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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Dealing with disaster databases � What can we learn from )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(health and systematic reviews?)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(October 7, 2011)] TJ ET
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BT 88.388 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
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BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ishani Kar-Purkayastha)] TJ ET
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BT 143.845 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mike Clarke)] TJ ET
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BT 200.726 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Virginia Murray)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kar-Purkayastha I, Clarke M, Murray V. Dealing with disaster databases � What can we learn from health and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews?. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2011 Oct 7 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1272.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is an increasing move towards facilitating the use of research findings in policy and practice relating to disaster risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reduction and response. One of the key issues is the quality of the evidence available to decision-makers. Disaster databases, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a key resource, represent a tremendous investment of effort and goodwill. However, their usefulness is limited by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variability in how they are compiled, differences in the output they produce, a general lack of comparability and standardization, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the fact that they might produce different results due to the ways they have been created or by chance. One possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solution to this, which has been applied successfully in evidence synthesis in health care is the systematic review. In this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(we attempt to show how the systematic review process may be applied to information and data that is held in disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. We demonstrate that systematic reviews of disaster databases can be achieved in a technical sense and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 495.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(potential value of such reviews, but also discuss the practical difficulties that arise.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.540 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The international risk and disaster community appears to be faced with an increasing number of extreme events, with ever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater numbers of people being affected as a consequence)] TJ ET
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BT 286.399 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [1])] TJ ET
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BT 299.952 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Moreover, the shift in emphasis within disaster management )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(towards planning and preparedness has exacerbated the need for reliable data on disaster impacts to inform policy-makers and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practitioners at all stages. Reliable knowledge about what happened in past disasters may help in the planning for the future.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 383.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, it is often difficult to establish reliably the scale and impact of natural disasters. This is in part due to the large variety )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of potential data sources available, which can be difficult to navigate effectively and the differences between these sources. This )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has produced a voluminous yet inconsistent evidence base for policy-makers and practitioners in the field to draw upon and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(runs the risk of undue emphasis on the output from a single source.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some of the inconsistencies are due to shortcomings in the disaster data itself and include lack of standardisation in collection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(methodologies and definitions, as well as the absence of a single reliable source of verified data )] TJ ET
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BT 441.912 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2])] TJ ET
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BT 452.754 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Moreover, the databases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 304.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves are hosted by a variety of organisations, with different disciplinary affiliations and scientific traditions. Individual )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 292.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases are usually set up with distinct objectives, which may be inconsistent with those of other databases. It is not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 280.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surprising, therefore, that it is often difficult to compare outputs across databases and this has been found in previous )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(comparisons of disaster databases)] TJ ET
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BT 176.897 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([3][4])] TJ ET
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BT 198.581 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . However, this lack of shared focus makes it difficult to come to a consensus on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 256.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(range and magnitude of disaster impacts and, as a result, to have confidence in the estimates presented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recognizing some of these issues, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \(UNISDR\) identified the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need for a closer interface between science and policy at the second session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction )] TJ ET
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BT 37.092 213.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . In 2011, the Science and Technical Committee of the UNISDR re-iterated the ongoing need for review and consolidation of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the various disaster information sources and databases, in order to improve the consistency, comparability, quality assurance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 189.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and value of the data available to the international risk and disaster community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Challenges in �managing� data or evidence are not exclusive to the field of disasters. In healthcare, for instance, the volume of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research can be overwhelming � as an illustration � the world�s largest repository of reports of studies of healthcare )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interventions, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials \(CENTRAL\), now contains more than 600,000 records and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(published reports of trials are increasing at the rate of more than 25,000 per year. Similarly, the World Health Organisation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(WHO\) hosts the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform \(ICTRP\). Considerable increases are also apparent in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of reports of other types of health related research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 91.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One of the solutions to this problem in health care has been the increasingly common conduct of systematic reviews, led by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(work of The Cochrane Collaboration )] TJ ET
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BT 185.019 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([6])] TJ ET
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BT 195.861 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , but with many others now also working on the more than 2500 systematic reviews )] TJ ET
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BT 112.421 67.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [7])] TJ ET
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BT 125.973 67.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
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BT 88.388 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 31.671 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ishani Kar-Purkayastha)] TJ ET
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BT 138.424 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 143.845 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mike Clarke)] TJ ET
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BT 195.305 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 200.726 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Virginia Murray)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kar-Purkayastha I, Clarke M, Murray V. Dealing with disaster databases � What can we learn from health and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews?. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2011 Oct 7 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1272.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is an increasing move towards facilitating the use of research findings in policy and practice relating to disaster risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reduction and response. One of the key issues is the quality of the evidence available to decision-makers. Disaster databases, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a key resource, represent a tremendous investment of effort and goodwill. However, their usefulness is limited by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variability in how they are compiled, differences in the output they produce, a general lack of comparability and standardization, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the fact that they might produce different results due to the ways they have been created or by chance. One possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solution to this, which has been applied successfully in evidence synthesis in health care is the systematic review. In this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(we attempt to show how the systematic review process may be applied to information and data that is held in disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. We demonstrate that systematic reviews of disaster databases can be achieved in a technical sense and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 495.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(potential value of such reviews, but also discuss the practical difficulties that arise.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.540 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The international risk and disaster community appears to be faced with an increasing number of extreme events, with ever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater numbers of people being affected as a consequence)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 286.399 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [1])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 299.952 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Moreover, the shift in emphasis within disaster management )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(towards planning and preparedness has exacerbated the need for reliable data on disaster impacts to inform policy-makers and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practitioners at all stages. Reliable knowledge about what happened in past disasters may help in the planning for the future.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 383.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, it is often difficult to establish reliably the scale and impact of natural disasters. This is in part due to the large variety )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of potential data sources available, which can be difficult to navigate effectively and the differences between these sources. This )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has produced a voluminous yet inconsistent evidence base for policy-makers and practitioners in the field to draw upon and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(runs the risk of undue emphasis on the output from a single source.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some of the inconsistencies are due to shortcomings in the disaster data itself and include lack of standardisation in collection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(methodologies and definitions, as well as the absence of a single reliable source of verified data )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 441.912 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 452.754 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Moreover, the databases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 304.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves are hosted by a variety of organisations, with different disciplinary affiliations and scientific traditions. Individual )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 292.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases are usually set up with distinct objectives, which may be inconsistent with those of other databases. It is not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 280.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(surprising, therefore, that it is often difficult to compare outputs across databases and this has been found in previous )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(comparisons of disaster databases)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.897 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([3][4])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 198.581 268.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . However, this lack of shared focus makes it difficult to come to a consensus on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 256.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(range and magnitude of disaster impacts and, as a result, to have confidence in the estimates presented.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recognizing some of these issues, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \(UNISDR\) identified the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need for a closer interface between science and policy at the second session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 213.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([5])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 37.092 213.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . In 2011, the Science and Technical Committee of the UNISDR re-iterated the ongoing need for review and consolidation of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 201.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the various disaster information sources and databases, in order to improve the consistency, comparability, quality assurance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 189.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and value of the data available to the international risk and disaster community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Challenges in �managing� data or evidence are not exclusive to the field of disasters. In healthcare, for instance, the volume of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research can be overwhelming � as an illustration � the world�s largest repository of reports of studies of healthcare )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interventions, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials \(CENTRAL\), now contains more than 600,000 records and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(published reports of trials are increasing at the rate of more than 25,000 per year. Similarly, the World Health Organisation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(WHO\) hosts the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform \(ICTRP\). Considerable increases are also apparent in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of reports of other types of health related research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 91.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One of the solutions to this problem in health care has been the increasingly common conduct of systematic reviews, led by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(work of The Cochrane Collaboration )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.019 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([6])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 195.861 79.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , but with many others now also working on the more than 2500 systematic reviews )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 67.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(produced each year)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 112.421 67.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [7])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 125.973 67.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
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0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Dealing with disaster databases � What can we learn from )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(health and systematic reviews?)] TJ ET
Q
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(October 7, 2011)] TJ ET
BT 83.513 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 88.388 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 31.671 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 37.092 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ishani Kar-Purkayastha)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 138.424 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 143.845 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mike Clarke)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 195.305 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 200.726 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Virginia Murray)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kar-Purkayastha I, Clarke M, Murray V. Dealing with disaster databases � What can we learn from health and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews?. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2011 Oct 7 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.RRN1272.)] TJ ET
q
15.000 20.720 577.500 616.337 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is an increasing move towards facilitating the use of research findings in policy and practice relating to disaster risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reduction and response. One of the key issues is the quality of the evidence available to decision-makers. Disaster databases, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(as a key resource, represent a tremendous investment of effort and goodwill. However, their usefulness is limited by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variability in how they are compiled, differences in the output they produce, a general lack of comparability and standardization, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and the fact that they might produce different results due to the ways they have been created or by chance. One possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solution to this, which has been applied successfully in evidence synthesis in health care is the systematic review. In this study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(we attempt to show how the systematic review process may be applied to information and data that is held in disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 507.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. We demonstrate that systematic reviews of disaster databases can be achieved in a technical sense and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 495.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(potential value of such reviews, but also discuss the practical difficulties that arise.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.540 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Introduction)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The international risk and disaster community appears to be faced with an increasing number of extreme events, with ever )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater numbers of people being affected as a consequence)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 286.399 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [1])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 299.952 426.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Moreover, the shift in emphasis within disaster management )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(towards planning and preparedness has exacerbated the need for reliable data on disaster impacts to inform policy-makers and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practitioners at all stages. Reliable knowledge about what happened in past disasters may help in the planning for the future.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 383.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, it is often difficult to establish reliably the scale and impact of natural disasters. This is in part due to the large variety )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of potential data sources available, which can be difficult to navigate effectively and the differences between these sources. This )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(has produced a voluminous yet inconsistent evidence base for policy-makers and practitioners in the field to draw upon and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.753 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(runs the risk of undue emphasis on the output from a single source.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some of the inconsistencies are due to shortcomings in the disaster data itself and include lack of standardisation in collection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(methodologies and definitions, as well as the absence of a single reliable source of verified data )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 441.912 316.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2])] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The aim of this paper)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of the overarching aim of the UNISDR to augment the role of science in disaster risk reduction, and the need for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 718.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective management of disaster data, this paper investigates how the systematic review approach might be used to overcome )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 706.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the challenges of using the disaster databases to inform decision making. In presenting the systematic review as a method for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 694.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing data or evidence we draw on previous explanations of the systematic review as a method of locating, appraising and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 682.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synthesising evidence following the formulation of a clearly focused question. This helps to maximise the power of the previous )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 670.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research, avoiding undue emphasis on any single source or opinion, and doing so in a transparent way, which allows users of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the review to see and, if they wish, critique the methods adopted. Simply, we aim to demonstrate the applicability of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review as a tool to critically appraise the quality of the data presented in the disaster databases and, if appropriate, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 635.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to combine their findings to produce a summary estimate which is as unbiased as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Whereas authors in the past have undertaken evaluations of disaster databases against set criteria)] TJ ET
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BT 452.754 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([3][4])] TJ ET
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BT 474.438 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , our aim in using the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review was to orientate our evaluation to the perspective of a policy-maker or practitioner with specific questions to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(answer. Different databases may be set up with different objectives in mind, some of which may be competing e.g. speed or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(precision. Rather than evaluating how well a database meets the objectives it was set up for, our approach seeks to evaluate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 568.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how well each database or databases collectively are able to meet the information needs of policy-makers or practitioners by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 556.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interrogating the databases with specific practice-orientated questions in mind.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 519.555 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Evidence in health � the current role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.601 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Types of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision-making in health care uses different types of evidence for resolving uncertainties about, for example, effectiveness and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cost effectiveness \(of an intervention or a programme\), need \(e.g. to provide a profile of disease burden in a population\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(epidemiology and risk factors \(for particular illnesses or conditions\) and user acceptability \(of an intervention or means of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(delivering a service\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The most appropriate source of evidence depends very much on the type of evidence required. For instance, where the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effectiveness of an intervention is being considered, the evidence will typically come from research using interventional study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designs, such as randomized trials. Whereas, evidence of need may more often come from observational studies, and evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of acceptability or patient experience is most likely to come from qualitative research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are various schemes by which the relevance and value of different �sources� of evidence used in health care are ranked. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The hierarchy developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at Oxford \(CEBM\))] TJ ET
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BT 404.482 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [8])] TJ ET
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BT 418.034 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , is very much grounded in the bio-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(medical tradition of experimental research, building from expert opinion, through case series, case-control studies, cohort )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies and randomized trials, to culminate in systematic reviews. However, this hierarchy is not suited to all types of evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and is not universally appropriate or practicable, for example, in public health where the question being posed may be about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 291.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prognosis following an environmental exposure, in clinical policy research, or in exploring patient experiences. Alternative )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(schemes for grading evidence have been proposed for use in these and other contexts )] TJ ET
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BT 402.912 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([9])] TJ ET
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BT 413.754 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . However, there is general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agreement around the usefulness and position of systematic reviews within each hierarchy, in that this form of research should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 255.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be at or near the top.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.911 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(The role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews help people to overcome the ever increasing �information overload�, by providing summaries of the body of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research relevant to a particular topic. Their structured approach, transparency of methods and detailed reporting also allow )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews to minimise the impact that bias might have on their findings and conclusions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews also provide a means by which the quality of the constituent studies can be appraised in a standard way, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing the authors to compare, contrast and, if appropriate, combine the findings of the individual studies to provide an overall )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 149.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(summary of the topic being investigated, be it the reduction in blood pressure following an anti-hypertensive drug, the increased )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incidence of cancer following radiation exposure, or the number of people who are likely to develop pressure ulcers while in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hospital. Systematic reviews differ from traditional review articles in that they avoid selective emphasis on individual studies or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reliance on the personal knowledge of research by the authors of the review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews are a recognised form of research and involve a well-developed series of steps to minimise bias and to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 82.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(maximise their relevance and reliability )] TJ ET
