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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Communication using Social Media)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(March 24, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 82.431 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
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BT 87.306 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dmitry Leykin)] TJ ET
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BT 85.296 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 90.717 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Limor Aharonson-Daniel)] TJ ET
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BT 195.832 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 201.253 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mooli Lahad)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leykin D, Aharonson-Daniel L, Lahad M. Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis Communication using Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Media. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Mar 24 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.b2c5870adf1b7a77af82e7d5552aabe7.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: The extensive use of social media in modern life redefines social interaction and communication. Communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(plays an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral responses to critical incidents and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters. As recent disasters demonstrated, people tend to converge to social media during and following emergencies. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Authorities can then use this media and other computational methods to gain insights from the public, mainly to enhance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness, but also to improve their communication with the public and public adherence to instructions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The current review presents a conceptual framework for studying psychological aspects of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication using the social media through social computing.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 492.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and objectives�of crisis communication. The�availability of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by a process of Hyper-Targeted Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: The review�suggests that using advanced computational tools for target-audience profiling and linguistic matching in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media, can facilitate more sensitive and personalized emergency communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 400.326 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This work was supported by The Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology & Space \(Grant number 3-10814; URL: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://most.gov.il/English/Pages/default.aspx \). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(publish, or preparation of the manuscript.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.460 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Background)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The extensive use of social media in modern lives redefines social interaction and communication. Many of us are heavy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consumers of the different channels of the social media, whether it is social networks, microblogs, photo sharing, forums, blogs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or other types of the media. Nowadays, we are passive absorbers of information and active distributers of it. Many people spend )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a considerable portion of their time maintaining their virtual social networks, expressing themselves in different settings, staying )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuned with the latest news and finding relevant information. During and following crisis or emergency situations, people turn to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media for various reasons, to make sense of the world through words, or as described by Lahad)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 467.360 249.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.178 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( for the natural need of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the storytelling animal�. We express ourselves and share our inner world through combination of words that others instantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absorb, process and act upon.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster situations increase the need for information. The need, roots from high levels of uncertainty, true threats to life or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, and often manifest themselves in an urgent necessity for immediate information)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 400.709 194.370 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 405.527 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective crisis communications can )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(therefore serve to mitigate anxiogenesis and direct rapid and focused rescue, recovery, and rehabilitative operations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 526.981 182.465 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.799 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(past, in such situations, the mass media disseminated messages and information to the public. Social media has revolutionized )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how individuals interact and how organizations and decision makers communicate with the public during routine and emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(times through the possibility of mass interactive communication. It has been suggested by practitioners that successful message )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(phrasing, delivered to specific groups with specific characteristics, plays a crucial role in the communication process )] TJ ET
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BT 528.005 134.846 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 532.823 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 121.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuning to the public is a challenging task, the application of state of the art computational methods on the huge amount of user-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(generated textual content in social media, can enhance public understanding through insight extraction.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 90.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The current review seeks to clarify the following topics:)] TJ ET
BT 32.206 70.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 45.750 70.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The role of social media in the process of crisis and emergency communication)] TJ ET
BT 32.206 55.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 45.750 55.065 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The use of social computational approaches in the process of crisis and emergency communication.)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis )] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(March 24, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 82.431 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
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BT 87.306 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dmitry Leykin)] TJ ET
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BT 85.296 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 90.717 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Limor Aharonson-Daniel)] TJ ET
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BT 195.832 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
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BT 201.253 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mooli Lahad)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leykin D, Aharonson-Daniel L, Lahad M. Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis Communication using Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Media. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Mar 24 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.b2c5870adf1b7a77af82e7d5552aabe7.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: The extensive use of social media in modern life redefines social interaction and communication. Communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(plays an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral responses to critical incidents and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters. As recent disasters demonstrated, people tend to converge to social media during and following emergencies. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Authorities can then use this media and other computational methods to gain insights from the public, mainly to enhance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness, but also to improve their communication with the public and public adherence to instructions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The current review presents a conceptual framework for studying psychological aspects of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication using the social media through social computing.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 492.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and objectives�of crisis communication. The�availability of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by a process of Hyper-Targeted Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: The review�suggests that using advanced computational tools for target-audience profiling and linguistic matching in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media, can facilitate more sensitive and personalized emergency communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 400.326 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This work was supported by The Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology & Space \(Grant number 3-10814; URL: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://most.gov.il/English/Pages/default.aspx \). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(publish, or preparation of the manuscript.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.460 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Background)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The extensive use of social media in modern lives redefines social interaction and communication. Many of us are heavy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consumers of the different channels of the social media, whether it is social networks, microblogs, photo sharing, forums, blogs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or other types of the media. Nowadays, we are passive absorbers of information and active distributers of it. Many people spend )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a considerable portion of their time maintaining their virtual social networks, expressing themselves in different settings, staying )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuned with the latest news and finding relevant information. During and following crisis or emergency situations, people turn to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media for various reasons, to make sense of the world through words, or as described by Lahad)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 467.360 249.