bars show the standard deviations (SD) for the percentage of health facilities per health district (total = 10 health districts) investigating at least one alert from January to March and from April to June, 2016. P = 0.3 for live alerts and P = 0.006 for death alerts in Sinoe County, Liberia, calculated using the chi-squared test for comparing two proportions; P was considered statistically significant when ≤ 0.05. N = 34 health facilities in Sinoe County.
The interventions implemented in Sinoe County in preparation to respond to the reintroduction of EVD cases from the last flare-up in Monrovia had a significant impact on EVD surveillance, leading to an increase in percentage of death alerts from 26% alerts per expected deaths during the three months before to 63% alerts per expected deaths during the flare-up (P < 0.0001). This finding may have been affected by community engagement activities, awareness and mentoring of the health workers, and improved availability of clinicians in the facilities during the flare-up. Similar findings were reported in Lofa County, Liberia, during the original outbreak in 2014, when more community deaths were reported to the health authorities to be investigated for EVD after community sensitization and acceptance
The improvements on the indicators of triage (from 60% at the first assessment to 77% on reassessment; P = 0.002) suggest that the mentoring of the staff during the first assessment led to behavioral change among health workers, leading to better triaging for EVD when people visited the facility. The on-site training of the staff also improved the indicators pertaining to personnel/staff training from 78% to 89% (P = 0.04), as these indicators do not require any interventions other than on-site mentoring. The mentoring of the staff also contributed to an improvement in the system for checking and reporting staff health issues in the facilities, and led to the permanent presence of trained clinicians whenever the facility was open. However, no significant improvement was verified in other indicators like equipment and infrastructure for isolation units, which require interventions from higher administration levels, as the procurement of supplies and construction of infrastructure may be slow because the county is not currently reporting any EVD-positive cases. A similar assessment conducted in Sierra Leone in 2014 led to a quick intervention from stakeholders and partners evidenced by the immediate provision of equipment and supplies, considering that, unlike Sinoe County in Liberia, these districts were facing an active EVD outbreak
The presence of trained staff in 90% of the health facilities; the small attrition of RRT members, contact tracers, and trained burial team members trained during the original outbreak; the availability of stock of IPC supplies for at least one month in 27 (90%) facilities; and other logistics, including the availability of three vehicles, rendered the reactivation of the multi-sectoral EVD control strategy fast and relatively affordable. In addition, despite the lack of supplies to attain full functionality, the presence of an isolation space for receiving patients in 43% of the health facilities, and the presence of an ETU with a capacity of 60 beds and a CCC with a capacity of 12 beds suggest that few additional interventions would be required to respond to any eventual importation of cases from Monrovia or elsewhere.
Our study has several potential limitations. First, the assessments were conducted as emergency interventions, and not enough time was available to train the personnel who conducted these assessments. However, the personnel received orientations during a two-hour meeting conducted before the assessment. In addition, a new improved tool for reassessment was introduced before the end of the flare-up. Therefore, two different tools were used for assessment and reassessment, although some indicators did not change. Thus, only 17 (49%) facilities were assessed and re-assessed using the same tool. To minimize this limitation, our analysis only included the indicators present in both tools. The time interval from assessment to reassessment was not the same for all health facilities, varying from one to five months. Thus, some facilities may have had more time to improve than others did.
Additionally, there may have been an information bias due to fatigue of the interviewed staff, as the facilities were receiving more visitors than usual during the flare-up. This may have led them to provide answers that would not require follow-up questions. Further, the interventions were implemented when the county did not report any confirmed EVD cases. Thus, some key areas of EVD response, like access to food and other supplies by contacts during contact tracing and case management, were not assessed. Our study did not determine if the supplies provided and the staff trained would remain available in the county if a flare-up occurred two or more years after the end of the original outbreak, nor did it assess the implications of this. Despite these potential limitations, our findings may be considered for assessing the preparedness for EVD and other future outbreaks, leading to improved surveillance, early detection, and control, as well as prevention of infection among health workers.
In conclusion, as part of outbreak preparedness, community engagement may contribute to the reporting of community-based events, specifically community deaths for EVD surveillance. The mentoring of the staff at health facilities, combined with the assessment of IPC, would lead to behavioral change among the health workers, thereby increasing IPC compliance and improving outbreak surveillance. The low attrition among the personnel trained in outbreak response, and presence of supplies at health facilities made easier, faster, and affordable to achieve the reactivation of the response structures.
We recommend a periodic reassessment of IPC supplies and equipment in health facilities, combined with mentoring of health workers, early advocacy for partners and stakeholders to provide the required equipment and to facilitate the construction of isolation units, and the implementation of reinforcement measures to reduce attrition among the trained health workers, especially within the first year after the end of any outbreak.
All data supporting this study are openly available from figshare,
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Jeremias Naiene: naienej@who.int
We thank Benjamim Karmo, Leleh Gornor-Pewu, Anthony Moore and Matirankie Kanneh for the support provided for the data analysis, social mobilization and assessments conducted in Sinoe County during the flare-up in Monrovia. We would also like to show our gratitude to Medical Teams International for orientations provided to the rapid response team in Sinoe County, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund for the technical support provided for social mobilization activities and Riders for Health for the specimens transportation to the regional laboratories.