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BT 212.641 82.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Key steps include the formulation of a clear question and the associated eligibility )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(criteria for the review, a rigorous and wide-ranging search for the evidence, its appraisal, synthesis and summary \(including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(statistical analyses, or meta-analyses, where appropriate\), and the interpretation of the findings, which might include )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(implications for practice)] TJ ET
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BT 128.108 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([7][11][12])] TJ ET
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BT 171.476 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . As a result, systematic reviews have become a key bridge between individual research )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The aim of this paper)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of the overarching aim of the UNISDR to augment the role of science in disaster risk reduction, and the need for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 718.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective management of disaster data, this paper investigates how the systematic review approach might be used to overcome )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 706.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the challenges of using the disaster databases to inform decision making. In presenting the systematic review as a method for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 694.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing data or evidence we draw on previous explanations of the systematic review as a method of locating, appraising and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 682.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synthesising evidence following the formulation of a clearly focused question. This helps to maximise the power of the previous )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 670.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research, avoiding undue emphasis on any single source or opinion, and doing so in a transparent way, which allows users of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the review to see and, if they wish, critique the methods adopted. Simply, we aim to demonstrate the applicability of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review as a tool to critically appraise the quality of the data presented in the disaster databases and, if appropriate, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 635.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to combine their findings to produce a summary estimate which is as unbiased as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Whereas authors in the past have undertaken evaluations of disaster databases against set criteria)] TJ ET
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BT 452.754 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([3][4])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.438 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , our aim in using the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review was to orientate our evaluation to the perspective of a policy-maker or practitioner with specific questions to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(answer. Different databases may be set up with different objectives in mind, some of which may be competing e.g. speed or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(precision. Rather than evaluating how well a database meets the objectives it was set up for, our approach seeks to evaluate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 568.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how well each database or databases collectively are able to meet the information needs of policy-makers or practitioners by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 556.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interrogating the databases with specific practice-orientated questions in mind.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 519.555 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Evidence in health � the current role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.601 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Types of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision-making in health care uses different types of evidence for resolving uncertainties about, for example, effectiveness and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cost effectiveness \(of an intervention or a programme\), need \(e.g. to provide a profile of disease burden in a population\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(epidemiology and risk factors \(for particular illnesses or conditions\) and user acceptability \(of an intervention or means of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(delivering a service\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The most appropriate source of evidence depends very much on the type of evidence required. For instance, where the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effectiveness of an intervention is being considered, the evidence will typically come from research using interventional study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designs, such as randomized trials. Whereas, evidence of need may more often come from observational studies, and evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of acceptability or patient experience is most likely to come from qualitative research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are various schemes by which the relevance and value of different �sources� of evidence used in health care are ranked. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The hierarchy developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at Oxford \(CEBM\))] TJ ET
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BT 404.482 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [8])] TJ ET
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BT 418.034 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , is very much grounded in the bio-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(medical tradition of experimental research, building from expert opinion, through case series, case-control studies, cohort )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies and randomized trials, to culminate in systematic reviews. However, this hierarchy is not suited to all types of evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and is not universally appropriate or practicable, for example, in public health where the question being posed may be about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 291.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prognosis following an environmental exposure, in clinical policy research, or in exploring patient experiences. Alternative )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(schemes for grading evidence have been proposed for use in these and other contexts )] TJ ET
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BT 402.912 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([9])] TJ ET
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BT 413.754 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . However, there is general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agreement around the usefulness and position of systematic reviews within each hierarchy, in that this form of research should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 255.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be at or near the top.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.911 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(The role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews help people to overcome the ever increasing �information overload�, by providing summaries of the body of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research relevant to a particular topic. Their structured approach, transparency of methods and detailed reporting also allow )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews to minimise the impact that bias might have on their findings and conclusions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews also provide a means by which the quality of the constituent studies can be appraised in a standard way, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing the authors to compare, contrast and, if appropriate, combine the findings of the individual studies to provide an overall )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 149.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(summary of the topic being investigated, be it the reduction in blood pressure following an anti-hypertensive drug, the increased )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incidence of cancer following radiation exposure, or the number of people who are likely to develop pressure ulcers while in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 125.673 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hospital. Systematic reviews differ from traditional review articles in that they avoid selective emphasis on individual studies or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 113.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reliance on the personal knowledge of research by the authors of the review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews are a recognised form of research and involve a well-developed series of steps to minimise bias and to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 82.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(maximise their relevance and reliability )] TJ ET
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BT 196.378 82.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([10])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 212.641 82.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Key steps include the formulation of a clear question and the associated eligibility )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(criteria for the review, a rigorous and wide-ranging search for the evidence, its appraisal, synthesis and summary \(including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(statistical analyses, or meta-analyses, where appropriate\), and the interpretation of the findings, which might include )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(implications for practice)] TJ ET
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BT 128.108 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([7][11][12])] TJ ET
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BT 171.476 46.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . As a result, systematic reviews have become a key bridge between individual research )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The aim of this paper)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of the overarching aim of the UNISDR to augment the role of science in disaster risk reduction, and the need for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 718.419 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective management of disaster data, this paper investigates how the systematic review approach might be used to overcome )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 706.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the challenges of using the disaster databases to inform decision making. In presenting the systematic review as a method for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 694.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing data or evidence we draw on previous explanations of the systematic review as a method of locating, appraising and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 682.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synthesising evidence following the formulation of a clearly focused question. This helps to maximise the power of the previous )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 670.800 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research, avoiding undue emphasis on any single source or opinion, and doing so in a transparent way, which allows users of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the review to see and, if they wish, critique the methods adopted. Simply, we aim to demonstrate the applicability of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review as a tool to critically appraise the quality of the data presented in the disaster databases and, if appropriate, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 635.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to combine their findings to produce a summary estimate which is as unbiased as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Whereas authors in the past have undertaken evaluations of disaster databases against set criteria)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 452.754 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([3][4])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.438 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , our aim in using the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review was to orientate our evaluation to the perspective of a policy-maker or practitioner with specific questions to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(answer. Different databases may be set up with different objectives in mind, some of which may be competing e.g. speed or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(precision. Rather than evaluating how well a database meets the objectives it was set up for, our approach seeks to evaluate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 568.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how well each database or databases collectively are able to meet the information needs of policy-makers or practitioners by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 556.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interrogating the databases with specific practice-orientated questions in mind.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 519.555 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Evidence in health � the current role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.601 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Types of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision-making in health care uses different types of evidence for resolving uncertainties about, for example, effectiveness and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cost effectiveness \(of an intervention or a programme\), need \(e.g. to provide a profile of disease burden in a population\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(epidemiology and risk factors \(for particular illnesses or conditions\) and user acceptability \(of an intervention or means of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(delivering a service\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 425.077 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The most appropriate source of evidence depends very much on the type of evidence required. For instance, where the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effectiveness of an intervention is being considered, the evidence will typically come from research using interventional study )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(designs, such as randomized trials. Whereas, evidence of need may more often come from observational studies, and evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of acceptability or patient experience is most likely to come from qualitative research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.553 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are various schemes by which the relevance and value of different �sources� of evidence used in health care are ranked. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The hierarchy developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at Oxford \(CEBM\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 404.482 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [8])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 418.034 338.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , is very much grounded in the bio-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(medical tradition of experimental research, building from expert opinion, through case series, case-control studies, cohort )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies and randomized trials, to culminate in systematic reviews. However, this hierarchy is not suited to all types of evidence )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.934 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and is not universally appropriate or practicable, for example, in public health where the question being posed may be about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 291.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prognosis following an environmental exposure, in clinical policy research, or in exploring patient experiences. Alternative )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(schemes for grading evidence have been proposed for use in these and other contexts )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 402.912 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([9])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 413.754 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . However, there is general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.220 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agreement around the usefulness and position of systematic reviews within each hierarchy, in that this form of research should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 255.315 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be at or near the top.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.911 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(The role of systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews help people to overcome the ever increasing �information overload�, by providing summaries of the body of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(research relevant to a particular topic. Their structured approach, transparency of methods and detailed reporting also allow )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews to minimise the impact that bias might have on their findings and conclusions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews also provide a means by which the quality of the constituent studies can be appraised in a standard way, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(allowing the authors to compare, contrast and, if appropriate, combine the findings of the individual studies to provide an overall )] TJ ET
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BT 400.202 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Another key outcome of the systematic review process is that it can highlight an absence of evidence and suggest areas for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(further research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 687.659 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Evidence in disasters � the proposed role for systematic reviews)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 667.705 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Types of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The disaster community is pluralistic with a range of disciplines contributing, with different traditions of enquiry, different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(epistemological leanings, languages and tools. From a health sector perspective, the types of evidence that are useful to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 624.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practitioners and policy-makers in planning for and responding to disasters is the same as the types of evidence they would find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 612.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(useful in any other setting.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 593.181 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of evidence)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The relative contributions, however, from different sources to the overall evidence base is quite different to the non-disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 561.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(setting. This is in part a result of feasibility, with interventional studies such as randomized trials often felt to be impossible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 549.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(unethical or, simply, not feasible)] TJ ET
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BT 164.973 549.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([14][15][16])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 213.762 549.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . In such circumstances, evidence on the relative effectiveness of different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.062 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interventions to guide policy and practice will usually need to come from systematic reviews of research in non-disaster settings. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 526.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Some efforts are already underway to bring together these resources, so that practitioners can more easily access this )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 514.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(knowledge and use it to inform practice in the field. For example, Evidence Aid )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 367.110 514.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([17])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 383.373 514.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( began as an initiative by The Cochrane )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Collaboration to provide summaries of evidence on the effects of healthcare interventions for use by the disaster community. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although this is able, to some extent, to draw on the thousands of systematic reviews that exist in health care, other areas of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster planning and response lack such a large and comprehensive body of systematic reviews. For example, areas such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(engineering, communication, shelter and security do not have resources such as those created in health.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There is also a need for the other types of evidence mentioned above, including evidence of need, which may come through )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(observational epidemiological studies, field data or needs assessments )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 335.676 435.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([18])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 351.939 435.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , and evidence of impact and consequences, which )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is also most likely to come from observational epidemiology in the post-disaster setting. As with the need for evidence on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects of interventions, the requirement for other types of evidence exists in health, and also across all of the other disciplines )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that make up the disaster community.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.205 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(The role of disaster databases: contribution to the evidence base)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are various definitions of the term �database�)] TJ ET
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BT 247.887 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([19][20][21])] TJ ET
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BT 296.676 360.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( \(but, at a minimum, it is a collection of data, organized with a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(regular structure that, today, is usually in an electronic format\). The disaster databases include information on, for example, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 336.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people affected, damage to property and infrastructure and the use of resources. However, the scope of what is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 325.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected, how it is presented, the validation processes used, accessibility and other such features of the database depend upon )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the people responsible for the database, and in turn upon their objectives when creating the databases.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.579 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Systematic review of disaster databases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 256.625 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster databases record outcomes such as �number of people affected� or �economic losses�. These data might include )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absolute numbers or frequencies � incidence or prevalence � and are, therefore, similar to the types of information gathered in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other health contexts. Estimates of absolute numbers or of frequency may come from observational epidemiological studies; or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.911 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(through case registration in clinical databases or disease registries \(such as cancer registries or registers of congenital )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.006 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(anomalies\). Therefore, the format and concept for the disaster databases most closely resemble clinical databases or disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(registries and they would be placed alongside other observational methods in the traditional bio-medical evidence hierarchies. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This makes them amenable to the systematic review process, and the process has previously been applied to disease registers )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in other contexts )] TJ ET
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BT 100.496 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([22])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 116.759 173.292 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . The key steps of a systematic review are: \(i\) the systematic identification of all evidence relevant to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.387 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(question being posed; \(ii\) critical appraisal of all sources and \(iii\) synthesis of a summary.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The primary objective of the systematic review is to provide a summary of the evidence relating to a particular question by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 130.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(combining evidence from multiple sources; systematic reviews may also identify a lack of consistency and be used to explore )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 118.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the sources of any heterogeneity. The database is evaluated in the context of its usefulness in answering the question posed.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The questions that might be addressed through a systematic review of the disaster databases include health-related issues )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(such as burden of infectious disease or psychological illness following a disaster, but systematic reviews of the databases could )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be applied within any domain. Examples of non-health related questions in the disaster setting might be how many bridges were )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.054 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(destroyed or how many schools need to be rebuilt.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 43.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The step-wise process for applying systematic review methods to a disaster related question can be illustrated by the following )] TJ ET
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BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outline. This follows the structure used for Cochrane reviews )] TJ ET
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BT 289.598 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([11])] TJ ET