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.178 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( for the natural need of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the storytelling animal�. We express ourselves and share our inner world through combination of words that others instantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absorb, process and act upon.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster situations increase the need for information. The need, roots from high levels of uncertainty, true threats to life or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, and often manifest themselves in an urgent necessity for immediate information)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 400.709 194.370 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 405.527 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective crisis communications can )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(therefore serve to mitigate anxiogenesis and direct rapid and focused rescue, recovery, and rehabilitative operations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 526.981 182.465 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.799 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(past, in such situations, the mass media disseminated messages and information to the public. Social media has revolutionized )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how individuals interact and how organizations and decision makers communicate with the public during routine and emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(times through the possibility of mass interactive communication. It has been suggested by practitioners that successful message )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(phrasing, delivered to specific groups with specific characteristics, plays a crucial role in the communication process )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 528.005 134.846 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 532.823 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. While )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 121.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuning to the public is a challenging task, the application of state of the art computational methods on the huge amount of user-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.530 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(generated textual content in social media, can enhance public understanding through insight extraction.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 90.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The current review seeks to clarify the following topics:)] TJ ET
BT 32.206 70.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 45.750 70.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The role of social media in the process of crisis and emergency communication)] TJ ET
BT 32.206 55.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 45.750 55.065 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The use of social computational approaches in the process of crisis and emergency communication.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 684.354 577.500 53.646 re W n
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Communication using Social Media)] TJ ET
Q
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 15.000 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(March 24, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 82.431 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 87.306 675.088 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dmitry Leykin)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 85.296 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 90.717 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Limor Aharonson-Daniel)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 195.832 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 201.253 663.247 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mooli Lahad)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 651.342 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Leykin D, Aharonson-Daniel L, Lahad M. Leveraging Social Computing for Personalized Crisis Communication using Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 639.438 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Media. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Mar 24 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.b2c5870adf1b7a77af82e7d5552aabe7.)] TJ ET
q
15.000 48.934 577.500 588.122 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 610.335 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Introduction: The extensive use of social media in modern life redefines social interaction and communication. Communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(plays an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral responses to critical incidents and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters. As recent disasters demonstrated, people tend to converge to social media during and following emergencies. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Authorities can then use this media and other computational methods to gain insights from the public, mainly to enhance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness, but also to improve their communication with the public and public adherence to instructions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Methods: The current review presents a conceptual framework for studying psychological aspects of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication using the social media through social computing.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 492.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Results: Advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and objectives�of crisis communication. The�availability of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 480.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by a process of Hyper-Targeted Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 448.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion: The review�suggests that using advanced computational tools for target-audience profiling and linguistic matching in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 436.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media, can facilitate more sensitive and personalized emergency communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 400.326 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This work was supported by The Israeli Ministry of Science, Technology & Space \(Grant number 3-10814; URL: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://most.gov.il/English/Pages/default.aspx \). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(publish, or preparation of the manuscript.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 327.460 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Background)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 307.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The extensive use of social media in modern lives redefines social interaction and communication. Many of us are heavy )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 295.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consumers of the different channels of the social media, whether it is social networks, microblogs, photo sharing, forums, blogs )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 283.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(or other types of the media. Nowadays, we are passive absorbers of information and active distributers of it. Many people spend )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 271.791 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(a considerable portion of their time maintaining their virtual social networks, expressing themselves in different settings, staying )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(tuned with the latest news and finding relevant information. During and following crisis or emergency situations, people turn to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media for various reasons, to make sense of the world through words, or as described by Lahad)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 467.360 249.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.178 247.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( for the natural need of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 236.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the storytelling animal�. We express ourselves and share our inner world through combination of words that others instantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 224.172 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(absorb, process and act upon.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 204.768 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Disaster situations increase the need for information. The need, roots from high levels of uncertainty, true threats to life or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(health, and often manifest themselves in an urgent necessity for immediate information)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 400.709 194.370 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 405.527 192.863 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective crisis communications can )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(therefore serve to mitigate anxiogenesis and direct rapid and focused rescue, recovery, and rehabilitative operations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 526.981 182.465 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 531.799 180.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(past, in such situations, the mass media disseminated messages and information to the public. Social media has revolutionized )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(how individuals interact and how organizations and decision makers communicate with the public during routine and emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.244 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(times through the possibility of mass interactive communication. It has been suggested by practitioners that successful message )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 133.339 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(phrasing, delivered to specific groups with specific characteristics, plays a crucial role in the communication process )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 528.005 134.846 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