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BT 305.861 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , which are widely regarded as the gold standard for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews in health care.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The first step is to choose and state a clear question for the review. This might be broad, such as �How many people are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(affected by disasters?� Alternatively the question may be narrowed down to �How many people will develop gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disease following a disaster?� Or even further to �How many young children will develop gastrointestinal disease in the four-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(week period following flooding in affected regions in low-income countries?� Defining the question sets the scope for the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review, and this can then be used to create a structure for the eligibility criteria for the review, which can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(categorized as follows: \(1\) the types of participants \(for example, children aged between 3 months and 5 years\); \(2\) the types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impact \(flooding in low-income countries\); \(3\) outcome measures of interest \(gastrointestinal disease within 4 weeks of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onset of flooding\) and \(4\) the types of database to use \(for example those with a focus on health-related outcomes and a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reliable means for gathering data on illness in children\). The review should then seek to be as comprehensive as possible in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identifying relevant evidence. This should include compilation of a list of all disaster databases that are currently available, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which contain data that are relevant to the question being asked. Resources such as the disaster data portal \(DisDAT\) )] TJ ET
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BT 537.823 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([23] )] TJ ET
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BT 556.796 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which indexes 66 registered databases: 15 global; 43 national; 2 supra-national and 4 sub-national\) may help with this. These )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searches might be supplemented by searches using internet search engines and by access to internal databases such as those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within Ministries of Health, hospitals, etc.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Having identified the potentially eligible sources of evidence for the systematic review, the quality of these sources is assessed. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For the disaster databases, this might include consideration of the precision of the data, an evaluation of which would include)] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome figures \(i.e. extent of rounding or the provision of absolute counts)] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 515.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome resolution \(e.g. disaggregated reporting of outcomes such as �number of gastrointestinal diseases cases� which )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 503.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(might be the number people affected or the number of separate episodes\))] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geographical resolution \(region, country, town, section of town, family unit\))] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 471.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Temporal resolution \(year, month, week, day\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accuracy of the data should also be considered, along with its timeliness \(i.e. whether all the relevant data have been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gathered and included in the database, and whether some data are still being processed\) and reliability \(i.e. the quality of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources of the data and the methods used to arrive at any approximations.\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The methods for the review will also need to describe how data will be extracted from the databases. This might rely on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(integrated search tools, but, even so, the interrogation terms used should be explicitly stated \(including the use of any drop-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(down menus if these exist within the particular database\) and any assumptions made in extracting the data need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described clearly.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 350.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The analysis plan for the review should include details of the types of statistical analyses performed, along with information on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 338.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(any subgroup or sensitivity analyses \(for example, analysis focused on data from databases that were assessed to be of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(highest quality\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The findings of this quality assessment, extraction and analyses should be presented clearly in the systematic review. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribution of each database and any other sources of evidence should be described, so that readers can see where the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evidence comes from, and the numerical basis of any analyses should also be transparent. The conclusions of the review )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(should address the applicability of the findings to other scenarios or situations by identifying contextual characteristics of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(included data, for example, the area or people affected, which may support the use of the findings when planning for, or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to, similar events in other settings which share contextual features.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Two case studies � exploratory systematic reviews using disaster databases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To illustrate how systematic reviews might be used in the analysis of disaster databases, we undertook two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 179.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews as case studies. The rationale for undertaking abridged, rather than complete, systematic reviews was the time )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required. Since our main purpose was to demonstrate proof of concept \(i.e. the applicability and feasibility of systematic review )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 155.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to disaster databases as a method\), rather than seeking to reach conclusive answers to either of the questions posed as case )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies, the time needed to conduct a full review was not justified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 1: What was the level of homelessness due to the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005?)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Information on the human and economic costs of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is critical in informing the immediate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response as well as the process for long-term recovery, and future preparedness. It is particularly useful when the data are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(broken apart to allow an understanding of how people are affected by, for example, trauma, homelessness and psychosocial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects. This enables responders to tailor the delivery of resources according to need and may be used to guide response in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(future events. Therefore, we sought to examine one aspect of the consequences of the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005: the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people left homeless in that country. We defined homeless as people whose homes were destroyed and who )] TJ ET
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BT 289.598 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([11])] TJ ET
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BT 305.861 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , which are widely regarded as the gold standard for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews in health care.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The first step is to choose and state a clear question for the review. This might be broad, such as �How many people are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(affected by disasters?� Alternatively the question may be narrowed down to �How many people will develop gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disease following a disaster?� Or even further to �How many young children will develop gastrointestinal disease in the four-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(week period following flooding in affected regions in low-income countries?� Defining the question sets the scope for the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review, and this can then be used to create a structure for the eligibility criteria for the review, which can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(categorized as follows: \(1\) the types of participants \(for example, children aged between 3 months and 5 years\); \(2\) the types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impact \(flooding in low-income countries\); \(3\) outcome measures of interest \(gastrointestinal disease within 4 weeks of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onset of flooding\) and \(4\) the types of database to use \(for example those with a focus on health-related outcomes and a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reliable means for gathering data on illness in children\). The review should then seek to be as comprehensive as possible in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identifying relevant evidence. This should include compilation of a list of all disaster databases that are currently available, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which contain data that are relevant to the question being asked. Resources such as the disaster data portal \(DisDAT\) )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which indexes 66 registered databases: 15 global; 43 national; 2 supra-national and 4 sub-national\) may help with this. These )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searches might be supplemented by searches using internet search engines and by access to internal databases such as those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within Ministries of Health, hospitals, etc.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Having identified the potentially eligible sources of evidence for the systematic review, the quality of these sources is assessed. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For the disaster databases, this might include consideration of the precision of the data, an evaluation of which would include)] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome figures \(i.e. extent of rounding or the provision of absolute counts)] TJ ET
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BT 45.750 515.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome resolution \(e.g. disaggregated reporting of outcomes such as �number of gastrointestinal diseases cases� which )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 503.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(might be the number people affected or the number of separate episodes\))] TJ ET
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39.078 488.738 39.522 488.922 39.838 489.237 c
40.154 489.553 40.337 489.997 40.337 490.444 c f
BT 45.750 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geographical resolution \(region, country, town, section of town, family unit\))] TJ ET
40.337 474.789 m 
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40.154 473.899 40.337 474.343 40.337 474.789 c f
BT 45.750 471.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Temporal resolution \(year, month, week, day\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accuracy of the data should also be considered, along with its timeliness \(i.e. whether all the relevant data have been )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gathered and included in the database, and whether some data are still being processed\) and reliability \(i.e. the quality of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources of the data and the methods used to arrive at any approximations.\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The methods for the review will also need to describe how data will be extracted from the databases. This might rely on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(integrated search tools, but, even so, the interrogation terms used should be explicitly stated \(including the use of any drop-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(down menus if these exist within the particular database\) and any assumptions made in extracting the data need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described clearly.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 338.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(any subgroup or sensitivity analyses \(for example, analysis focused on data from databases that were assessed to be of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(highest quality\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The findings of this quality assessment, extraction and analyses should be presented clearly in the systematic review. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribution of each database and any other sources of evidence should be described, so that readers can see where the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evidence comes from, and the numerical basis of any analyses should also be transparent. The conclusions of the review )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(should address the applicability of the findings to other scenarios or situations by identifying contextual characteristics of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(included data, for example, the area or people affected, which may support the use of the findings when planning for, or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to, similar events in other settings which share contextual features.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Two case studies � exploratory systematic reviews using disaster databases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To illustrate how systematic reviews might be used in the analysis of disaster databases, we undertook two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 179.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews as case studies. The rationale for undertaking abridged, rather than complete, systematic reviews was the time )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required. Since our main purpose was to demonstrate proof of concept \(i.e. the applicability and feasibility of systematic review )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 155.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to disaster databases as a method\), rather than seeking to reach conclusive answers to either of the questions posed as case )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 143.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies, the time needed to conduct a full review was not justified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 1: What was the level of homelessness due to the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005?)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Information on the human and economic costs of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is critical in informing the immediate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response as well as the process for long-term recovery, and future preparedness. It is particularly useful when the data are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 80.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(broken apart to allow an understanding of how people are affected by, for example, trauma, homelessness and psychosocial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effects. This enables responders to tailor the delivery of resources according to need and may be used to guide response in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(future events. Therefore, we sought to examine one aspect of the consequences of the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005: the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people left homeless in that country. We defined homeless as people whose homes were destroyed and who )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outline. This follows the structure used for Cochrane reviews )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 289.598 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([11])] TJ ET
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BT 305.861 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , which are widely regarded as the gold standard for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic reviews in health care.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The first step is to choose and state a clear question for the review. This might be broad, such as �How many people are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(affected by disasters?� Alternatively the question may be narrowed down to �How many people will develop gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disease following a disaster?� Or even further to �How many young children will develop gastrointestinal disease in the four-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(week period following flooding in affected regions in low-income countries?� Defining the question sets the scope for the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review, and this can then be used to create a structure for the eligibility criteria for the review, which can be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(categorized as follows: \(1\) the types of participants \(for example, children aged between 3 months and 5 years\); \(2\) the types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impact \(flooding in low-income countries\); \(3\) outcome measures of interest \(gastrointestinal disease within 4 weeks of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(onset of flooding\) and \(4\) the types of database to use \(for example those with a focus on health-related outcomes and a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reliable means for gathering data on illness in children\). The review should then seek to be as comprehensive as possible in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identifying relevant evidence. This should include compilation of a list of all disaster databases that are currently available, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which contain data that are relevant to the question being asked. Resources such as the disaster data portal \(DisDAT\) )] TJ ET
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BT 556.796 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which indexes 66 registered databases: 15 global; 43 national; 2 supra-national and 4 sub-national\) may help with this. These )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(searches might be supplemented by searches using internet search engines and by access to internal databases such as those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(within Ministries of Health, hospitals, etc.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Having identified the potentially eligible sources of evidence for the systematic review, the quality of these sources is assessed. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(For the disaster databases, this might include consideration of the precision of the data, an evaluation of which would include)] TJ ET
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39.078 531.952 39.522 532.136 39.838 532.452 c
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BT 45.750 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome figures \(i.e. extent of rounding or the provision of absolute counts)] TJ ET
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39.078 516.297 39.522 516.481 39.838 516.797 c
40.154 517.113 40.337 517.557 40.337 518.003 c f
BT 45.750 515.036 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome resolution \(e.g. disaggregated reporting of outcomes such as �number of gastrointestinal diseases cases� which )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 503.131 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(might be the number people affected or the number of separate episodes\))] TJ ET
40.337 490.444 m 
40.337 490.891 40.154 491.335 39.838 491.651 c
39.522 491.966 39.078 492.150 38.631 492.150 c
38.185 492.150 37.741 491.966 37.425 491.651 c
37.109 491.335 36.925 490.891 36.925 490.444 c
36.925 489.997 37.109 489.553 37.425 489.237 c
37.741 488.922 38.185 488.738 38.631 488.738 c
39.078 488.738 39.522 488.922 39.838 489.237 c
40.154 489.553 40.337 489.997 40.337 490.444 c f
BT 45.750 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geographical resolution \(region, country, town, section of town, family unit\))] TJ ET
40.337 474.789 m 
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39.522 476.312 39.078 476.495 38.631 476.495 c
38.185 476.495 37.741 476.312 37.425 475.996 c
37.109 475.680 36.925 475.236 36.925 474.789 c
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40.154 473.899 40.337 474.343 40.337 474.789 c f
BT 45.750 471.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Temporal resolution \(year, month, week, day\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The accuracy of the data should also be considered, along with its timeliness \(i.e. whether all the relevant data have been )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 424.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources of the data and the methods used to arrive at any approximations.\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 405.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The methods for the review will also need to describe how data will be extracted from the databases. This might rely on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(integrated search tools, but, even so, the interrogation terms used should be explicitly stated \(including the use of any drop-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 381.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(down menus if these exist within the particular database\) and any assumptions made in extracting the data need to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 369.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(described clearly.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 247.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(responding to, similar events in other settings which share contextual features.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 210.993 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Two case studies � exploratory systematic reviews using disaster databases)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To illustrate how systematic reviews might be used in the analysis of disaster databases, we undertook two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 143.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(studies, the time needed to conduct a full review was not justified.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.015 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 1: What was the level of homelessness due to the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005?)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Information on the human and economic costs of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, is critical in informing the immediate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(response as well as the process for long-term recovery, and future preparedness. It is particularly useful when the data are )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 56.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(future events. Therefore, we sought to examine one aspect of the consequences of the earthquake in Pakistan in 2005: the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 45.087 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people left homeless in that country. We defined homeless as people whose homes were destroyed and who )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required alternative accommodation and limited this to those who were made homeless as an immediate and direct )] TJ ET
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38.185 675.126 37.741 674.942 37.425 674.627 c
37.109 674.311 36.925 673.867 36.925 673.420 c
36.925 672.973 37.109 672.529 37.425 672.213 c
37.741 671.898 38.185 671.714 38.631 671.714 c
39.078 671.714 39.522 671.898 39.838 672.213 c
40.154 672.529 40.337 672.973 40.337 673.420 c f
BT 45.750 670.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: homelessness, defined as those who required alternative accommodation \(be it state organised or )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with family or friends\) within 48 hours of the earthquake. People leaving their homes for family and community reasons, as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well as for safety reasons, are eligible. People who were homeless before the earthquake are not eligible. We planned to )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender \(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 614.551 m 
40.337 614.998 40.154 615.442 39.838 615.758 c
39.522 616.073 39.078 616.257 38.631 616.257 c
38.185 616.257 37.741 616.073 37.425 615.758 c
37.109 615.442 36.925 614.998 36.925 614.551 c
36.925 614.104 37.109 613.660 37.425 613.344 c
37.741 613.029 38.185 612.845 38.631 612.845 c
39.078 612.845 39.522 613.029 39.838 613.344 c
40.154 613.660 40.337 614.104 40.337 614.551 c f
BT 45.750 611.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: were included if available content related to the relevant time period \(2005\), type of disaster \(earthquakes\), )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 599.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geographical area \(Pakistan\) and outcome \(homelessness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 576.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We used the search engine on the Disaster Data Portal \(DisDAT\) to identify suitable databases from amongst its 66 indexed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. The search limits used in DisDAT were selected from the integrated drop down menus, and are restricted to one of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the following four criteria at a time:)] TJ ET
40.337 536.277 m 
40.337 536.724 40.154 537.168 39.838 537.484 c
39.522 537.800 39.078 537.983 38.631 537.983 c
38.185 537.983 37.741 537.800 37.425 537.484 c
37.109 537.168 36.925 536.724 36.925 536.277 c
36.925 535.831 37.109 535.387 37.425 535.071 c
37.741 534.755 38.185 534.571 38.631 534.571 c
39.078 534.571 39.522 534.755 39.838 535.071 c
40.154 535.387 40.337 535.831 40.337 536.277 c f
BT 45.750 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geo-coverage classification \(categories include global, national, supra-national, sub-national\))] TJ ET
40.337 513.122 m 
40.337 513.569 40.154 514.013 39.838 514.329 c
39.522 514.645 39.078 514.829 38.631 514.829 c
38.185 514.829 37.741 514.645 37.425 514.329 c
37.109 514.013 36.925 513.569 36.925 513.122 c
36.925 512.676 37.109 512.232 37.425 511.916 c
37.741 511.600 38.185 511.416 38.631 511.416 c
39.078 511.416 39.522 511.600 39.838 511.916 c
40.154 512.232 40.337 512.676 40.337 513.122 c f
BT 45.750 510.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national coverage country)] TJ ET
40.337 489.968 m 
40.337 490.414 40.154 490.858 39.838 491.174 c
39.522 491.490 39.078 491.674 38.631 491.674 c
38.185 491.674 37.741 491.490 37.425 491.174 c
37.109 490.858 36.925 490.414 36.925 489.968 c
36.925 489.521 37.109 489.077 37.425 488.761 c
37.741 488.445 38.185 488.261 38.631 488.261 c
39.078 488.261 39.522 488.445 39.838 488.761 c
40.154 489.077 40.337 489.521 40.337 489.968 c f
BT 45.750 487.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(type of event \(categories include natural, technological, both\))] TJ ET
40.337 466.813 m 
40.337 467.260 40.154 467.704 39.838 468.020 c
39.522 468.335 39.078 468.519 38.631 468.519 c
38.185 468.519 37.741 468.335 37.425 468.020 c
37.109 467.704 36.925 467.260 36.925 466.813 c
36.925 466.366 37.109 465.922 37.425 465.606 c
37.741 465.291 38.185 465.107 38.631 465.107 c
39.078 465.107 39.522 465.291 39.838 465.606 c
40.154 465.922 40.337 466.366 40.337 466.813 c f
BT 45.750 463.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural event)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 440.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is not possible to search using search parameters for time period or outcome.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(If we had progressed to a full review, we would have also conducted searches for potentially eligible databases through internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(search engines, such as Google; searches of electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Web of Science for literature to supplement the database review; and consultation with experts in this area.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 361.635 m 
40.337 362.081 40.154 362.525 39.838 362.841 c
39.522 363.157 39.078 363.341 38.631 363.341 c
38.185 363.341 37.741 363.157 37.425 362.841 c
37.109 362.525 36.925 362.081 36.925 361.635 c
36.925 361.188 37.109 360.744 37.425 360.428 c
37.741 360.112 38.185 359.928 38.631 359.928 c
39.078 359.928 39.522 360.112 39.838 360.428 c
40.154 360.744 40.337 361.188 40.337 361.635 c f
BT 45.750 358.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 345.980 m 
59.837 346.426 59.654 346.870 59.338 347.186 c
59.022 347.502 58.578 347.686 58.131 347.686 c
57.685 347.686 57.241 347.502 56.925 347.186 c
56.609 346.870 56.425 346.426 56.425 345.980 c
56.425 345.533 56.609 345.089 56.925 344.773 c
57.241 344.457 57.685 344.274 58.131 344.274 c
58.578 344.274 59.022 344.457 59.338 344.773 c
59.654 345.089 59.837 345.533 59.837 345.980 c s
BT 65.250 343.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 326.575 m 
40.337 327.022 40.154 327.466 39.838 327.782 c
39.522 328.097 39.078 328.281 38.631 328.281 c
38.185 328.281 37.741 328.097 37.425 327.782 c
37.109 327.466 36.925 327.022 36.925 326.575 c
36.925 326.128 37.109 325.684 37.425 325.368 c
37.741 325.053 38.185 324.869 38.631 324.869 c
39.078 324.869 39.522 325.053 39.838 325.368 c
40.154 325.684 40.337 326.128 40.337 326.575 c f
BT 45.750 323.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 310.920 m 
59.837 311.367 59.654 311.811 59.338 312.127 c
59.022 312.443 58.578 312.627 58.131 312.627 c
57.685 312.627 57.241 312.443 56.925 312.127 c
56.609 311.811 56.425 311.367 56.425 310.920 c
56.425 310.474 56.609 310.030 56.925 309.714 c
57.241 309.398 57.685 309.214 58.131 309.214 c
58.578 309.214 59.022 309.398 59.338 309.714 c
59.654 310.030 59.837 310.474 59.837 310.920 c s
BT 65.250 307.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 295.266 m 
59.837 295.712 59.654 296.156 59.338 296.472 c
59.022 296.788 58.578 296.972 58.131 296.972 c
57.685 296.972 57.241 296.788 56.925 296.472 c
56.609 296.156 56.425 295.712 56.425 295.266 c
56.425 294.819 56.609 294.375 56.925 294.059 c
57.241 293.743 57.685 293.559 58.131 293.559 c
58.578 293.559 59.022 293.743 59.338 294.059 c
59.654 294.375 59.837 294.819 59.837 295.266 c s
BT 65.250 292.298 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(homelessness had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 279.611 m 
59.837 280.057 59.654 280.501 59.338 280.817 c
59.022 281.133 58.578 281.317 58.131 281.317 c
57.685 281.317 57.241 281.133 56.925 280.817 c
56.609 280.501 56.425 280.057 56.425 279.611 c
56.425 279.164 56.609 278.720 56.925 278.404 c
57.241 278.088 57.685 277.905 58.131 277.905 c
58.578 277.905 59.022 278.088 59.338 278.404 c
59.654 278.720 59.837 279.164 59.837 279.611 c s
BT 65.250 276.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of the country: Pakistan\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 263.956 m 
59.837 264.403 59.654 264.847 59.338 265.163 c
59.022 265.478 58.578 265.662 58.131 265.662 c
57.685 265.662 57.241 265.478 56.925 265.163 c
56.609 264.847 56.425 264.403 56.425 263.956 c
56.425 263.509 56.609 263.065 56.925 262.749 c
57.241 262.434 57.685 262.250 58.131 262.250 c
58.578 262.250 59.022 262.434 59.338 262.749 c
59.654 263.065 59.837 263.509 59.837 263.956 c s
BT 65.250 260.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(homelessness counted within 48 hours of the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 244.551 m 
40.337 244.998 40.154 245.442 39.838 245.758 c
39.522 246.074 39.078 246.258 38.631 246.258 c
38.185 246.258 37.741 246.074 37.425 245.758 c
37.109 245.442 36.925 244.998 36.925 244.551 c
36.925 244.105 37.109 243.661 37.425 243.345 c
37.741 243.029 38.185 242.845 38.631 242.845 c
39.078 242.845 39.522 243.029 39.838 243.345 c
40.154 243.661 40.337 244.105 40.337 244.551 c f
BT 45.750 241.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
40.337 228.897 m 
40.337 229.343 40.154 229.787 39.838 230.103 c
39.522 230.419 39.078 230.603 38.631 230.603 c
38.185 230.603 37.741 230.419 37.425 230.103 c
37.109 229.787 36.925 229.343 36.925 228.897 c
36.925 228.450 37.109 228.006 37.425 227.690 c
37.741 227.374 38.185 227.190 38.631 227.190 c
39.078 227.190 39.522 227.374 39.838 227.690 c
40.154 228.006 40.337 228.450 40.337 228.897 c f
BT 45.750 225.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This was not anticipated to be a problem, because more than three years had passed since the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 213.242 m 
40.337 213.688 40.154 214.132 39.838 214.448 c
39.522 214.764 39.078 214.948 38.631 214.948 c
38.185 214.948 37.741 214.764 37.425 214.448 c
37.109 214.132 36.925 213.688 36.925 213.242 c
36.925 212.795 37.109 212.351 37.425 212.035 c
37.741 211.719 38.185 211.536 38.631 211.536 c
39.078 211.536 39.522 211.719 39.838 212.035 c
40.154 212.351 40.337 212.795 40.337 213.242 c f
BT 45.750 210.274 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 197.587 m 
59.837 198.034 59.654 198.478 59.338 198.794 c
59.022 199.109 58.578 199.293 58.131 199.293 c
57.685 199.293 57.241 199.109 56.925 198.794 c
56.609 198.478 56.425 198.034 56.425 197.587 c
56.425 197.140 56.609 196.696 56.925 196.380 c
57.241 196.065 57.685 195.881 58.131 195.881 c
58.578 195.881 59.022 196.065 59.338 196.380 c
59.654 196.696 59.837 197.140 59.837 197.587 c s
BT 65.250 194.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 181.932 m 
59.837 182.379 59.654 182.823 59.338 183.139 c
59.022 183.455 58.578 183.639 58.131 183.639 c
57.685 183.639 57.241 183.455 56.925 183.139 c
56.609 182.823 56.425 182.379 56.425 181.932 c
56.425 181.486 56.609 181.042 56.925 180.726 c
57.241 180.410 57.685 180.226 58.131 180.226 c
58.578 180.226 59.022 180.410 59.338 180.726 c
59.654 181.042 59.837 181.486 59.837 181.932 c s
BT 65.250 178.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 166.278 m 
59.837 166.724 59.654 167.168 59.338 167.484 c
59.022 167.800 58.578 167.984 58.131 167.984 c
57.685 167.984 57.241 167.800 56.925 167.484 c
56.609 167.168 56.425 166.724 56.425 166.278 c
56.425 165.831 56.609 165.387 56.925 165.071 c
57.241 164.755 57.685 164.571 58.131 164.571 c
58.578 164.571 59.022 164.755 59.338 165.071 c
59.654 165.387 59.837 165.831 59.837 166.278 c s
BT 65.250 163.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified nine potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, USGS Earthquake Database \(USGS\), The NGCD Natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hazard Data, The NGCD Significant Earthquake Database, GLIDE and NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, detailed assessment of these revealed that it was not possible to use them to provide a reliable answer to our )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(question about the number of people made homeless by the Pakistan earthquake. None of the databases met the inclusion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(criteria for this review. There was a lack of good quality data, insufficient information on the sources of the data and how it had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(been collected, lack of transparency for the reporting methods, uncertainty about data validation, poor consistency across the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 53.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates that were available and insufficient detail for the proposed sub-group analyses. Three databases did report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of homeless people, and the values reported were 5 million, 3.3 million and a range of 2.8 to 3.3 million. However, there )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.881 577.500 750.119 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required alternative accommodation and limited this to those who were made homeless as an immediate and direct )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consequence of the earthquake. We did not wish the estimate to include people who were homeless before the event.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We set the following eligibility criteria for the review:)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
40.337 719.730 m 
40.337 720.176 40.154 720.620 39.838 720.936 c
39.522 721.252 39.078 721.436 38.631 721.436 c
38.185 721.436 37.741 721.252 37.425 720.936 c
37.109 720.620 36.925 720.176 36.925 719.730 c
36.925 719.283 37.109 718.839 37.425 718.523 c
37.741 718.207 38.185 718.023 38.631 718.023 c
39.078 718.023 39.522 718.207 39.838 718.523 c
40.154 718.839 40.337 719.283 40.337 719.730 c f
BT 45.750 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Population: people living in Pakistan)] TJ ET
40.337 696.575 m 
40.337 697.021 40.154 697.465 39.838 697.781 c
39.522 698.097 39.078 698.281 38.631 698.281 c
38.185 698.281 37.741 698.097 37.425 697.781 c
37.109 697.465 36.925 697.021 36.925 696.575 c
36.925 696.128 37.109 695.684 37.425 695.368 c
37.741 695.052 38.185 694.869 38.631 694.869 c
39.078 694.869 39.522 695.052 39.838 695.368 c
40.154 695.684 40.337 696.128 40.337 696.575 c f
BT 45.750 693.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event: earthquake on October 8, 2005 in northern Pakistan)] TJ ET
40.337 673.420 m 
40.337 673.867 40.154 674.311 39.838 674.627 c
39.522 674.942 39.078 675.126 38.631 675.126 c
38.185 675.126 37.741 674.942 37.425 674.627 c
37.109 674.311 36.925 673.867 36.925 673.420 c
36.925 672.973 37.109 672.529 37.425 672.213 c
37.741 671.898 38.185 671.714 38.631 671.714 c
39.078 671.714 39.522 671.898 39.838 672.213 c
40.154 672.529 40.337 672.973 40.337 673.420 c f
BT 45.750 670.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: homelessness, defined as those who required alternative accommodation \(be it state organised or )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with family or friends\) within 48 hours of the earthquake. People leaving their homes for family and community reasons, as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well as for safety reasons, are eligible. People who were homeless before the earthquake are not eligible. We planned to )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender \(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 614.551 m 
40.337 614.998 40.154 615.442 39.838 615.758 c
39.522 616.073 39.078 616.257 38.631 616.257 c
38.185 616.257 37.741 616.073 37.425 615.758 c
37.109 615.442 36.925 614.998 36.925 614.551 c
36.925 614.104 37.109 613.660 37.425 613.344 c
37.741 613.029 38.185 612.845 38.631 612.845 c
39.078 612.845 39.522 613.029 39.838 613.344 c
40.154 613.660 40.337 614.104 40.337 614.551 c f
BT 45.750 611.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: were included if available content related to the relevant time period \(2005\), type of disaster \(earthquakes\), )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 599.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geographical area \(Pakistan\) and outcome \(homelessness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 576.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We used the search engine on the Disaster Data Portal \(DisDAT\) to identify suitable databases from amongst its 66 indexed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. The search limits used in DisDAT were selected from the integrated drop down menus, and are restricted to one of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the following four criteria at a time:)] TJ ET
40.337 536.277 m 
40.337 536.724 40.154 537.168 39.838 537.484 c
39.522 537.800 39.078 537.983 38.631 537.983 c
38.185 537.983 37.741 537.800 37.425 537.484 c
37.109 537.168 36.925 536.724 36.925 536.277 c
36.925 535.831 37.109 535.387 37.425 535.071 c
37.741 534.755 38.185 534.571 38.631 534.571 c
39.078 534.571 39.522 534.755 39.838 535.071 c
40.154 535.387 40.337 535.831 40.337 536.277 c f
BT 45.750 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geo-coverage classification \(categories include global, national, supra-national, sub-national\))] TJ ET
40.337 513.122 m 
40.337 513.569 40.154 514.013 39.838 514.329 c
39.522 514.645 39.078 514.829 38.631 514.829 c
38.185 514.829 37.741 514.645 37.425 514.329 c
37.109 514.013 36.925 513.569 36.925 513.122 c
36.925 512.676 37.109 512.232 37.425 511.916 c
37.741 511.600 38.185 511.416 38.631 511.416 c
39.078 511.416 39.522 511.600 39.838 511.916 c
40.154 512.232 40.337 512.676 40.337 513.122 c f
BT 45.750 510.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national coverage country)] TJ ET
40.337 489.968 m 
40.337 490.414 40.154 490.858 39.838 491.174 c
39.522 491.490 39.078 491.674 38.631 491.674 c
38.185 491.674 37.741 491.490 37.425 491.174 c
37.109 490.858 36.925 490.414 36.925 489.968 c
36.925 489.521 37.109 489.077 37.425 488.761 c
37.741 488.445 38.185 488.261 38.631 488.261 c
39.078 488.261 39.522 488.445 39.838 488.761 c
40.154 489.077 40.337 489.521 40.337 489.968 c f
BT 45.750 487.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(type of event \(categories include natural, technological, both\))] TJ ET
40.337 466.813 m 
40.337 467.260 40.154 467.704 39.838 468.020 c
39.522 468.335 39.078 468.519 38.631 468.519 c
38.185 468.519 37.741 468.335 37.425 468.020 c
37.109 467.704 36.925 467.260 36.925 466.813 c
36.925 466.366 37.109 465.922 37.425 465.606 c
37.741 465.291 38.185 465.107 38.631 465.107 c
39.078 465.107 39.522 465.291 39.838 465.606 c
40.154 465.922 40.337 466.366 40.337 466.813 c f
BT 45.750 463.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural event)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 440.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is not possible to search using search parameters for time period or outcome.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(If we had progressed to a full review, we would have also conducted searches for potentially eligible databases through internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(search engines, such as Google; searches of electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Web of Science for literature to supplement the database review; and consultation with experts in this area.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 361.635 m 
40.337 362.081 40.154 362.525 39.838 362.841 c
39.522 363.157 39.078 363.341 38.631 363.341 c
38.185 363.341 37.741 363.157 37.425 362.841 c
37.109 362.525 36.925 362.081 36.925 361.635 c
36.925 361.188 37.109 360.744 37.425 360.428 c
37.741 360.112 38.185 359.928 38.631 359.928 c
39.078 359.928 39.522 360.112 39.838 360.428 c
40.154 360.744 40.337 361.188 40.337 361.635 c f
BT 45.750 358.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 345.980 m 
59.837 346.426 59.654 346.870 59.338 347.186 c
59.022 347.502 58.578 347.686 58.131 347.686 c
57.685 347.686 57.241 347.502 56.925 347.186 c
56.609 346.870 56.425 346.426 56.425 345.980 c
56.425 345.533 56.609 345.089 56.925 344.773 c
57.241 344.457 57.685 344.274 58.131 344.274 c
58.578 344.274 59.022 344.457 59.338 344.773 c
59.654 345.089 59.837 345.533 59.837 345.980 c s
BT 65.250 343.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 326.575 m 
40.337 327.022 40.154 327.466 39.838 327.782 c
39.522 328.097 39.078 328.281 38.631 328.281 c
38.185 328.281 37.741 328.097 37.425 327.782 c
37.109 327.466 36.925 327.022 36.925 326.575 c
36.925 326.128 37.109 325.684 37.425 325.368 c
37.741 325.053 38.185 324.869 38.631 324.869 c
39.078 324.869 39.522 325.053 39.838 325.368 c
40.154 325.684 40.337 326.128 40.337 326.575 c f
BT 45.750 323.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 310.920 m 
59.837 311.367 59.654 311.811 59.338 312.127 c
59.022 312.443 58.578 312.627 58.131 312.627 c
57.685 312.627 57.241 312.443 56.925 312.127 c
56.609 311.811 56.425 311.367 56.425 310.920 c
56.425 310.474 56.609 310.030 56.925 309.714 c
57.241 309.398 57.685 309.214 58.131 309.214 c
58.578 309.214 59.022 309.398 59.338 309.714 c
59.654 310.030 59.837 310.474 59.837 310.920 c s
BT 65.250 307.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 295.266 m 
59.837 295.712 59.654 296.156 59.338 296.472 c
59.022 296.788 58.578 296.972 58.131 296.972 c
57.685 296.972 57.241 296.788 56.925 296.472 c
56.609 296.156 56.425 295.712 56.425 295.266 c
56.425 294.819 56.609 294.375 56.925 294.059 c
57.241 293.743 57.685 293.559 58.131 293.559 c
58.578 293.559 59.022 293.743 59.338 294.059 c
59.654 294.375 59.837 294.819 59.837 295.266 c s
BT 65.250 292.298 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(homelessness had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 279.611 m 
59.837 280.057 59.654 280.501 59.338 280.817 c
59.022 281.133 58.578 281.317 58.131 281.317 c
57.685 281.317 57.241 281.133 56.925 280.817 c
56.609 280.501 56.425 280.057 56.425 279.611 c
56.425 279.164 56.609 278.720 56.925 278.404 c
57.241 278.088 57.685 277.905 58.131 277.905 c
58.578 277.905 59.022 278.088 59.338 278.404 c
59.654 278.720 59.837 279.164 59.837 279.611 c s
BT 65.250 276.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of the country: Pakistan\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 263.956 m 
59.837 264.403 59.654 264.847 59.338 265.163 c
59.022 265.478 58.578 265.662 58.131 265.662 c
57.685 265.662 57.241 265.478 56.925 265.163 c
56.609 264.847 56.425 264.403 56.425 263.956 c
56.425 263.509 56.609 263.065 56.925 262.749 c
57.241 262.434 57.685 262.250 58.131 262.250 c
58.578 262.250 59.022 262.434 59.338 262.749 c
59.654 263.065 59.837 263.509 59.837 263.956 c s
BT 65.250 260.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(homelessness counted within 48 hours of the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 244.551 m 
40.337 244.998 40.154 245.442 39.838 245.758 c
39.522 246.074 39.078 246.258 38.631 246.258 c
38.185 246.258 37.741 246.074 37.425 245.758 c
37.109 245.442 36.925 244.998 36.925 244.551 c
36.925 244.105 37.109 243.661 37.425 243.345 c
37.741 243.029 38.185 242.845 38.631 242.845 c
39.078 242.845 39.522 243.029 39.838 243.345 c
40.154 243.661 40.337 244.105 40.337 244.551 c f
BT 45.750 241.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
40.337 228.897 m 
40.337 229.343 40.154 229.787 39.838 230.103 c
39.522 230.419 39.078 230.603 38.631 230.603 c
38.185 230.603 37.741 230.419 37.425 230.103 c
37.109 229.787 36.925 229.343 36.925 228.897 c
36.925 228.450 37.109 228.006 37.425 227.690 c
37.741 227.374 38.185 227.190 38.631 227.190 c
39.078 227.190 39.522 227.374 39.838 227.690 c
40.154 228.006 40.337 228.450 40.337 228.897 c f
BT 45.750 225.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This was not anticipated to be a problem, because more than three years had passed since the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 213.242 m 
40.337 213.688 40.154 214.132 39.838 214.448 c
39.522 214.764 39.078 214.948 38.631 214.948 c
38.185 214.948 37.741 214.764 37.425 214.448 c
37.109 214.132 36.925 213.688 36.925 213.242 c
36.925 212.795 37.109 212.351 37.425 212.035 c
37.741 211.719 38.185 211.536 38.631 211.536 c
39.078 211.536 39.522 211.719 39.838 212.035 c
40.154 212.351 40.337 212.795 40.337 213.242 c f
BT 45.750 210.274 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 197.587 m 
59.837 198.034 59.654 198.478 59.338 198.794 c
59.022 199.109 58.578 199.293 58.131 199.293 c
57.685 199.293 57.241 199.109 56.925 198.794 c
56.609 198.478 56.425 198.034 56.425 197.587 c
56.425 197.140 56.609 196.696 56.925 196.380 c
57.241 196.065 57.685 195.881 58.131 195.881 c
58.578 195.881 59.022 196.065 59.338 196.380 c
59.654 196.696 59.837 197.140 59.837 197.587 c s
BT 65.250 194.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 181.932 m 
59.837 182.379 59.654 182.823 59.338 183.139 c
59.022 183.455 58.578 183.639 58.131 183.639 c
57.685 183.639 57.241 183.455 56.925 183.139 c
56.609 182.823 56.425 182.379 56.425 181.932 c
56.425 181.486 56.609 181.042 56.925 180.726 c
57.241 180.410 57.685 180.226 58.131 180.226 c
58.578 180.226 59.022 180.410 59.338 180.726 c
59.654 181.042 59.837 181.486 59.837 181.932 c s
BT 65.250 178.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 166.278 m 
59.837 166.724 59.654 167.168 59.338 167.484 c
59.022 167.800 58.578 167.984 58.131 167.984 c
57.685 167.984 57.241 167.800 56.925 167.484 c
56.609 167.168 56.425 166.724 56.425 166.278 c
56.425 165.831 56.609 165.387 56.925 165.071 c
57.241 164.755 57.685 164.571 58.131 164.571 c
58.578 164.571 59.022 164.755 59.338 165.071 c
59.654 165.387 59.837 165.831 59.837 166.278 c s
BT 65.250 163.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified nine potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, USGS Earthquake Database \(USGS\), The NGCD Natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hazard Data, The NGCD Significant Earthquake Database, GLIDE and NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, detailed assessment of these revealed that it was not possible to use them to provide a reliable answer to our )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(question about the number of people made homeless by the Pakistan earthquake. None of the databases met the inclusion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(criteria for this review. There was a lack of good quality data, insufficient information on the sources of the data and how it had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(been collected, lack of transparency for the reporting methods, uncertainty about data validation, poor consistency across the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 53.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates that were available and insufficient detail for the proposed sub-group analyses. Three databases did report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of homeless people, and the values reported were 5 million, 3.3 million and a range of 2.8 to 3.3 million. However, there )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.881 577.500 750.119 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(required alternative accommodation and limited this to those who were made homeless as an immediate and direct )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consequence of the earthquake. We did not wish the estimate to include people who were homeless before the event.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We set the following eligibility criteria for the review:)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
40.337 719.730 m 
40.337 720.176 40.154 720.620 39.838 720.936 c
39.522 721.252 39.078 721.436 38.631 721.436 c
38.185 721.436 37.741 721.252 37.425 720.936 c
37.109 720.620 36.925 720.176 36.925 719.730 c
36.925 719.283 37.109 718.839 37.425 718.523 c
37.741 718.207 38.185 718.023 38.631 718.023 c
39.078 718.023 39.522 718.207 39.838 718.523 c
40.154 718.839 40.337 719.283 40.337 719.730 c f
BT 45.750 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Population: people living in Pakistan)] TJ ET
40.337 696.575 m 
40.337 697.021 40.154 697.465 39.838 697.781 c
39.522 698.097 39.078 698.281 38.631 698.281 c
38.185 698.281 37.741 698.097 37.425 697.781 c
37.109 697.465 36.925 697.021 36.925 696.575 c
36.925 696.128 37.109 695.684 37.425 695.368 c
37.741 695.052 38.185 694.869 38.631 694.869 c
39.078 694.869 39.522 695.052 39.838 695.368 c
40.154 695.684 40.337 696.128 40.337 696.575 c f
BT 45.750 693.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event: earthquake on October 8, 2005 in northern Pakistan)] TJ ET
40.337 673.420 m 
40.337 673.867 40.154 674.311 39.838 674.627 c
39.522 674.942 39.078 675.126 38.631 675.126 c
38.185 675.126 37.741 674.942 37.425 674.627 c
37.109 674.311 36.925 673.867 36.925 673.420 c
36.925 672.973 37.109 672.529 37.425 672.213 c
37.741 671.898 38.185 671.714 38.631 671.714 c
39.078 671.714 39.522 671.898 39.838 672.213 c
40.154 672.529 40.337 672.973 40.337 673.420 c f
BT 45.750 670.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: homelessness, defined as those who required alternative accommodation \(be it state organised or )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with family or friends\) within 48 hours of the earthquake. People leaving their homes for family and community reasons, as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(well as for safety reasons, are eligible. People who were homeless before the earthquake are not eligible. We planned to )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender \(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 614.551 m 
40.337 614.998 40.154 615.442 39.838 615.758 c
39.522 616.073 39.078 616.257 38.631 616.257 c
38.185 616.257 37.741 616.073 37.425 615.758 c
37.109 615.442 36.925 614.998 36.925 614.551 c
36.925 614.104 37.109 613.660 37.425 613.344 c
37.741 613.029 38.185 612.845 38.631 612.845 c
39.078 612.845 39.522 613.029 39.838 613.344 c
40.154 613.660 40.337 614.104 40.337 614.551 c f
BT 45.750 611.583 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: were included if available content related to the relevant time period \(2005\), type of disaster \(earthquakes\), )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 599.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geographical area \(Pakistan\) and outcome \(homelessness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 576.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We used the search engine on the Disaster Data Portal \(DisDAT\) to identify suitable databases from amongst its 66 indexed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(databases. The search limits used in DisDAT were selected from the integrated drop down menus, and are restricted to one of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the following four criteria at a time:)] TJ ET
40.337 536.277 m 
40.337 536.724 40.154 537.168 39.838 537.484 c
39.522 537.800 39.078 537.983 38.631 537.983 c
38.185 537.983 37.741 537.800 37.425 537.484 c
37.109 537.168 36.925 536.724 36.925 536.277 c
36.925 535.831 37.109 535.387 37.425 535.071 c
37.741 534.755 38.185 534.571 38.631 534.571 c
39.078 534.571 39.522 534.755 39.838 535.071 c
40.154 535.387 40.337 535.831 40.337 536.277 c f
BT 45.750 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(geo-coverage classification \(categories include global, national, supra-national, sub-national\))] TJ ET
40.337 513.122 m 
40.337 513.569 40.154 514.013 39.838 514.329 c
39.522 514.645 39.078 514.829 38.631 514.829 c
38.185 514.829 37.741 514.645 37.425 514.329 c
37.109 514.013 36.925 513.569 36.925 513.122 c
36.925 512.676 37.109 512.232 37.425 511.916 c
37.741 511.600 38.185 511.416 38.631 511.416 c
39.078 511.416 39.522 511.600 39.838 511.916 c
40.154 512.232 40.337 512.676 40.337 513.122 c f
BT 45.750 510.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national coverage country)] TJ ET
40.337 489.968 m 
40.337 490.414 40.154 490.858 39.838 491.174 c
39.522 491.490 39.078 491.674 38.631 491.674 c
38.185 491.674 37.741 491.490 37.425 491.174 c
37.109 490.858 36.925 490.414 36.925 489.968 c
36.925 489.521 37.109 489.077 37.425 488.761 c
37.741 488.445 38.185 488.261 38.631 488.261 c
39.078 488.261 39.522 488.445 39.838 488.761 c
40.154 489.077 40.337 489.521 40.337 489.968 c f
BT 45.750 487.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(type of event \(categories include natural, technological, both\))] TJ ET
40.337 466.813 m 
40.337 467.260 40.154 467.704 39.838 468.020 c
39.522 468.335 39.078 468.519 38.631 468.519 c
38.185 468.519 37.741 468.335 37.425 468.020 c
37.109 467.704 36.925 467.260 36.925 466.813 c
36.925 466.366 37.109 465.922 37.425 465.606 c
37.741 465.291 38.185 465.107 38.631 465.107 c
39.078 465.107 39.522 465.291 39.838 465.606 c
40.154 465.922 40.337 466.366 40.337 466.813 c f
BT 45.750 463.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural event)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 440.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is not possible to search using search parameters for time period or outcome.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(If we had progressed to a full review, we would have also conducted searches for potentially eligible databases through internet )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 409.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(search engines, such as Google; searches of electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 397.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Web of Science for literature to supplement the database review; and consultation with experts in this area.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 361.635 m 
40.337 362.081 40.154 362.525 39.838 362.841 c
39.522 363.157 39.078 363.341 38.631 363.341 c
38.185 363.341 37.741 363.157 37.425 362.841 c
37.109 362.525 36.925 362.081 36.925 361.635 c
36.925 361.188 37.109 360.744 37.425 360.428 c
37.741 360.112 38.185 359.928 38.631 359.928 c
39.078 359.928 39.522 360.112 39.838 360.428 c
40.154 360.744 40.337 361.188 40.337 361.635 c f
BT 45.750 358.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 345.980 m 
59.837 346.426 59.654 346.870 59.338 347.186 c
59.022 347.502 58.578 347.686 58.131 347.686 c
57.685 347.686 57.241 347.502 56.925 347.186 c
56.609 346.870 56.425 346.426 56.425 345.980 c
56.425 345.533 56.609 345.089 56.925 344.773 c
57.241 344.457 57.685 344.274 58.131 344.274 c
58.578 344.274 59.022 344.457 59.338 344.773 c
59.654 345.089 59.837 345.533 59.837 345.980 c s
BT 65.250 343.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 326.575 m 
40.337 327.022 40.154 327.466 39.838 327.782 c
39.522 328.097 39.078 328.281 38.631 328.281 c
38.185 328.281 37.741 328.097 37.425 327.782 c
37.109 327.466 36.925 327.022 36.925 326.575 c
36.925 326.128 37.109 325.684 37.425 325.368 c
37.741 325.053 38.185 324.869 38.631 324.869 c
39.078 324.869 39.522 325.053 39.838 325.368 c
40.154 325.684 40.337 326.128 40.337 326.575 c f
BT 45.750 323.607 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 310.920 m 
59.837 311.367 59.654 311.811 59.338 312.127 c
59.022 312.443 58.578 312.627 58.131 312.627 c
57.685 312.627 57.241 312.443 56.925 312.127 c
56.609 311.811 56.425 311.367 56.425 310.920 c
56.425 310.474 56.609 310.030 56.925 309.714 c
57.241 309.398 57.685 309.214 58.131 309.214 c
58.578 309.214 59.022 309.398 59.338 309.714 c
59.654 310.030 59.837 310.474 59.837 310.920 c s
BT 65.250 307.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 295.266 m 
59.837 295.712 59.654 296.156 59.338 296.472 c
59.022 296.788 58.578 296.972 58.131 296.972 c
57.685 296.972 57.241 296.788 56.925 296.472 c
56.609 296.156 56.425 295.712 56.425 295.266 c
56.425 294.819 56.609 294.375 56.925 294.059 c
57.241 293.743 57.685 293.559 58.131 293.559 c
58.578 293.559 59.022 293.743 59.338 294.059 c
59.654 294.375 59.837 294.819 59.837 295.266 c s
BT 65.250 292.298 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(homelessness had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 279.611 m 
59.837 280.057 59.654 280.501 59.338 280.817 c
59.022 281.133 58.578 281.317 58.131 281.317 c
57.685 281.317 57.241 281.133 56.925 280.817 c
56.609 280.501 56.425 280.057 56.425 279.611 c
56.425 279.164 56.609 278.720 56.925 278.404 c
57.241 278.088 57.685 277.905 58.131 277.905 c
58.578 277.905 59.022 278.088 59.338 278.404 c
59.654 278.720 59.837 279.164 59.837 279.611 c s
BT 65.250 276.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of the country: Pakistan\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 263.956 m 
59.837 264.403 59.654 264.847 59.338 265.163 c
59.022 265.478 58.578 265.662 58.131 265.662 c
57.685 265.662 57.241 265.478 56.925 265.163 c
56.609 264.847 56.425 264.403 56.425 263.956 c
56.425 263.509 56.609 263.065 56.925 262.749 c
57.241 262.434 57.685 262.250 58.131 262.250 c
58.578 262.250 59.022 262.434 59.338 262.749 c
59.654 263.065 59.837 263.509 59.837 263.956 c s
BT 65.250 260.988 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(homelessness counted within 48 hours of the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 244.551 m 
40.337 244.998 40.154 245.442 39.838 245.758 c
39.522 246.074 39.078 246.258 38.631 246.258 c
38.185 246.258 37.741 246.074 37.425 245.758 c
37.109 245.442 36.925 244.998 36.925 244.551 c
36.925 244.105 37.109 243.661 37.425 243.345 c
37.741 243.029 38.185 242.845 38.631 242.845 c
39.078 242.845 39.522 243.029 39.838 243.345 c
40.154 243.661 40.337 244.105 40.337 244.551 c f
BT 45.750 241.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
40.337 228.897 m 
40.337 229.343 40.154 229.787 39.838 230.103 c
39.522 230.419 39.078 230.603 38.631 230.603 c
38.185 230.603 37.741 230.419 37.425 230.103 c
37.109 229.787 36.925 229.343 36.925 228.897 c
36.925 228.450 37.109 228.006 37.425 227.690 c
37.741 227.374 38.185 227.190 38.631 227.190 c
39.078 227.190 39.522 227.374 39.838 227.690 c
40.154 228.006 40.337 228.450 40.337 228.897 c f
BT 45.750 225.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This was not anticipated to be a problem, because more than three years had passed since the earthquake\))] TJ ET
40.337 213.242 m 
40.337 213.688 40.154 214.132 39.838 214.448 c
39.522 214.764 39.078 214.948 38.631 214.948 c