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BT 45.750 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potential contribution of user-generated content and communication personalization to the effective management of )] TJ ET
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BT 164.380 573.122 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In modern society, the signi?cance of the social media in everyday life has increased dramatically, turning the world into a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�global village�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.099 543.320 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 93.917 541.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Since the late-20th century, new methods of mass media including the internet, cellular technologies and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personal portable devices, have been considered as fulfilling a significant role in agenda setting and framing)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 491.228 531.415 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 496.046 529.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, creating social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(capital)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 54.427 519.510 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 59.246 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and affecting politics, society and culture)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 239.709 519.510 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.346 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. According to a recent report that summarizes social, digital & mobile )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(statistics among global users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 151.421 507.605 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 161.058 506.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, 42% of world�s population are active internet users, and above one-quarter have active social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media accounts. With regard to social networking platforms, the report shows that there are 1.36 billion Facebook users, 629 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 482.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Million Qzone users \(Chinese social network\), 343 million Google+ users, 300 million Linkedin users and 271 million Twitter )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.384 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(users. Twitter, a microblogging communication platform, for instance, reaches an estimated total of over 50 million tweets per )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(day)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 41.967 459.986 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 51.604 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and during crisis twitter activity increases exponentially)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 293.268 459.986 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 302.905 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social media has become an essential mean of communication during disasters and it has been suggested that best practices )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.170 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need to be established to assist organizations, government and decision makers in optimizing risk and crisis communication in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(this era )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 60.931 416.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 70.568 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Houston et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 136.147 416.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 145.784 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( developed a framework for the practice and study of disaster social media. They note that disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 403.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media users in the framework include communities, government, individuals, organisations, and media outlets. Those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 391.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(players seek to gain insights from the massive user-generated content published in the communication channels, provided by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the social media platforms. This published timely information is quickly spread across multiple social networks, and may affect, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 367.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shape or direct public behavior without official involvement or even in contradiction to formal instructions )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 476.554 369.153 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.191 367.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Although many )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(challenges exist during social media message processing and analysis, \(e.g. management of information overload, credibility )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(issues, and prioritizing different classes of messages\), state of the art computational methods exist to carry out complex )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.932 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information processing operations. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 177.980 333.439 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 312.527 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Crisis Communication)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.122 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crisis communication can be defined broadly as the collection, processing, and dissemination of information required )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 281.217 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(addressing a crisis situation. Crisis communication is a research and practice field in various setting and crises; including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 60.395 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 70.032 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, organizational crises)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 164.314 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 173.952 273.201 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.361 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.998 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , natural)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.936 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 233.573 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , man-made)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 288.300 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 297.937 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and technological disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 418.242 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 427.880 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 257.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public remains a crucial role in public safety through crisis preparation and response)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 388.765 258.915 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 398.402 257.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The media are critical for facilitating pre-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 245.503 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster preparedness, disseminating warning messages of pending disasters, providing information to citizens about the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster, and facilitating recovery efforts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 198.025 235.106 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 207.663 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Moreover, according to Firestone & Everly)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 395.146 235.106 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 399.964 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , crisis communications can play an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.694 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral reactions to critical incidents and disasters. One )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.789 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important adjacent field of crisis communication is Risk Communication, defined as any purposeful exchange of information )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(about health or environmental risks between interested parties \(e.g. governments, agencies, media, citizens and more\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 537.803 199.391 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 547.441 197.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds and Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 120.006 187.487 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 129.643 185.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( prposed a merged and comprehensive approach called �crisis and emergency risk communication�.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 166.575 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Media as a crisis communication platform)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.170 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social media has been radically changing the communication landscape over the past several years and as a result, crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication is undergoing substantial change)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 237.055 136.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 246.692 135.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. It becomes clear that social media serves as ultimate space for crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 123.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication processes. Implementation of traditional crisis communication activities, was identified as one of the functions of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 111.456 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster social media)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.276 112.963 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 126.913 111.456 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. A recent survey)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 200.068 112.963 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 209.705 111.456 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( of about 288 government officials in the US revealed that 71% of them were using )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media during crisis, with Facebook as the popular social medium. Officials used social media during various types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crises, including public health)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 153.049 89.153 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(30)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 162.686 87.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, natural disasters, transportational, political, social and criminal crises. Researchers found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the degree of social media use, rather than the number of tools used, was positively correlated with local city officials� )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.837 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evaluations of their ability to control a crisis situation and the strength of their responses)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 403.965 65.344 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 413.602 63.837 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 44.432 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Another research team)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 125.417 45.939 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 135.055 44.432 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( systematically investigated crisis messages collected from Twitter. Relevant tweets for 26 different )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 30.146 577.500 746.854 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 32.206 767.494 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 45.750 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The potential contribution of user-generated content and communication personalization to the effective management of )] TJ ET