38.185 214.948 37.741 214.764 37.425 214.448 c
37.109 214.132 36.925 213.688 36.925 213.242 c
36.925 212.795 37.109 212.351 37.425 212.035 c
37.741 211.719 38.185 211.536 38.631 211.536 c
39.078 211.536 39.522 211.719 39.838 212.035 c
40.154 212.351 40.337 212.795 40.337 213.242 c f
BT 45.750 210.274 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 197.587 m 
59.837 198.034 59.654 198.478 59.338 198.794 c
59.022 199.109 58.578 199.293 58.131 199.293 c
57.685 199.293 57.241 199.109 56.925 198.794 c
56.609 198.478 56.425 198.034 56.425 197.587 c
56.425 197.140 56.609 196.696 56.925 196.380 c
57.241 196.065 57.685 195.881 58.131 195.881 c
58.578 195.881 59.022 196.065 59.338 196.380 c
59.654 196.696 59.837 197.140 59.837 197.587 c s
BT 65.250 194.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 181.932 m 
59.837 182.379 59.654 182.823 59.338 183.139 c
59.022 183.455 58.578 183.639 58.131 183.639 c
57.685 183.639 57.241 183.455 56.925 183.139 c
56.609 182.823 56.425 182.379 56.425 181.932 c
56.425 181.486 56.609 181.042 56.925 180.726 c
57.241 180.410 57.685 180.226 58.131 180.226 c
58.578 180.226 59.022 180.410 59.338 180.726 c
59.654 181.042 59.837 181.486 59.837 181.932 c s
BT 65.250 178.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 166.278 m 
59.837 166.724 59.654 167.168 59.338 167.484 c
59.022 167.800 58.578 167.984 58.131 167.984 c
57.685 167.984 57.241 167.800 56.925 167.484 c
56.609 167.168 56.425 166.724 56.425 166.278 c
56.425 165.831 56.609 165.387 56.925 165.071 c
57.241 164.755 57.685 164.571 58.131 164.571 c
58.578 164.571 59.022 164.755 59.338 165.071 c
59.654 165.387 59.837 165.831 59.837 166.278 c s
BT 65.250 163.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified nine potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, USGS Earthquake Database \(USGS\), The NGCD Natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hazard Data, The NGCD Significant Earthquake Database, GLIDE and NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(However, detailed assessment of these revealed that it was not possible to use them to provide a reliable answer to our )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(question about the number of people made homeless by the Pakistan earthquake. None of the databases met the inclusion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(criteria for this review. There was a lack of good quality data, insufficient information on the sources of the data and how it had )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(been collected, lack of transparency for the reporting methods, uncertainty about data validation, poor consistency across the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 53.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimates that were available and insufficient detail for the proposed sub-group analyses. Three databases did report the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of homeless people, and the values reported were 5 million, 3.3 million and a range of 2.8 to 3.3 million. However, there )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
Q
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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
q
15.000 24.917 577.500 752.083 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was no indication of the level of homelessness in the region before the earthquake and there was insufficient information to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify the number made homeless within 48 hours of the earthquake. A fourth database put the number of homes destroyed in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the range 101 to 1000 which, if we were to assume 10 people per household, would equate to only 10,000 people.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 2: Burden of ill-health due to gastrointestinal caused by flooding in India during 1999 to 2008)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review set out to summarise the evidence on the burden of ill-health caused by gastrointestinal illness following )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(flooding events in India over ten years \(1999 to 2008\). This would be useful for planning the deployment of healthcare resources )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the event of future flooding. The objective was to assess how many people in India experienced symptoms of gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illness \(vomiting and diarrhoea only\) or had a diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness as a result of flooding events. We defined )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gastrointestinal illness as a diagnosis by a clinician of gastrointestinal illness, or someone reporting symptoms of diarrhoea or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vomiting, and wished to include only those cases that had been caused by flooding.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We set the following eligibility criteria for the review:)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
40.337 609.491 m 
40.337 609.938 40.154 610.382 39.838 610.698 c
39.522 611.014 39.078 611.198 38.631 611.198 c
38.185 611.198 37.741 611.014 37.425 610.698 c
37.109 610.382 36.925 609.938 36.925 609.491 c
36.925 609.045 37.109 608.601 37.425 608.285 c
37.741 607.969 38.185 607.785 38.631 607.785 c
39.078 607.785 39.522 607.969 39.838 608.285 c
40.154 608.601 40.337 609.045 40.337 609.491 c f
BT 45.750 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Population: people living in India)] TJ ET
40.337 586.337 m 
40.337 586.783 40.154 587.227 39.838 587.543 c
39.522 587.859 39.078 588.043 38.631 588.043 c
38.185 588.043 37.741 587.859 37.425 587.543 c
37.109 587.227 36.925 586.783 36.925 586.337 c
36.925 585.890 37.109 585.446 37.425 585.130 c
37.741 584.814 38.185 584.630 38.631 584.630 c
39.078 584.630 39.522 584.814 39.838 585.130 c
40.154 585.446 40.337 585.890 40.337 586.337 c f
BT 45.750 583.369 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event: compromised drinking water as a result of a flooding event, excluding sources of drinking water that were )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 571.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contaminated before the flooding.)] TJ ET
40.337 551.277 m 
40.337 551.724 40.154 552.168 39.838 552.484 c
39.522 552.800 39.078 552.983 38.631 552.983 c
38.185 552.983 37.741 552.800 37.425 552.484 c
37.109 552.168 36.925 551.724 36.925 551.277 c
36.925 550.831 37.109 550.387 37.425 550.071 c
37.741 549.755 38.185 549.571 38.631 549.571 c
39.078 549.571 39.522 549.755 39.838 550.071 c
40.154 550.387 40.337 550.831 40.337 551.277 c f
BT 45.750 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: gastrointestinal illness with symptoms of vomiting or diarrhoea, including specific diseases such as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hepatitis, cholera or typhoid. We planned to perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 504.313 m 
40.337 504.760 40.154 505.204 39.838 505.520 c
39.522 505.835 39.078 506.019 38.631 506.019 c
38.185 506.019 37.741 505.835 37.425 505.520 c
37.109 505.204 36.925 504.760 36.925 504.313 c
36.925 503.866 37.109 503.422 37.425 503.106 c
37.741 502.791 38.185 502.607 38.631 502.607 c
39.078 502.607 39.522 502.791 39.838 503.106 c
40.154 503.422 40.337 503.866 40.337 504.313 c f
BT 45.750 501.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: include the relevant time period \(1999 to 2008\), type of disaster \(flooding\), geographical area \(India\) and )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 489.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome \(gastrointestinal illness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We searched DisDAT and identified two databases with coverage of India, and 47 \(including those two\) for flooding. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preliminary search using the internet search engine Google identified 110,000 pages using the key words �disaster database )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(India flood gastrointestinal�, in October 2009 but these hits were not assessed. We contacted experts in the area for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions for additional databases. As with the first case study, a full systematic review would have also included searches of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 418.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 382.825 m 
40.337 383.272 40.154 383.716 39.838 384.032 c
39.522 384.347 39.078 384.531 38.631 384.531 c
38.185 384.531 37.741 384.347 37.425 384.032 c
37.109 383.716 36.925 383.272 36.925 382.825 c
36.925 382.378 37.109 381.934 37.425 381.618 c
37.741 381.303 38.185 381.119 38.631 381.119 c
39.078 381.119 39.522 381.303 39.838 381.618 c
40.154 381.934 40.337 382.378 40.337 382.825 c f
BT 45.750 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 367.170 m 
59.837 367.617 59.654 368.061 59.338 368.377 c
59.022 368.693 58.578 368.877 58.131 368.877 c
57.685 368.877 57.241 368.693 56.925 368.377 c
56.609 368.061 56.425 367.617 56.425 367.170 c
56.425 366.724 56.609 366.280 56.925 365.964 c
57.241 365.648 57.685 365.464 58.131 365.464 c
58.578 365.464 59.022 365.648 59.338 365.964 c
59.654 366.280 59.837 366.724 59.837 367.170 c s
BT 65.250 364.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 347.766 m 
40.337 348.212 40.154 348.656 39.838 348.972 c
39.522 349.288 39.078 349.472 38.631 349.472 c
38.185 349.472 37.741 349.288 37.425 348.972 c
37.109 348.656 36.925 348.212 36.925 347.766 c
36.925 347.319 37.109 346.875 37.425 346.559 c
37.741 346.243 38.185 346.059 38.631 346.059 c
39.078 346.059 39.522 346.243 39.838 346.559 c
40.154 346.875 40.337 347.319 40.337 347.766 c f
BT 45.750 344.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 332.111 m 
59.837 332.557 59.654 333.001 59.338 333.317 c
59.022 333.633 58.578 333.817 58.131 333.817 c
57.685 333.817 57.241 333.633 56.925 333.317 c
56.609 333.001 56.425 332.557 56.425 332.111 c
56.425 331.664 56.609 331.220 56.925 330.904 c
57.241 330.588 57.685 330.405 58.131 330.405 c
58.578 330.405 59.022 330.588 59.338 330.904 c
59.654 331.220 59.837 331.664 59.837 332.111 c s
BT 65.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 316.456 m 
59.837 316.903 59.654 317.347 59.338 317.663 c
59.022 317.978 58.578 318.162 58.131 318.162 c
57.685 318.162 57.241 317.978 56.925 317.663 c
56.609 317.347 56.425 316.903 56.425 316.456 c
56.425 316.009 56.609 315.565 56.925 315.249 c
57.241 314.934 57.685 314.750 58.131 314.750 c
58.578 314.750 59.022 314.934 59.338 315.249 c
59.654 315.565 59.837 316.009 59.837 316.456 c s
BT 65.250 313.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(gastrointestinal illness, vomiting or diarrhoea had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 300.801 m 
59.837 301.248 59.654 301.692 59.338 302.008 c
59.022 302.324 58.578 302.508 58.131 302.508 c
57.685 302.508 57.241 302.324 56.925 302.008 c
56.609 301.692 56.425 301.248 56.425 300.801 c
56.425 300.355 56.609 299.911 56.925 299.595 c
57.241 299.279 57.685 299.095 58.131 299.095 c
58.578 299.095 59.022 299.279 59.338 299.595 c
59.654 299.911 59.837 300.355 59.837 300.801 c s
BT 65.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of regions of India or the country as a whole\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 285.147 m 
59.837 285.593 59.654 286.037 59.338 286.353 c
59.022 286.669 58.578 286.853 58.131 286.853 c
57.685 286.853 57.241 286.669 56.925 286.353 c
56.609 286.037 56.425 285.593 56.425 285.147 c
56.425 284.700 56.609 284.256 56.925 283.940 c
57.241 283.624 57.685 283.440 58.131 283.440 c
58.578 283.440 59.022 283.624 59.338 283.940 c
59.654 284.256 59.837 284.700 59.837 285.147 c s
BT 65.250 282.179 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(gastrointestinal illness within a specified time of a flooding event\))] TJ ET
40.337 265.742 m 
40.337 266.188 40.154 266.632 39.838 266.948 c
39.522 267.264 39.078 267.448 38.631 267.448 c
38.185 267.448 37.741 267.264 37.425 266.948 c
37.109 266.632 36.925 266.188 36.925 265.742 c
36.925 265.295 37.109 264.851 37.425 264.535 c
37.741 264.219 38.185 264.036 38.631 264.036 c
39.078 264.036 39.522 264.219 39.838 264.535 c
40.154 264.851 40.337 265.295 40.337 265.742 c f
BT 45.750 262.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 250.087 m 
59.837 250.534 59.654 250.978 59.338 251.294 c
59.022 251.609 58.578 251.793 58.131 251.793 c
57.685 251.793 57.241 251.609 56.925 251.294 c
56.609 250.978 56.425 250.534 56.425 250.087 c
56.425 249.640 56.609 249.196 56.925 248.880 c
57.241 248.565 57.685 248.381 58.131 248.381 c
58.578 248.381 59.022 248.565 59.338 248.880 c
59.654 249.196 59.837 249.640 59.837 250.087 c s
BT 65.250 247.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 234.432 m 
59.837 234.879 59.654 235.323 59.338 235.639 c
59.022 235.955 58.578 236.139 58.131 236.139 c
57.685 236.139 57.241 235.955 56.925 235.639 c
56.609 235.323 56.425 234.879 56.425 234.432 c
56.425 233.986 56.609 233.542 56.925 233.226 c
57.241 232.910 57.685 232.726 58.131 232.726 c
58.578 232.726 59.022 232.910 59.338 233.226 c
59.654 233.542 59.837 233.986 59.837 234.432 c s
BT 65.250 231.465 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Adjustments to take account of baseline levels of gastrointestinal illness)] TJ ET
40.337 215.028 m 
40.337 215.474 40.154 215.918 39.838 216.234 c
39.522 216.550 39.078 216.734 38.631 216.734 c
38.185 216.734 37.741 216.550 37.425 216.234 c
37.109 215.918 36.925 215.474 36.925 215.028 c
36.925 214.581 37.109 214.137 37.425 213.821 c
37.741 213.505 38.185 213.321 38.631 213.321 c
39.078 213.321 39.522 213.505 39.838 213.821 c
40.154 214.137 40.337 214.581 40.337 215.028 c f
BT 45.750 212.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This might be a problem if the compilation of the database for the recent years in 1999 to 2008 is not )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 200.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sufficiently up to date\))] TJ ET
40.337 187.468 m 
40.337 187.915 40.154 188.359 39.838 188.675 c
39.522 188.990 39.078 189.174 38.631 189.174 c
38.185 189.174 37.741 188.990 37.425 188.675 c
37.109 188.359 36.925 187.915 36.925 187.468 c
36.925 187.021 37.109 186.577 37.425 186.261 c
37.741 185.946 38.185 185.762 38.631 185.762 c
39.078 185.762 39.522 185.946 39.838 186.261 c
40.154 186.577 40.337 187.021 40.337 187.468 c f
BT 45.750 184.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 171.813 m 
59.837 172.260 59.654 172.704 59.338 173.020 c
59.022 173.336 58.578 173.520 58.131 173.520 c
57.685 173.520 57.241 173.336 56.925 173.020 c
56.609 172.704 56.425 172.260 56.425 171.813 c
56.425 171.367 56.609 170.923 56.925 170.607 c
57.241 170.291 57.685 170.107 58.131 170.107 c
58.578 170.107 59.022 170.291 59.338 170.607 c
59.654 170.923 59.837 171.367 59.837 171.813 c s
BT 65.250 168.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 156.159 m 
59.837 156.605 59.654 157.049 59.338 157.365 c
59.022 157.681 58.578 157.865 58.131 157.865 c
57.685 157.865 57.241 157.681 56.925 157.365 c
56.609 157.049 56.425 156.605 56.425 156.159 c
56.425 155.712 56.609 155.268 56.925 154.952 c
57.241 154.636 57.685 154.452 58.131 154.452 c
58.578 154.452 59.022 154.636 59.338 154.952 c
59.654 155.268 59.837 155.712 59.837 156.159 c s
BT 65.250 153.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 140.504 m 
59.837 140.950 59.654 141.394 59.338 141.710 c
59.022 142.026 58.578 142.210 58.131 142.210 c
57.685 142.210 57.241 142.026 56.925 141.710 c
56.609 141.394 56.425 140.950 56.425 140.504 c
56.425 140.057 56.609 139.613 56.925 139.297 c
57.241 138.981 57.685 138.797 58.131 138.797 c
58.578 138.797 59.022 138.981 59.338 139.297 c
59.654 139.613 59.837 140.057 59.837 140.504 c s
BT 65.250 137.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified eight potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, India national disaster database � InDisDATA, The Dartmouth )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Flood Observatory \(DFO\) database, NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory and Orissa, India database � DesInventar )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(duplicate\). The experts who were contacted suggested two more: GDACS and ReliefWeb. However, as with the abridged )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review of homelessness following the Pakistan earthquake, assessment of the databases revealed that it was not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(possible to use them to provide a reliable estimate of the number of people having gastrointestinal illness following flooding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(events in India in the ten years from 1999. The problems with the databases were similar but were compounded by incomplete )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 24.917 577.500 752.083 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was no indication of the level of homelessness in the region before the earthquake and there was insufficient information to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify the number made homeless within 48 hours of the earthquake. A fourth database put the number of homes destroyed in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the range 101 to 1000 which, if we were to assume 10 people per household, would equate to only 10,000 people.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 2: Burden of ill-health due to gastrointestinal caused by flooding in India during 1999 to 2008)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review set out to summarise the evidence on the burden of ill-health caused by gastrointestinal illness following )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(flooding events in India over ten years \(1999 to 2008\). This would be useful for planning the deployment of healthcare resources )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the event of future flooding. The objective was to assess how many people in India experienced symptoms of gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illness \(vomiting and diarrhoea only\) or had a diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness as a result of flooding events. We defined )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gastrointestinal illness as a diagnosis by a clinician of gastrointestinal illness, or someone reporting symptoms of diarrhoea or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vomiting, and wished to include only those cases that had been caused by flooding.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We set the following eligibility criteria for the review:)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
40.337 609.491 m 
40.337 609.938 40.154 610.382 39.838 610.698 c
39.522 611.014 39.078 611.198 38.631 611.198 c
38.185 611.198 37.741 611.014 37.425 610.698 c
37.109 610.382 36.925 609.938 36.925 609.491 c
36.925 609.045 37.109 608.601 37.425 608.285 c
37.741 607.969 38.185 607.785 38.631 607.785 c
39.078 607.785 39.522 607.969 39.838 608.285 c
40.154 608.601 40.337 609.045 40.337 609.491 c f
BT 45.750 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Population: people living in India)] TJ ET
40.337 586.337 m 
40.337 586.783 40.154 587.227 39.838 587.543 c
39.522 587.859 39.078 588.043 38.631 588.043 c
38.185 588.043 37.741 587.859 37.425 587.543 c
37.109 587.227 36.925 586.783 36.925 586.337 c
36.925 585.890 37.109 585.446 37.425 585.130 c
37.741 584.814 38.185 584.630 38.631 584.630 c
39.078 584.630 39.522 584.814 39.838 585.130 c
40.154 585.446 40.337 585.890 40.337 586.337 c f
BT 45.750 583.369 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event: compromised drinking water as a result of a flooding event, excluding sources of drinking water that were )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 571.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contaminated before the flooding.)] TJ ET
40.337 551.277 m 
40.337 551.724 40.154 552.168 39.838 552.484 c
39.522 552.800 39.078 552.983 38.631 552.983 c
38.185 552.983 37.741 552.800 37.425 552.484 c
37.109 552.168 36.925 551.724 36.925 551.277 c
36.925 550.831 37.109 550.387 37.425 550.071 c
37.741 549.755 38.185 549.571 38.631 549.571 c
39.078 549.571 39.522 549.755 39.838 550.071 c
40.154 550.387 40.337 550.831 40.337 551.277 c f
BT 45.750 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: gastrointestinal illness with symptoms of vomiting or diarrhoea, including specific diseases such as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hepatitis, cholera or typhoid. We planned to perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 504.313 m 
40.337 504.760 40.154 505.204 39.838 505.520 c
39.522 505.835 39.078 506.019 38.631 506.019 c
38.185 506.019 37.741 505.835 37.425 505.520 c
37.109 505.204 36.925 504.760 36.925 504.313 c
36.925 503.866 37.109 503.422 37.425 503.106 c
37.741 502.791 38.185 502.607 38.631 502.607 c
39.078 502.607 39.522 502.791 39.838 503.106 c
40.154 503.422 40.337 503.866 40.337 504.313 c f
BT 45.750 501.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: include the relevant time period \(1999 to 2008\), type of disaster \(flooding\), geographical area \(India\) and )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 489.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome \(gastrointestinal illness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We searched DisDAT and identified two databases with coverage of India, and 47 \(including those two\) for flooding. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preliminary search using the internet search engine Google identified 110,000 pages using the key words �disaster database )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(India flood gastrointestinal�, in October 2009 but these hits were not assessed. We contacted experts in the area for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions for additional databases. As with the first case study, a full systematic review would have also included searches of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 418.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 382.825 m 
40.337 383.272 40.154 383.716 39.838 384.032 c
39.522 384.347 39.078 384.531 38.631 384.531 c
38.185 384.531 37.741 384.347 37.425 384.032 c
37.109 383.716 36.925 383.272 36.925 382.825 c
36.925 382.378 37.109 381.934 37.425 381.618 c
37.741 381.303 38.185 381.119 38.631 381.119 c
39.078 381.119 39.522 381.303 39.838 381.618 c
40.154 381.934 40.337 382.378 40.337 382.825 c f
BT 45.750 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 367.170 m 
59.837 367.617 59.654 368.061 59.338 368.377 c
59.022 368.693 58.578 368.877 58.131 368.877 c
57.685 368.877 57.241 368.693 56.925 368.377 c
56.609 368.061 56.425 367.617 56.425 367.170 c
56.425 366.724 56.609 366.280 56.925 365.964 c
57.241 365.648 57.685 365.464 58.131 365.464 c
58.578 365.464 59.022 365.648 59.338 365.964 c
59.654 366.280 59.837 366.724 59.837 367.170 c s
BT 65.250 364.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 347.766 m 
40.337 348.212 40.154 348.656 39.838 348.972 c
39.522 349.288 39.078 349.472 38.631 349.472 c
38.185 349.472 37.741 349.288 37.425 348.972 c
37.109 348.656 36.925 348.212 36.925 347.766 c
36.925 347.319 37.109 346.875 37.425 346.559 c
37.741 346.243 38.185 346.059 38.631 346.059 c
39.078 346.059 39.522 346.243 39.838 346.559 c
40.154 346.875 40.337 347.319 40.337 347.766 c f
BT 45.750 344.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 332.111 m 
59.837 332.557 59.654 333.001 59.338 333.317 c
59.022 333.633 58.578 333.817 58.131 333.817 c
57.685 333.817 57.241 333.633 56.925 333.317 c
56.609 333.001 56.425 332.557 56.425 332.111 c
56.425 331.664 56.609 331.220 56.925 330.904 c
57.241 330.588 57.685 330.405 58.131 330.405 c
58.578 330.405 59.022 330.588 59.338 330.904 c
59.654 331.220 59.837 331.664 59.837 332.111 c s
BT 65.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 316.456 m 
59.837 316.903 59.654 317.347 59.338 317.663 c
59.022 317.978 58.578 318.162 58.131 318.162 c
57.685 318.162 57.241 317.978 56.925 317.663 c
56.609 317.347 56.425 316.903 56.425 316.456 c
56.425 316.009 56.609 315.565 56.925 315.249 c
57.241 314.934 57.685 314.750 58.131 314.750 c
58.578 314.750 59.022 314.934 59.338 315.249 c
59.654 315.565 59.837 316.009 59.837 316.456 c s
BT 65.250 313.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(gastrointestinal illness, vomiting or diarrhoea had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 300.801 m 
59.837 301.248 59.654 301.692 59.338 302.008 c
59.022 302.324 58.578 302.508 58.131 302.508 c
57.685 302.508 57.241 302.324 56.925 302.008 c
56.609 301.692 56.425 301.248 56.425 300.801 c
56.425 300.355 56.609 299.911 56.925 299.595 c
57.241 299.279 57.685 299.095 58.131 299.095 c
58.578 299.095 59.022 299.279 59.338 299.595 c
59.654 299.911 59.837 300.355 59.837 300.801 c s
BT 65.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of regions of India or the country as a whole\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 285.147 m 
59.837 285.593 59.654 286.037 59.338 286.353 c
59.022 286.669 58.578 286.853 58.131 286.853 c
57.685 286.853 57.241 286.669 56.925 286.353 c
56.609 286.037 56.425 285.593 56.425 285.147 c
56.425 284.700 56.609 284.256 56.925 283.940 c
57.241 283.624 57.685 283.440 58.131 283.440 c
58.578 283.440 59.022 283.624 59.338 283.940 c
59.654 284.256 59.837 284.700 59.837 285.147 c s
BT 65.250 282.179 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(gastrointestinal illness within a specified time of a flooding event\))] TJ ET
40.337 265.742 m 
40.337 266.188 40.154 266.632 39.838 266.948 c
39.522 267.264 39.078 267.448 38.631 267.448 c
38.185 267.448 37.741 267.264 37.425 266.948 c
37.109 266.632 36.925 266.188 36.925 265.742 c
36.925 265.295 37.109 264.851 37.425 264.535 c
37.741 264.219 38.185 264.036 38.631 264.036 c
39.078 264.036 39.522 264.219 39.838 264.535 c
40.154 264.851 40.337 265.295 40.337 265.742 c f
BT 45.750 262.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 250.087 m 
59.837 250.534 59.654 250.978 59.338 251.294 c
59.022 251.609 58.578 251.793 58.131 251.793 c
57.685 251.793 57.241 251.609 56.925 251.294 c
56.609 250.978 56.425 250.534 56.425 250.087 c
56.425 249.640 56.609 249.196 56.925 248.880 c
57.241 248.565 57.685 248.381 58.131 248.381 c
58.578 248.381 59.022 248.565 59.338 248.880 c
59.654 249.196 59.837 249.640 59.837 250.087 c s
BT 65.250 247.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 234.432 m 
59.837 234.879 59.654 235.323 59.338 235.639 c
59.022 235.955 58.578 236.139 58.131 236.139 c
57.685 236.139 57.241 235.955 56.925 235.639 c
56.609 235.323 56.425 234.879 56.425 234.432 c
56.425 233.986 56.609 233.542 56.925 233.226 c
57.241 232.910 57.685 232.726 58.131 232.726 c
58.578 232.726 59.022 232.910 59.338 233.226 c
59.654 233.542 59.837 233.986 59.837 234.432 c s
BT 65.250 231.465 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Adjustments to take account of baseline levels of gastrointestinal illness)] TJ ET
40.337 215.028 m 
40.337 215.474 40.154 215.918 39.838 216.234 c
39.522 216.550 39.078 216.734 38.631 216.734 c
38.185 216.734 37.741 216.550 37.425 216.234 c
37.109 215.918 36.925 215.474 36.925 215.028 c
36.925 214.581 37.109 214.137 37.425 213.821 c
37.741 213.505 38.185 213.321 38.631 213.321 c
39.078 213.321 39.522 213.505 39.838 213.821 c
40.154 214.137 40.337 214.581 40.337 215.028 c f
BT 45.750 212.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This might be a problem if the compilation of the database for the recent years in 1999 to 2008 is not )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 200.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sufficiently up to date\))] TJ ET
40.337 187.468 m 
40.337 187.915 40.154 188.359 39.838 188.675 c
39.522 188.990 39.078 189.174 38.631 189.174 c
38.185 189.174 37.741 188.990 37.425 188.675 c
37.109 188.359 36.925 187.915 36.925 187.468 c
36.925 187.021 37.109 186.577 37.425 186.261 c
37.741 185.946 38.185 185.762 38.631 185.762 c
39.078 185.762 39.522 185.946 39.838 186.261 c
40.154 186.577 40.337 187.021 40.337 187.468 c f
BT 45.750 184.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 171.813 m 
59.837 172.260 59.654 172.704 59.338 173.020 c
59.022 173.336 58.578 173.520 58.131 173.520 c
57.685 173.520 57.241 173.336 56.925 173.020 c
56.609 172.704 56.425 172.260 56.425 171.813 c
56.425 171.367 56.609 170.923 56.925 170.607 c
57.241 170.291 57.685 170.107 58.131 170.107 c
58.578 170.107 59.022 170.291 59.338 170.607 c
59.654 170.923 59.837 171.367 59.837 171.813 c s
BT 65.250 168.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 156.159 m 
59.837 156.605 59.654 157.049 59.338 157.365 c
59.022 157.681 58.578 157.865 58.131 157.865 c
57.685 157.865 57.241 157.681 56.925 157.365 c
56.609 157.049 56.425 156.605 56.425 156.159 c
56.425 155.712 56.609 155.268 56.925 154.952 c
57.241 154.636 57.685 154.452 58.131 154.452 c
58.578 154.452 59.022 154.636 59.338 154.952 c
59.654 155.268 59.837 155.712 59.837 156.159 c s
BT 65.250 153.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 140.504 m 
59.837 140.950 59.654 141.394 59.338 141.710 c
59.022 142.026 58.578 142.210 58.131 142.210 c
57.685 142.210 57.241 142.026 56.925 141.710 c
56.609 141.394 56.425 140.950 56.425 140.504 c
56.425 140.057 56.609 139.613 56.925 139.297 c
57.241 138.981 57.685 138.797 58.131 138.797 c
58.578 138.797 59.022 138.981 59.338 139.297 c
59.654 139.613 59.837 140.057 59.837 140.504 c s
BT 65.250 137.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified eight potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, India national disaster database � InDisDATA, The Dartmouth )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Flood Observatory \(DFO\) database, NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory and Orissa, India database � DesInventar )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(duplicate\). The experts who were contacted suggested two more: GDACS and ReliefWeb. However, as with the abridged )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review of homelessness following the Pakistan earthquake, assessment of the databases revealed that it was not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(possible to use them to provide a reliable estimate of the number of people having gastrointestinal illness following flooding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(events in India in the ten years from 1999. The problems with the databases were similar but were compounded by incomplete )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 24.917 577.500 752.083 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(was no indication of the level of homelessness in the region before the earthquake and there was insufficient information to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify the number made homeless within 48 hours of the earthquake. A fourth database put the number of homes destroyed in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the range 101 to 1000 which, if we were to assume 10 people per household, would equate to only 10,000 people.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Case study 2: Burden of ill-health due to gastrointestinal caused by flooding in India during 1999 to 2008)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This systematic review set out to summarise the evidence on the burden of ill-health caused by gastrointestinal illness following )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(flooding events in India over ten years \(1999 to 2008\). This would be useful for planning the deployment of healthcare resources )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in the event of future flooding. The objective was to assess how many people in India experienced symptoms of gastrointestinal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(illness \(vomiting and diarrhoea only\) or had a diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness as a result of flooding events. We defined )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gastrointestinal illness as a diagnosis by a clinician of gastrointestinal illness, or someone reporting symptoms of diarrhoea or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(vomiting, and wished to include only those cases that had been caused by flooding.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We set the following eligibility criteria for the review:)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
40.337 609.491 m 
40.337 609.938 40.154 610.382 39.838 610.698 c
39.522 611.014 39.078 611.198 38.631 611.198 c
38.185 611.198 37.741 611.014 37.425 610.698 c
37.109 610.382 36.925 609.938 36.925 609.491 c
36.925 609.045 37.109 608.601 37.425 608.285 c
37.741 607.969 38.185 607.785 38.631 607.785 c
39.078 607.785 39.522 607.969 39.838 608.285 c
40.154 608.601 40.337 609.045 40.337 609.491 c f
BT 45.750 606.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Population: people living in India)] TJ ET
40.337 586.337 m 
40.337 586.783 40.154 587.227 39.838 587.543 c
39.522 587.859 39.078 588.043 38.631 588.043 c
38.185 588.043 37.741 587.859 37.425 587.543 c
37.109 587.227 36.925 586.783 36.925 586.337 c
36.925 585.890 37.109 585.446 37.425 585.130 c
37.741 584.814 38.185 584.630 38.631 584.630 c
39.078 584.630 39.522 584.814 39.838 585.130 c
40.154 585.446 40.337 585.890 40.337 586.337 c f
BT 45.750 583.369 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event: compromised drinking water as a result of a flooding event, excluding sources of drinking water that were )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 571.464 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contaminated before the flooding.)] TJ ET
40.337 551.277 m 
40.337 551.724 40.154 552.168 39.838 552.484 c
39.522 552.800 39.078 552.983 38.631 552.983 c
38.185 552.983 37.741 552.800 37.425 552.484 c
37.109 552.168 36.925 551.724 36.925 551.277 c
36.925 550.831 37.109 550.387 37.425 550.071 c
37.741 549.755 38.185 549.571 38.631 549.571 c
39.078 549.571 39.522 549.755 39.838 550.071 c
40.154 550.387 40.337 550.831 40.337 551.277 c f
BT 45.750 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome measures: gastrointestinal illness with symptoms of vomiting or diarrhoea, including specific diseases such as )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hepatitis, cholera or typhoid. We planned to perform subgroup analyses by age \(<5, 6-18, 19-65 and >65 years\) and gender )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 524.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(male, female\).)] TJ ET
40.337 504.313 m 
40.337 504.760 40.154 505.204 39.838 505.520 c
39.522 505.835 39.078 506.019 38.631 506.019 c
38.185 506.019 37.741 505.835 37.425 505.520 c
37.109 505.204 36.925 504.760 36.925 504.313 c
36.925 503.866 37.109 503.422 37.425 503.106 c
37.741 502.791 38.185 502.607 38.631 502.607 c
39.078 502.607 39.522 502.791 39.838 503.106 c
40.154 503.422 40.337 503.866 40.337 504.313 c f
BT 45.750 501.345 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Databases: include the relevant time period \(1999 to 2008\), type of disaster \(flooding\), geographical area \(India\) and )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 489.441 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome \(gastrointestinal illness\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We searched DisDAT and identified two databases with coverage of India, and 47 \(including those two\) for flooding. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 454.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(preliminary search using the internet search engine Google identified 110,000 pages using the key words �disaster database )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(India flood gastrointestinal�, in October 2009 but these hits were not assessed. We contacted experts in the area for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 430.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions for additional databases. As with the first case study, a full systematic review would have also included searches of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 418.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(electronic, bibliographic databases including EM-BIB, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potentially eligible databases identified in DisDAT were assessed by one author \(IK-P\) according to the following criteria.)] TJ ET
40.337 382.825 m 
40.337 383.272 40.154 383.716 39.838 384.032 c
39.522 384.347 39.078 384.531 38.631 384.531 c
38.185 384.531 37.741 384.347 37.425 384.032 c
37.109 383.716 36.925 383.272 36.925 382.825 c
36.925 382.378 37.109 381.934 37.425 381.618 c
37.741 381.303 38.185 381.119 38.631 381.119 c
39.078 381.119 39.522 381.303 39.838 381.618 c
40.154 381.934 40.337 382.378 40.337 382.825 c f
BT 45.750 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Access to the database: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 367.170 m 
59.837 367.617 59.654 368.061 59.338 368.377 c
59.022 368.693 58.578 368.877 58.131 368.877 c
57.685 368.877 57.241 368.693 56.925 368.377 c
56.609 368.061 56.425 367.617 56.425 367.170 c
56.425 366.724 56.609 366.280 56.925 365.964 c
57.241 365.648 57.685 365.464 58.131 365.464 c
58.578 365.464 59.022 365.648 59.338 365.964 c
59.654 366.280 59.837 366.724 59.837 367.170 c s
BT 65.250 364.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Publicly accessible, online or offline)] TJ ET
40.337 347.766 m 
40.337 348.212 40.154 348.656 39.838 348.972 c
39.522 349.288 39.078 349.472 38.631 349.472 c
38.185 349.472 37.741 349.288 37.425 348.972 c
37.109 348.656 36.925 348.212 36.925 347.766 c
36.925 347.319 37.109 346.875 37.425 346.559 c
37.741 346.243 38.185 346.059 38.631 346.059 c
39.078 346.059 39.522 346.243 39.838 346.559 c
40.154 346.875 40.337 347.319 40.337 347.766 c f
BT 45.750 344.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Precision of data: )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 332.111 m 
59.837 332.557 59.654 333.001 59.338 333.317 c
59.022 333.633 58.578 333.817 58.131 333.817 c
57.685 333.817 57.241 333.633 56.925 333.317 c
56.609 333.001 56.425 332.557 56.425 332.111 c
56.425 331.664 56.609 331.220 56.925 330.904 c
57.241 330.588 57.685 330.405 58.131 330.405 c
58.578 330.405 59.022 330.588 59.338 330.904 c
59.654 331.220 59.837 331.664 59.837 332.111 c s
BT 65.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Counts \(rounding to the nearest hundred was acceptable\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 316.456 m 
59.837 316.903 59.654 317.347 59.338 317.663 c
59.022 317.978 58.578 318.162 58.131 318.162 c
57.685 318.162 57.241 317.978 56.925 317.663 c
56.609 317.347 56.425 316.903 56.425 316.456 c
56.425 316.009 56.609 315.565 56.925 315.249 c
57.241 314.934 57.685 314.750 58.131 314.750 c
58.578 314.750 59.022 314.934 59.338 315.249 c
59.654 315.565 59.837 316.009 59.837 316.456 c s
BT 65.250 313.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcome \(gastrointestinal illness, vomiting or diarrhoea had to be defined\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 300.801 m 
59.837 301.248 59.654 301.692 59.338 302.008 c
59.022 302.324 58.578 302.508 58.131 302.508 c
57.685 302.508 57.241 302.324 56.925 302.008 c
56.609 301.692 56.425 301.248 56.425 300.801 c
56.425 300.355 56.609 299.911 56.925 299.595 c
57.241 299.279 57.685 299.095 58.131 299.095 c
58.578 299.095 59.022 299.279 59.338 299.595 c
59.654 299.911 59.837 300.355 59.837 300.801 c s
BT 65.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Geography \(at the level of regions of India or the country as a whole\))] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 285.147 m 
59.837 285.593 59.654 286.037 59.338 286.353 c
59.022 286.669 58.578 286.853 58.131 286.853 c
57.685 286.853 57.241 286.669 56.925 286.353 c
56.609 286.037 56.425 285.593 56.425 285.147 c
56.425 284.700 56.609 284.256 56.925 283.940 c
57.241 283.624 57.685 283.440 58.131 283.440 c
58.578 283.440 59.022 283.624 59.338 283.940 c
59.654 284.256 59.837 284.700 59.837 285.147 c s
BT 65.250 282.179 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Time \(gastrointestinal illness within a specified time of a flooding event\))] TJ ET
40.337 265.742 m 
40.337 266.188 40.154 266.632 39.838 266.948 c
39.522 267.264 39.078 267.448 38.631 267.448 c
38.185 267.448 37.741 267.264 37.425 266.948 c
37.109 266.632 36.925 266.188 36.925 265.742 c
36.925 265.295 37.109 264.851 37.425 264.535 c
37.741 264.219 38.185 264.036 38.631 264.036 c
39.078 264.036 39.522 264.219 39.838 264.535 c
40.154 264.851 40.337 265.295 40.337 265.742 c f
BT 45.750 262.774 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accuracy of the data )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 250.087 m 
59.837 250.534 59.654 250.978 59.338 251.294 c
59.022 251.609 58.578 251.793 58.131 251.793 c
57.685 251.793 57.241 251.609 56.925 251.294 c
56.609 250.978 56.425 250.534 56.425 250.087 c
56.425 249.640 56.609 249.196 56.925 248.880 c
57.241 248.565 57.685 248.381 58.131 248.381 c
58.578 248.381 59.022 248.565 59.338 248.880 c
59.654 249.196 59.837 249.640 59.837 250.087 c s
BT 65.250 247.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Process used to validate data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 234.432 m 
59.837 234.879 59.654 235.323 59.338 235.639 c
59.022 235.955 58.578 236.139 58.131 236.139 c
57.685 236.139 57.241 235.955 56.925 235.639 c
56.609 235.323 56.425 234.879 56.425 234.432 c
56.425 233.986 56.609 233.542 56.925 233.226 c
57.241 232.910 57.685 232.726 58.131 232.726 c
58.578 232.726 59.022 232.910 59.338 233.226 c
59.654 233.542 59.837 233.986 59.837 234.432 c s
BT 65.250 231.465 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Adjustments to take account of baseline levels of gastrointestinal illness)] TJ ET
40.337 215.028 m 
40.337 215.474 40.154 215.918 39.838 216.234 c
39.522 216.550 39.078 216.734 38.631 216.734 c
38.185 216.734 37.741 216.550 37.425 216.234 c
37.109 215.918 36.925 215.474 36.925 215.028 c
36.925 214.581 37.109 214.137 37.425 213.821 c
37.741 213.505 38.185 213.321 38.631 213.321 c
39.078 213.321 39.522 213.505 39.838 213.821 c
40.154 214.137 40.337 214.581 40.337 215.028 c f
BT 45.750 212.060 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Timeliness \(This might be a problem if the compilation of the database for the recent years in 1999 to 2008 is not )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 200.155 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sufficiently up to date\))] TJ ET
40.337 187.468 m 
40.337 187.915 40.154 188.359 39.838 188.675 c
39.522 188.990 39.078 189.174 38.631 189.174 c
38.185 189.174 37.741 188.990 37.425 188.675 c
37.109 188.359 36.925 187.915 36.925 187.468 c
36.925 187.021 37.109 186.577 37.425 186.261 c
37.741 185.946 38.185 185.762 38.631 185.762 c
39.078 185.762 39.522 185.946 39.838 186.261 c
40.154 186.577 40.337 187.021 40.337 187.468 c f
BT 45.750 184.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reliability )] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 171.813 m 
59.837 172.260 59.654 172.704 59.338 173.020 c
59.022 173.336 58.578 173.520 58.131 173.520 c
57.685 173.520 57.241 173.336 56.925 173.020 c
56.609 172.704 56.425 172.260 56.425 171.813 c
56.425 171.367 56.609 170.923 56.925 170.607 c
57.241 170.291 57.685 170.107 58.131 170.107 c
58.578 170.107 59.022 170.291 59.338 170.607 c
59.654 170.923 59.837 171.367 59.837 171.813 c s
BT 65.250 168.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sources of the data)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 156.159 m 
59.837 156.605 59.654 157.049 59.338 157.365 c
59.022 157.681 58.578 157.865 58.131 157.865 c
57.685 157.865 57.241 157.681 56.925 157.365 c
56.609 157.049 56.425 156.605 56.425 156.159 c
56.425 155.712 56.609 155.268 56.925 154.952 c
57.241 154.636 57.685 154.452 58.131 154.452 c
58.578 154.452 59.022 154.636 59.338 154.952 c
59.654 155.268 59.837 155.712 59.837 156.159 c s
BT 65.250 153.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Quality of these sources)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
59.837 140.504 m 
59.837 140.950 59.654 141.394 59.338 141.710 c
59.022 142.026 58.578 142.210 58.131 142.210 c
57.685 142.210 57.241 142.026 56.925 141.710 c
56.609 141.394 56.425 140.950 56.425 140.504 c
56.425 140.057 56.609 139.613 56.925 139.297 c
57.241 138.981 57.685 138.797 58.131 138.797 c
58.578 138.797 59.022 138.981 59.338 139.297 c
59.654 139.613 59.837 140.057 59.837 140.504 c s
BT 65.250 137.536 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods used for estimates)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.631 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The search of DisDAT identified eight potentially eligible databases: The Disaster Database Project, EM-DAT, SIGMA )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.727 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(SwissRe\), ADRC Disaster Information for Member Countries, India national disaster database � InDisDATA, The Dartmouth )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 86.822 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Flood Observatory \(DFO\) database, NGCD Natural Hazards Data Resource Directory and Orissa, India database � DesInventar )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 74.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(duplicate\). The experts who were contacted suggested two more: GDACS and ReliefWeb. However, as with the abridged )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.012 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review of homelessness following the Pakistan earthquake, assessment of the databases revealed that it was not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(possible to use them to provide a reliable estimate of the number of people having gastrointestinal illness following flooding )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(events in India in the ten years from 1999. The problems with the databases were similar but were compounded by incomplete )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
Q
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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
0.271 0.267 0.267 RG
0.39 w 1 J 1 j
q
15.000 25.087 577.500 751.913 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information across the time period of interest. Furthermore, we were not able to find data in any of the databases on the number )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of people affected by gastrointestinal illness following a flooding event in India. This was reported by some media on an ad hoc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis, such as a BBC report of 120 deaths due to leptospirosis in 2005 and the deaths of 76 people in Bihar in 2002 due to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(water-borne illness, but these numbers are large underestimates of the morbidity and mortality caused by gastrointestinal illness )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a decade of flooding in India.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews have helped to make the vast amount of research evidence in health care more manageable to policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, practitioners, patients and the public and this is also becoming the case in the social sciences)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 466.277 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [13][24])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.514 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . The reviews )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also provide a means for minimizing bias in the interpretation of findings from individual studies, avoiding undue emphasis on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual studies )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 103.197 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([25])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.460 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and improving the design of future research. We believe that these benefits could also be achieved within )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster planning, and that the application of systematic reviews to disaster databases is feasible and would enhance their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribution to the evidence base.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the main applied benefit of systematic reviews is their ability to synthesise and summarise evidence across disparate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources, the methodology has value in itself on account of the procedural rigour used to minimise bias and to critically appraise )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the included research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An important difference between evaluation of databases using measures of concordance or against specified criteria and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review approach is that, in the latter, the critical appraisal of the evidence is focused around questions of relevance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to practitioners and policy-makers, rather than on the database or databases )] TJ ET
BT 358.998 517.348 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(per se)] TJ ET
BT 386.093 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Therefore, implicit within the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review is an assessment of the practical utility of current evidence to the needs of key stakeholders. Consequently, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(even when the results of a systematic review are inconclusive, gaps will have been identified to inform future research, in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedurally rigorous way which adds to weight to calls for further research in those specific areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(That said, application of systematic review to disaster databases whilst technically straightforward, may in practice prove to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(problematic. There is a wealth of information available in disaster databases; but, the content � extent and quality � of the data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected depends very much on the respective objectives of the producers of these databases; the methods used for data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collection and case definitions, which may vary depending on disciplinary affiliations; and the quality and timeliness of the data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which may vary depending on resources and the interests of the producers. For example, if the objective is to provide a rough )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimate quickly to allow prompt action in the early hours of disasters, this will be of less value to a systematic review that seeks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a more validated and accurate estimate of an impact at a much later date. These and other characteristics of the databases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves can limit comparability and provide examples of the types of heterogeneity that should be explored within a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A second, perhaps more fundamental issue lies with the quality and relevance of the primary data being collected and made )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(available within the databases. Databases, like any secondary source of information, are limited by the primary data on which )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they draw. The difficulties surrounding the collection of primary data have been commented on previously and include lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized case definitions, difficulty defining population denominators, attributing causality, and lack of comparability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between sources, to name just a few)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 184.493 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2][26][27])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.861 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . At the same time, there is often a large amount of activity in the aftermath of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster, with many agencies intervening and collecting data for their own internal use. Data collection requires resource and, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particularly in resource-stretched settings such as in the aftermath of a disaster, there is an ethical imperative to ensure that all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data collected is of good quality, and is useful and relevant to as many users as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The challenges we encountered in using the disaster databases as a source of evidence for these two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews are akin to those faced by reviewers of clinical trials in health care in the 1980s. The raw material for their work � the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reports of the original research � did not contain sufficient information. There were shortcomings in descriptions of the methods )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the trials, in the reporting of the results, and in the comprehensiveness of those results. There was a potentially high risk of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bias due to how the data had been collected and reported, and the details to assess this risk were not available because of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incomplete reporting. Some of these problems persist in health care but they are being tackled by initiatives such as the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CONSORT reporting guidelines for randomised trials )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 256.525 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([28])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 272.788 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Similar work is also being done for other types of study, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(observational studies \(STROBE\) )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 169.838 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([29])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 186.101 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , diagnostic studies \(STARD\) )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 316.683 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([30])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 332.946 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , qualitative research \(COREQ\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.567 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [31])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 489.541 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews themselves \(PRISMA\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 157.894 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [12])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.868 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . There is accumulating evidence that these initiatives have led to improvements in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(quality of reporting of research )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.644 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([32])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.907 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 118.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are also ongoing efforts in health care to establish consensus and standardise the ways that outcomes are measured, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 106.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected and reported in research. The aim being to reach agreement on a minimum set of standard outcomes that would be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected in all relevant research. Some existing examples of this are in rheumatology )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 396.896 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([33])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 413.159 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , maternity care)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 483.057 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [34])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 502.031 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and child health )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([35])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 42.513 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . These �core outcome sets� will make it easier to compare, contrast and combine the findings of research in systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although efforts are underway within the disaster community to standardize data collection, without firm international consensus )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on priorities and methods, the creation of a common core dataset, which in turn may facilitate cross-validation between sources )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 25.087 577.500 751.913 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information across the time period of interest. Furthermore, we were not able to find data in any of the databases on the number )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of people affected by gastrointestinal illness following a flooding event in India. This was reported by some media on an ad hoc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis, such as a BBC report of 120 deaths due to leptospirosis in 2005 and the deaths of 76 people in Bihar in 2002 due to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(water-borne illness, but these numbers are large underestimates of the morbidity and mortality caused by gastrointestinal illness )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a decade of flooding in India.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews have helped to make the vast amount of research evidence in health care more manageable to policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, practitioners, patients and the public and this is also becoming the case in the social sciences)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 466.277 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [13][24])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.514 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . The reviews )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also provide a means for minimizing bias in the interpretation of findings from individual studies, avoiding undue emphasis on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual studies )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 103.197 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([25])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.460 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and improving the design of future research. We believe that these benefits could also be achieved within )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster planning, and that the application of systematic reviews to disaster databases is feasible and would enhance their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribution to the evidence base.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the main applied benefit of systematic reviews is their ability to synthesise and summarise evidence across disparate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources, the methodology has value in itself on account of the procedural rigour used to minimise bias and to critically appraise )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the included research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An important difference between evaluation of databases using measures of concordance or against specified criteria and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review approach is that, in the latter, the critical appraisal of the evidence is focused around questions of relevance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to practitioners and policy-makers, rather than on the database or databases )] TJ ET
BT 358.998 517.348 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(per se)] TJ ET