BT 45.750 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(exceptional or out-of-the-ordinary situations, otherwise known as emergency and crisis management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 478.709 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 483.527 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 732.417 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Finally, we will discuss where and how the introduction of new media and the advancement of social computational approaches )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 720.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(calls for an update of theories and models of crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.909 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Literature Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.955 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Media and Crisis)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 644.550 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The rise and proliferation of Web 2.0 applications revolutionized the way people interact and collaborate with each other. At the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 632.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(core of the Web 2.0 framework, are the social media, �a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 620.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content \(UGC\)�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 523.207 622.248 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 528.026 620.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 608.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media nowadays includes collaborative projects, blogs and microblogs, content communities, social networking sites, virtual )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 596.931 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(game worlds and virtual social worlds. Through these applications, users create online communities to share information, ideas, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.027 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personal messages, and other content. This user-generated content in a changing and dynamic virtual community creates a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.122 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(massive and unstructured data)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 159.562 574.629 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 164.380 573.122 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In modern society, the signi?cance of the social media in everyday life has increased dramatically, turning the world into a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�global village�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.099 543.320 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 93.917 541.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Since the late-20th century, new methods of mass media including the internet, cellular technologies and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personal portable devices, have been considered as fulfilling a significant role in agenda setting and framing)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 491.228 531.415 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 496.046 529.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, creating social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(capital)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 54.427 519.510 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 59.246 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and affecting politics, society and culture)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 239.709 519.510 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.346 518.003 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. According to a recent report that summarizes social, digital & mobile )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(statistics among global users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 151.421 507.605 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 161.058 506.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, 42% of world�s population are active internet users, and above one-quarter have active social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media accounts. With regard to social networking platforms, the report shows that there are 1.36 billion Facebook users, 629 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 482.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Million Qzone users \(Chinese social network\), 343 million Google+ users, 300 million Linkedin users and 271 million Twitter )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.384 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(users. Twitter, a microblogging communication platform, for instance, reaches an estimated total of over 50 million tweets per )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(day)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 41.967 459.986 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 51.604 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and during crisis twitter activity increases exponentially)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 293.268 459.986 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 302.905 458.479 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.074 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social media has become an essential mean of communication during disasters and it has been suggested that best practices )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.170 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(need to be established to assist organizations, government and decision makers in optimizing risk and crisis communication in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(this era )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 60.931 416.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 70.568 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Houston et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 136.147 416.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 145.784 415.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( developed a framework for the practice and study of disaster social media. They note that disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 403.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media users in the framework include communities, government, individuals, organisations, and media outlets. Those )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 391.455 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(players seek to gain insights from the massive user-generated content published in the communication channels, provided by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.551 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the social media platforms. This published timely information is quickly spread across multiple social networks, and may affect, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 367.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(shape or direct public behavior without official involvement or even in contradiction to formal instructions )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 476.554 369.153 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(16)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.191 367.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Although many )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.741 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(challenges exist during social media message processing and analysis, \(e.g. management of information overload, credibility )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.836 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(issues, and prioritizing different classes of messages\), state of the art computational methods exist to carry out complex )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 331.932 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information processing operations. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 177.980 333.439 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(17)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 312.527 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Crisis Communication)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 293.122 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crisis communication can be defined broadly as the collection, processing, and dissemination of information required )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 281.217 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(addressing a crisis situation. Crisis communication is a research and practice field in various setting and crises; including )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(national)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 60.395 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(18)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 70.032 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, organizational crises)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 164.314 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(19)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 173.952 273.201 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 176.361 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(20)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 185.998 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , natural)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 223.936 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(21)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 233.573 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , man-made)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 288.300 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(22)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 297.937 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and technological disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 418.242 270.820 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(23)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 427.880 269.313 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 257.