BT 386.093 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Therefore, implicit within the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review is an assessment of the practical utility of current evidence to the needs of key stakeholders. Consequently, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(even when the results of a systematic review are inconclusive, gaps will have been identified to inform future research, in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedurally rigorous way which adds to weight to calls for further research in those specific areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(That said, application of systematic review to disaster databases whilst technically straightforward, may in practice prove to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(problematic. There is a wealth of information available in disaster databases; but, the content � extent and quality � of the data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected depends very much on the respective objectives of the producers of these databases; the methods used for data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collection and case definitions, which may vary depending on disciplinary affiliations; and the quality and timeliness of the data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which may vary depending on resources and the interests of the producers. For example, if the objective is to provide a rough )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimate quickly to allow prompt action in the early hours of disasters, this will be of less value to a systematic review that seeks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a more validated and accurate estimate of an impact at a much later date. These and other characteristics of the databases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves can limit comparability and provide examples of the types of heterogeneity that should be explored within a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A second, perhaps more fundamental issue lies with the quality and relevance of the primary data being collected and made )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(available within the databases. Databases, like any secondary source of information, are limited by the primary data on which )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they draw. The difficulties surrounding the collection of primary data have been commented on previously and include lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized case definitions, difficulty defining population denominators, attributing causality, and lack of comparability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between sources, to name just a few)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 184.493 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2][26][27])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.861 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . At the same time, there is often a large amount of activity in the aftermath of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster, with many agencies intervening and collecting data for their own internal use. Data collection requires resource and, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particularly in resource-stretched settings such as in the aftermath of a disaster, there is an ethical imperative to ensure that all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data collected is of good quality, and is useful and relevant to as many users as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The challenges we encountered in using the disaster databases as a source of evidence for these two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews are akin to those faced by reviewers of clinical trials in health care in the 1980s. The raw material for their work � the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reports of the original research � did not contain sufficient information. There were shortcomings in descriptions of the methods )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the trials, in the reporting of the results, and in the comprehensiveness of those results. There was a potentially high risk of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bias due to how the data had been collected and reported, and the details to assess this risk were not available because of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incomplete reporting. Some of these problems persist in health care but they are being tackled by initiatives such as the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CONSORT reporting guidelines for randomised trials )] TJ ET
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BT 256.525 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([28])] TJ ET
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BT 272.788 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Similar work is also being done for other types of study, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(observational studies \(STROBE\) )] TJ ET
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BT 169.838 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([29])] TJ ET
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BT 186.101 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , diagnostic studies \(STARD\) )] TJ ET
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BT 316.683 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([30])] TJ ET
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BT 332.946 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , qualitative research \(COREQ\))] TJ ET
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BT 470.567 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [31])] TJ ET
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BT 489.541 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews themselves \(PRISMA\))] TJ ET
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BT 157.894 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [12])] TJ ET
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BT 176.868 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . There is accumulating evidence that these initiatives have led to improvements in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(quality of reporting of research )] TJ ET
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BT 160.644 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([32])] TJ ET
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BT 176.907 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 118.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are also ongoing efforts in health care to establish consensus and standardise the ways that outcomes are measured, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 106.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected and reported in research. The aim being to reach agreement on a minimum set of standard outcomes that would be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected in all relevant research. Some existing examples of this are in rheumatology )] TJ ET
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BT 396.896 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([33])] TJ ET
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BT 413.159 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , maternity care)] TJ ET
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BT 483.057 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [34])] TJ ET
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BT 502.031 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and child health )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([35])] TJ ET
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BT 42.513 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . These �core outcome sets� will make it easier to compare, contrast and combine the findings of research in systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although efforts are underway within the disaster community to standardize data collection, without firm international consensus )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on priorities and methods, the creation of a common core dataset, which in turn may facilitate cross-validation between sources )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 25.087 577.500 751.913 re W n
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information across the time period of interest. Furthermore, we were not able to find data in any of the databases on the number )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of people affected by gastrointestinal illness following a flooding event in India. This was reported by some media on an ad hoc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(basis, such as a BBC report of 120 deaths due to leptospirosis in 2005 and the deaths of 76 people in Bihar in 2002 due to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(water-borne illness, but these numbers are large underestimates of the morbidity and mortality caused by gastrointestinal illness )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in a decade of flooding in India.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.255 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Systematic reviews have helped to make the vast amount of research evidence in health care more manageable to policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, practitioners, patients and the public and this is also becoming the case in the social sciences)] TJ ET
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BT 466.277 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [13][24])] TJ ET
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BT 501.514 651.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . The reviews )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(also provide a means for minimizing bias in the interpretation of findings from individual studies, avoiding undue emphasis on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individual studies )] TJ ET
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BT 103.197 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([25])] TJ ET
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BT 119.460 627.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and improving the design of future research. We believe that these benefits could also be achieved within )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.681 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster planning, and that the application of systematic reviews to disaster databases is feasible and would enhance their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(contribution to the evidence base.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although the main applied benefit of systematic reviews is their ability to synthesise and summarise evidence across disparate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sources, the methodology has value in itself on account of the procedural rigour used to minimise bias and to critically appraise )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the included research.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(An important difference between evaluation of databases using measures of concordance or against specified criteria and the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review approach is that, in the latter, the critical appraisal of the evidence is focused around questions of relevance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to practitioners and policy-makers, rather than on the database or databases )] TJ ET
BT 358.998 517.348 Td /F5 9.8 Tf  [(per se)] TJ ET
BT 386.093 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Therefore, implicit within the process of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review is an assessment of the practical utility of current evidence to the needs of key stakeholders. Consequently, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(even when the results of a systematic review are inconclusive, gaps will have been identified to inform future research, in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedurally rigorous way which adds to weight to calls for further research in those specific areas.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(That said, application of systematic review to disaster databases whilst technically straightforward, may in practice prove to be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(problematic. There is a wealth of information available in disaster databases; but, the content � extent and quality � of the data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected depends very much on the respective objectives of the producers of these databases; the methods used for data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collection and case definitions, which may vary depending on disciplinary affiliations; and the quality and timeliness of the data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(which may vary depending on resources and the interests of the producers. For example, if the objective is to provide a rough )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(estimate quickly to allow prompt action in the early hours of disasters, this will be of less value to a systematic review that seeks )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a more validated and accurate estimate of an impact at a much later date. These and other characteristics of the databases )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(themselves can limit comparability and provide examples of the types of heterogeneity that should be explored within a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systematic review.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A second, perhaps more fundamental issue lies with the quality and relevance of the primary data being collected and made )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(available within the databases. Databases, like any secondary source of information, are limited by the primary data on which )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(they draw. The difficulties surrounding the collection of primary data have been commented on previously and include lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized case definitions, difficulty defining population denominators, attributing causality, and lack of comparability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between sources, to name just a few)] TJ ET
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BT 184.493 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([2][26][27])] TJ ET
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BT 227.861 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . At the same time, there is often a large amount of activity in the aftermath of a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster, with many agencies intervening and collecting data for their own internal use. Data collection requires resource and, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(particularly in resource-stretched settings such as in the aftermath of a disaster, there is an ethical imperative to ensure that all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(data collected is of good quality, and is useful and relevant to as many users as possible.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 244.848 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The challenges we encountered in using the disaster databases as a source of evidence for these two abridged systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.944 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews are akin to those faced by reviewers of clinical trials in health care in the 1980s. The raw material for their work � the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reports of the original research � did not contain sufficient information. There were shortcomings in descriptions of the methods )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the trials, in the reporting of the results, and in the comprehensiveness of those results. There was a potentially high risk of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bias due to how the data had been collected and reported, and the details to assess this risk were not available because of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.325 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incomplete reporting. Some of these problems persist in health care but they are being tackled by initiatives such as the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CONSORT reporting guidelines for randomised trials )] TJ ET
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BT 256.525 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([28])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 272.788 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Similar work is also being done for other types of study, including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(observational studies \(STROBE\) )] TJ ET
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BT 169.838 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([29])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 186.101 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , diagnostic studies \(STARD\) )] TJ ET
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BT 316.683 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([30])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 332.946 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , qualitative research \(COREQ\))] TJ ET
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BT 470.567 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [31])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 489.541 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews themselves \(PRISMA\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 157.894 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [12])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.868 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . There is accumulating evidence that these initiatives have led to improvements in the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(quality of reporting of research )] TJ ET
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BT 160.644 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([32])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.907 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( .)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 118.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There are also ongoing efforts in health care to establish consensus and standardise the ways that outcomes are measured, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 106.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected and reported in research. The aim being to reach agreement on a minimum set of standard outcomes that would be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collected in all relevant research. Some existing examples of this are in rheumatology )] TJ ET
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BT 396.896 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([33])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 413.159 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , maternity care)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 483.057 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( [34])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 502.031 94.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and child health )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([35])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 42.513 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . These �core outcome sets� will make it easier to compare, contrast and combine the findings of research in systematic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reviews.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Although efforts are underway within the disaster community to standardize data collection, without firm international consensus )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 39.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on priorities and methods, the creation of a common core dataset, which in turn may facilitate cross-validation between sources )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and greater data credibility, remains a nebulous goal.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We support the call for a common approach to data management in disasters and propose the systematic review as a method )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for critically summarizing evidence, but perhaps more crucially, given the findings from our case studies, as a tool by which to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify gaps in the data in a procedurally rigorous and objective way, which may help focus international efforts to fill these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gaps and resolve the accompanying uncertainties.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In order to maximise the usefulness of disaster databases, we suggest a much greater focus on the information needs of policy-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers and practitioners in the disaster community, possibly with database set-up being informed directly by regular evaluation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of these information needs. In the disaster context, where there is still so much heterogeneity in the data, perhaps the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pragmatic and instrumental way in which systematic reviews can be used would be to navigate these heterogeneities and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(through a process of iteration and negotiation between different stakeholders help in the development of a common core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(dataset. Finally, without buy-in from partners, no data set, however well constructed will not succeed. CONSORT, STROBE and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other reporting standards in health were developed by large mullti-party international working groups which developed a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consensus that was then accepted widely. Perhaps, a similar process is needed to ensure that candidate core datasets actually )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(achieve the universal \(or at least widespread\) usage needed in order to make any difference to data quality.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 561.112 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In this paper, we have shown how the systematic review process may be applied to disaster databases to strengthen the role )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that they can play in planning for, and responding to, disasters. We outline the benefits of doing so and discuss some of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(obstacles that we anticipate. We demonstrate proof of concept by applying systematic review methods within two �case studies� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and recommend that the role of systematic reviews as a source of reliable information for policy makers and practitioners should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be recognized as strongly across the disaster community as it has been in health care. Bearing in mind the current variability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(across the disaster databases, we also recommend that reporting standards should be established for disaster databases to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(make it easier for users to identify the particular advantages and disadvantages of each database with regard to specific policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or practice questions and suggest carrying out systematic reviews as an integral part of this development process. If a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized, minimum dataset could be agreed for routine collection and storage in all databases, this would also go a long )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 434.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way towards increasing the value of these databases for decision makers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Analogous to the experience of developing reporting guidelines for clinical studies, the development and acceptance of a core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome set or sets in the disaster field is likely to be achieved only through an iterative process which will require international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(co-operation and consensus. Efforts in this direction are already underway )] TJ ET
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BT 365.491 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Systematic reviews should also be able to help )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because in addition to their well recognized role as a process for critical review of existing scientific evidence with the objective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of arriving at a concise summary, they are also useful for the systematic identification of knowledge gaps. Given the findings )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from our case studies, we propose that this benefit of the systematic review will, at least at the outset, be of greatest use in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defining a core outcome set for disaster data, as the gaps will have been identified through a transparent, reproducible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(objective process and not predicated on the experiences of individuals or organisations. In the longer term, we expect that the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strength of systematic reviews as a means of providing answers to key questions for disaster risk reduction and response will )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(come to the fore, as the quality of disaster data improves.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The disaster databases represent a tremendous investment of resources, effort and good will. At the moment, however, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collective resource of these databases is not realizing its full potential to influence policy and practice for the better. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions outlined in this paper would harness the power of the databases by valuing their diversity and recognizing their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different roles whilst at the same time making it easier for users to synthesize evidence from multiple sources and having )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assurance in choosing the ones most appropriate to their purposes. This, in turn, would help resolve the uncertainties of policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, organisations, practitioners and the public, and would lead to reductions in the damaging effects of disasters on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(populations and societies. The disaster community has an opportunity to benefit from many decades of experience of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct of systematic reviews and the implementation of evidence based health care. We hope that this paper will stimulate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussion and the actions needed to grasp this opportunity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.222 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors would like to thank the help and advice provided by the sub-committee on databases of the UNISDR Science and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee, specifically Dr Walter Ammann; Prof Gordon McBean; Prof Moshen Ghafory-Ashtiany; Prof Laban Ogallo; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dr Kaoru Takara; Prof Dennis Wenger; Dr Reid Basher; as well as Mr Jonathan Abrahams.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding information)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.902 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(None to declare.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and greater data credibility, remains a nebulous goal.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We support the call for a common approach to data management in disasters and propose the systematic review as a method )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for critically summarizing evidence, but perhaps more crucially, given the findings from our case studies, as a tool by which to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify gaps in the data in a procedurally rigorous and objective way, which may help focus international efforts to fill these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gaps and resolve the accompanying uncertainties.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In order to maximise the usefulness of disaster databases, we suggest a much greater focus on the information needs of policy-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers and practitioners in the disaster community, possibly with database set-up being informed directly by regular evaluation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of these information needs. In the disaster context, where there is still so much heterogeneity in the data, perhaps the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pragmatic and instrumental way in which systematic reviews can be used would be to navigate these heterogeneities and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(through a process of iteration and negotiation between different stakeholders help in the development of a common core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(dataset. Finally, without buy-in from partners, no data set, however well constructed will not succeed. CONSORT, STROBE and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other reporting standards in health were developed by large mullti-party international working groups which developed a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consensus that was then accepted widely. Perhaps, a similar process is needed to ensure that candidate core datasets actually )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(achieve the universal \(or at least widespread\) usage needed in order to make any difference to data quality.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 561.112 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In this paper, we have shown how the systematic review process may be applied to disaster databases to strengthen the role )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that they can play in planning for, and responding to, disasters. We outline the benefits of doing so and discuss some of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(obstacles that we anticipate. We demonstrate proof of concept by applying systematic review methods within two �case studies� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and recommend that the role of systematic reviews as a source of reliable information for policy makers and practitioners should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be recognized as strongly across the disaster community as it has been in health care. Bearing in mind the current variability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(across the disaster databases, we also recommend that reporting standards should be established for disaster databases to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(make it easier for users to identify the particular advantages and disadvantages of each database with regard to specific policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or practice questions and suggest carrying out systematic reviews as an integral part of this development process. If a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized, minimum dataset could be agreed for routine collection and storage in all databases, this would also go a long )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 434.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way towards increasing the value of these databases for decision makers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Analogous to the experience of developing reporting guidelines for clinical studies, the development and acceptance of a core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome set or sets in the disaster field is likely to be achieved only through an iterative process which will require international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(co-operation and consensus. Efforts in this direction are already underway )] TJ ET
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BT 349.228 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([36])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 365.491 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Systematic reviews should also be able to help )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because in addition to their well recognized role as a process for critical review of existing scientific evidence with the objective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of arriving at a concise summary, they are also useful for the systematic identification of knowledge gaps. Given the findings )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from our case studies, we propose that this benefit of the systematic review will, at least at the outset, be of greatest use in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defining a core outcome set for disaster data, as the gaps will have been identified through a transparent, reproducible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(objective process and not predicated on the experiences of individuals or organisations. In the longer term, we expect that the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strength of systematic reviews as a means of providing answers to key questions for disaster risk reduction and response will )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(come to the fore, as the quality of disaster data improves.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The disaster databases represent a tremendous investment of resources, effort and good will. At the moment, however, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collective resource of these databases is not realizing its full potential to influence policy and practice for the better. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions outlined in this paper would harness the power of the databases by valuing their diversity and recognizing their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different roles whilst at the same time making it easier for users to synthesize evidence from multiple sources and having )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assurance in choosing the ones most appropriate to their purposes. This, in turn, would help resolve the uncertainties of policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, organisations, practitioners and the public, and would lead to reductions in the damaging effects of disasters on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(populations and societies. The disaster community has an opportunity to benefit from many decades of experience of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct of systematic reviews and the implementation of evidence based health care. We hope that this paper will stimulate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussion and the actions needed to grasp this opportunity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.222 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors would like to thank the help and advice provided by the sub-committee on databases of the UNISDR Science and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee, specifically Dr Walter Ammann; Prof Gordon McBean; Prof Moshen Ghafory-Ashtiany; Prof Laban Ogallo; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dr Kaoru Takara; Prof Dennis Wenger; Dr Reid Basher; as well as Mr Jonathan Abrahams.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding information)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.902 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(None to declare.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and greater data credibility, remains a nebulous goal.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We support the call for a common approach to data management in disasters and propose the systematic review as a method )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for critically summarizing evidence, but perhaps more crucially, given the findings from our case studies, as a tool by which to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(identify gaps in the data in a procedurally rigorous and objective way, which may help focus international efforts to fill these )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(gaps and resolve the accompanying uncertainties.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In order to maximise the usefulness of disaster databases, we suggest a much greater focus on the information needs of policy-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers and practitioners in the disaster community, possibly with database set-up being informed directly by regular evaluation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of these information needs. In the disaster context, where there is still so much heterogeneity in the data, perhaps the most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pragmatic and instrumental way in which systematic reviews can be used would be to navigate these heterogeneities and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(through a process of iteration and negotiation between different stakeholders help in the development of a common core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(dataset. Finally, without buy-in from partners, no data set, however well constructed will not succeed. CONSORT, STROBE and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other reporting standards in health were developed by large mullti-party international working groups which developed a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consensus that was then accepted widely. Perhaps, a similar process is needed to ensure that candidate core datasets actually )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(achieve the universal \(or at least widespread\) usage needed in order to make any difference to data quality.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 561.112 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In this paper, we have shown how the systematic review process may be applied to disaster databases to strengthen the role )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that they can play in planning for, and responding to, disasters. We outline the benefits of doing so and discuss some of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(obstacles that we anticipate. We demonstrate proof of concept by applying systematic review methods within two �case studies� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and recommend that the role of systematic reviews as a source of reliable information for policy makers and practitioners should )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(be recognized as strongly across the disaster community as it has been in health care. Bearing in mind the current variability )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(across the disaster databases, we also recommend that reporting standards should be established for disaster databases to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(make it easier for users to identify the particular advantages and disadvantages of each database with regard to specific policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 457.824 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or practice questions and suggest carrying out systematic reviews as an integral part of this development process. If a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(standardized, minimum dataset could be agreed for routine collection and storage in all databases, this would also go a long )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 434.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(way towards increasing the value of these databases for decision makers.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Analogous to the experience of developing reporting guidelines for clinical studies, the development and acceptance of a core )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcome set or sets in the disaster field is likely to be achieved only through an iterative process which will require international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(co-operation and consensus. Efforts in this direction are already underway )] TJ ET
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BT 349.228 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [([36])] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 365.491 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( . Systematic reviews should also be able to help )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because in addition to their well recognized role as a process for critical review of existing scientific evidence with the objective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of arriving at a concise summary, they are also useful for the systematic identification of knowledge gaps. Given the findings )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from our case studies, we propose that this benefit of the systematic review will, at least at the outset, be of greatest use in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(defining a core outcome set for disaster data, as the gaps will have been identified through a transparent, reproducible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(objective process and not predicated on the experiences of individuals or organisations. In the longer term, we expect that the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strength of systematic reviews as a means of providing answers to key questions for disaster risk reduction and response will )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(come to the fore, as the quality of disaster data improves.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The disaster databases represent a tremendous investment of resources, effort and good will. At the moment, however, the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(collective resource of these databases is not realizing its full potential to influence policy and practice for the better. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggestions outlined in this paper would harness the power of the databases by valuing their diversity and recognizing their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(different roles whilst at the same time making it easier for users to synthesize evidence from multiple sources and having )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(assurance in choosing the ones most appropriate to their purposes. This, in turn, would help resolve the uncertainties of policy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(makers, organisations, practitioners and the public, and would lead to reductions in the damaging effects of disasters on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(populations and societies. The disaster community has an opportunity to benefit from many decades of experience of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conduct of systematic reviews and the implementation of evidence based health care. We hope that this paper will stimulate )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussion and the actions needed to grasp this opportunity.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.222 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors would like to thank the help and advice provided by the sub-committee on databases of the UNISDR Science and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee, specifically Dr Walter Ammann; Prof Gordon McBean; Prof Moshen Ghafory-Ashtiany; Prof Laban Ogallo; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dr Kaoru Takara; Prof Dennis Wenger; Dr Reid Basher; as well as Mr Jonathan Abrahams.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.856 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding information)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 55.902 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(None to declare.)] TJ ET
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BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET
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15.000 42.754 577.500 734.246 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing interests)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 693.722 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D., D. Hargitt and P. Hoyois \(2004\) Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers. Presses )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(universitaires de Louvain, Brussels. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 645.877 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below \(2006\) �Collecting data on disasters: easier said than done�. Asian Disaster Management News. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12. pp. 9-10.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below. A Working Paper for the World Bank \(2002\). The Quality and Accuracy of Disaster Data. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.112 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparative Analyses of Three Global Data Sets.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tschoegl, L., with R. Below and D. Guha-Sapir. UNDP/CRED Worksop on Improving Compilation of Reliable Data on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster Occurence and Impact \(2006\). An Analytical Review of Selected Data Sets on Natural Disasters and Impacts.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 544.317 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNISDR \(2009\) Reducing Disaster Risks through Science: Issues and Actions, The full report of the ISDR Scientific and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 513.862 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee 2009)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 505.376 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Allen C, Richmond K. The Cochrane Collaboration: International activity within Cochrane Review Groups in the first decade )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.921 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the twenty-first century. J Evid Based Med. 2011 Jan 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2011.01109.x. [Epub ahead of print] )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PubMed PMID: 21342476.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampson M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 431.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 27;4\(3\):e78. PubMed PMID: 17388659; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1831728.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CEBM \(Centre for Evidence Based Medicine\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 403.816 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bradt DA. Evidence-based decision-making \(part 1\): Origins and evolution in the health sciences. Prehosp Disaster Med. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 373.362 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2009 Jul-Aug;24\(4\):298-305. PubMed PMID: 19806553.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chalmers I, Hedges LV, Cooper H. A brief history of research synthesis. Eval Health Prof. 2002 Mar;25\(1\):12-37. PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.052 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PMID: 11868442.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Higgins J.P.T. and S. Green \(editors\) \(updated September 2008\). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.743 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interventions Version 5.0.1. The Cochrane Collaboration.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 302.257 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G�tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.897 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6\(7\):e1000100. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 19621070; PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.992 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Central PMCID: PMC2707010.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Montori VM, Saha S, Clarke M. A call for systematic reviews. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Dec;19\(12\):1240-1. PubMed PMID: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15610335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1492593.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O'Math�na DP. Conducting research in the aftermath of disasters: ethical considerations. J Evid Based Med. 2010 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.373 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(May;3\(2\):65-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01076.x. Epub 2010 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 21349047.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 165.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 165.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kelman, I. �Operational Ethics for Disaster Research�. Int J Mass Emerg Dis. 2005;23\(3\):141-158.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 146.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jesus JE, Michael GE. Ethical considerations of research in disaster-stricken populations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009 Mar-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.659 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Apr;24\(2\):109-14. PubMed PMID: 19591303.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.254 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 115.254 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Clarke M. Evidence Aid--from the Asian tsunami to the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med. 2008 Nov;1\(1\):9-11. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.350 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1111/j.1756-5391.2008.00007.x. PubMed PMID: 21348967.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 83.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Connolly MA, Gayer M, Ryan MJ, Salama P, Spiegel P, Heymann DL. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 72.040 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impact and challenges. Lancet. 2004 Nov 27-Dec 3;364\(9449\):1974-83. PubMed PMID: 15567014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 52.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 52.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Thompson, D., et al \(eds\) \(1995\) �The Concise Oxford English Dictionary� 9th edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 42.754 577.500 734.246 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing interests)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 693.722 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D., D. Hargitt and P. Hoyois \(2004\) Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers. Presses )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(universitaires de Louvain, Brussels. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 645.877 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below \(2006\) �Collecting data on disasters: easier said than done�. Asian Disaster Management News. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12. pp. 9-10.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below. A Working Paper for the World Bank \(2002\). The Quality and Accuracy of Disaster Data. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.112 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparative Analyses of Three Global Data Sets.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tschoegl, L., with R. Below and D. Guha-Sapir. UNDP/CRED Worksop on Improving Compilation of Reliable Data on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster Occurence and Impact \(2006\). An Analytical Review of Selected Data Sets on Natural Disasters and Impacts.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 544.317 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNISDR \(2009\) Reducing Disaster Risks through Science: Issues and Actions, The full report of the ISDR Scientific and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 513.862 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee 2009)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 505.376 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Allen C, Richmond K. The Cochrane Collaboration: International activity within Cochrane Review Groups in the first decade )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.921 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the twenty-first century. J Evid Based Med. 2011 Jan 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2011.01109.x. [Epub ahead of print] )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PubMed PMID: 21342476.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampson M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 431.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 27;4\(3\):e78. PubMed PMID: 17388659; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1831728.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CEBM \(Centre for Evidence Based Medicine\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 403.816 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bradt DA. Evidence-based decision-making \(part 1\): Origins and evolution in the health sciences. Prehosp Disaster Med. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 373.362 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2009 Jul-Aug;24\(4\):298-305. PubMed PMID: 19806553.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chalmers I, Hedges LV, Cooper H. A brief history of research synthesis. Eval Health Prof. 2002 Mar;25\(1\):12-37. PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.052 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PMID: 11868442.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Higgins J.P.T. and S. Green \(editors\) \(updated September 2008\). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.743 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interventions Version 5.0.1. The Cochrane Collaboration.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 302.257 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G�tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.897 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6\(7\):e1000100. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 19621070; PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.992 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Central PMCID: PMC2707010.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Montori VM, Saha S, Clarke M. A call for systematic reviews. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Dec;19\(12\):1240-1. PubMed PMID: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15610335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1492593.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O'Math�na DP. Conducting research in the aftermath of disasters: ethical considerations. J Evid Based Med. 2010 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.373 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(May;3\(2\):65-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01076.x. Epub 2010 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 21349047.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 165.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 165.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kelman, I. �Operational Ethics for Disaster Research�. Int J Mass Emerg Dis. 2005;23\(3\):141-158.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 146.564 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jesus JE, Michael GE. Ethical considerations of research in disaster-stricken populations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2009 Mar-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.659 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Apr;24\(2\):109-14. PubMed PMID: 19591303.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.254 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 115.254 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Clarke M. Evidence Aid--from the Asian tsunami to the Wenchuan earthquake. J Evid Based Med. 2008 Nov;1\(1\):9-11. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.350 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1111/j.1756-5391.2008.00007.x. PubMed PMID: 21348967.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 83.945 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Connolly MA, Gayer M, Ryan MJ, Salama P, Spiegel P, Heymann DL. Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 72.040 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(impact and challenges. Lancet. 2004 Nov 27-Dec 3;364\(9449\):1974-83. PubMed PMID: 15567014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 52.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 52.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Thompson, D., et al \(eds\) \(1995\) �The Concise Oxford English Dictionary� 9th edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 42.754 577.500 734.246 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 750.278 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing interests)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 730.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 693.722 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 666.267 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D., D. Hargitt and P. Hoyois \(2004\) Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974-2003: The Numbers. Presses )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(universitaires de Louvain, Brussels. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 645.877 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 627.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below \(2006\) �Collecting data on disasters: easier said than done�. Asian Disaster Management News. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12. pp. 9-10.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 596.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Guha-Sapir, D. and R. Below. A Working Paper for the World Bank \(2002\). The Quality and Accuracy of Disaster Data. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.112 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Comparative Analyses of Three Global Data Sets.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 564.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tschoegl, L., with R. Below and D. Guha-Sapir. UNDP/CRED Worksop on Improving Compilation of Reliable Data on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster Occurence and Impact \(2006\). An Analytical Review of Selected Data Sets on Natural Disasters and Impacts.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 544.317 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 525.767 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UNISDR \(2009\) Reducing Disaster Risks through Science: Issues and Actions, The full report of the ISDR Scientific and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 513.862 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technical Committee 2009)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 505.376 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 486.826 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Allen C, Richmond K. The Cochrane Collaboration: International activity within Cochrane Review Groups in the first decade )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.921 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the twenty-first century. J Evid Based Med. 2011 Jan 27. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2011.01109.x. [Epub ahead of print] )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.017 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PubMed PMID: 21342476.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 443.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Moher D, Tetzlaff J, Tricco AC, Sampson M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 431.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 27;4\(3\):e78. PubMed PMID: 17388659; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1831728.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 412.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(CEBM \(Centre for Evidence Based Medicine\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 403.816 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 385.266 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bradt DA. Evidence-based decision-making \(part 1\): Origins and evolution in the health sciences. Prehosp Disaster Med. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 373.362 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2009 Jul-Aug;24\(4\):298-305. PubMed PMID: 19806553.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 353.957 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chalmers I, Hedges LV, Cooper H. A brief history of research synthesis. Eval Health Prof. 2002 Mar;25\(1\):12-37. PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.052 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PMID: 11868442.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 322.647 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Higgins J.P.T. and S. Green \(editors\) \(updated September 2008\). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.743 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interventions Version 5.0.1. The Cochrane Collaboration.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 302.257 Td /F1 7.5 Tf  [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 283.707 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G�tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.802 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.897 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6\(7\):e1000100. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PubMed PMID: 19621070; PubMed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.992 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Central PMCID: PMC2707010.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 228.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Montori VM, Saha S, Clarke M. A call for systematic reviews. J Gen Intern Med. 2004 Dec;19\(12\):1240-1. PubMed PMID: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 216.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15610335; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1492593.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 197.278 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O'Math�na DP. Conducting research in the aftermath of disasters: ethical considerations. J Evid Based Med. 2010 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.373 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(May;3\(2\):65-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-5391.2010.01076.x. Epub 2010 Apr 23. PubMed PMID: 21349047.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 165.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
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