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public remains a crucial role in public safety through crisis preparation and response)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 388.765 258.915 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 398.402 257.408 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. The media are critical for facilitating pre-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 245.503 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster preparedness, disseminating warning messages of pending disasters, providing information to citizens about the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster, and facilitating recovery efforts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 198.025 235.106 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 207.663 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Moreover, according to Firestone & Everly)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 395.146 235.106 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 399.964 233.598 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( , crisis communications can play an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 221.694 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral reactions to critical incidents and disasters. One )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 209.789 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important adjacent field of crisis communication is Risk Communication, defined as any purposeful exchange of information )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 197.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(about health or environmental risks between interested parties \(e.g. governments, agencies, media, citizens and more\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 537.803 199.391 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(26)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 547.441 197.884 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 185.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds and Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 120.006 187.487 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 129.643 185.979 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( prposed a merged and comprehensive approach called �crisis and emergency risk communication�.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 166.575 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Media as a crisis communication platform)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.170 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social media has been radically changing the communication landscape over the past several years and as a result, crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 135.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication is undergoing substantial change)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 237.055 136.772 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(28)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 246.692 135.265 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. It becomes clear that social media serves as ultimate space for crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 123.360 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication processes. Implementation of traditional crisis communication activities, was identified as one of the functions of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 111.456 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disaster social media)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.276 112.963 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(15)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
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BT 26.250 732.417 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Finally, we will discuss where and how the introduction of new media and the advancement of social computational approaches )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 720.512 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(calls for an update of theories and models of crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 683.909 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Literature Review)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 663.955 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Media and Crisis)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 644.550 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The rise and proliferation of Web 2.0 applications revolutionized the way people interact and collaborate with each other. At the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 632.646 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(core of the Web 2.0 framework, are the social media, �a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis situations that took place in 2012 were sampled from the available public twitter stream, and for each situation types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information and sources of that information were examined. During crisis situation, eyewitnesses, government, NGOs, business, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media & news organizations and outsiders participate and publish different information types in social media )] TJ ET
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BT 494.455 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
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BT 504.092 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information include data about affected individuals \(e.g. people trapped, casualties, people missing, found or seen\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure & utilities \(e.g. damages, reports about environment, and availability of services\), donations & volunteer \(e.g. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(donations of money, goods of services; requesting help; shelter needed, food shortage/distribution; volunteer information\); )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(caution & advice \(e.g. warnings, preparation; caution & advice; tips; safety\), sympathy & emotional support \(e.g. concerns and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(condolences; gratitude, prayers; support; emotion-related info\) and other useful information \(e.g. flood level; weather, wind, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(visibility; information verification\). Based on the available data of that study \(https://crisislex.org/tweet-collections.html\), it seems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that the Government, being the official source of information during crisis, was responsible for less than 5% of all published )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Of the applicable information types, the majority \(32%\) of the communication efforts by the government were about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(useful information \(32%\) and caution and advice \(27%\). Only 6% of the published tweets concerned about sympathy and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 624.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Effective Crisis Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger)] TJ ET
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BT 57.684 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
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BT 67.321 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( demonstrated ten best practices of crisis communication, drawn from a literature review and verified by expert crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication panel that reached high consensus. Seeger)] TJ ET
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BT 282.587 575.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
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BT 292.225 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( divides the recommendations into three broad categories: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strategic planning, proactive strategies and strategic response. These are used as principles or processes that underlie an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective crisis communication plan and an effective crisis response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello, McCallum, & Pavlova)] TJ ET
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BT 156.822 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
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BT 166.459 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( note that detailed, in-depth knowledge and understanding of both the characteristics of target )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audience and the community in which the target audience resides, are needed for effective message development. Target )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audience characteristics include knowledge, attitudes, perception, behavior, beliefs, values, needs and concerns, while )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community characteristics include information about social networks, opinion leaders and community dynamics. Covello)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggested several risk communication templates to utilize in the process of risk communication: 1\) CCO \(Compassion, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conviction, Optimism\) template, which is particularly useful when responding to a question indicating a high level of emotion or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outrage)] TJ ET
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BT 59.312 460.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
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BT 64.131 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. 2\) Primacy/Recency template)] TJ ET
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BT 206.515 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( emphasizes the first and last messages in the communication due to the restriction of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recall of information. 3\) 27/9/3 template states that the combination of the three key messages should equal a total of 27 words, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9 seconds spoken aloud, and 3 key messages)] TJ ET
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BT 226.232 436.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
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BT 235.870 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. 4\) AGL-4 \(Average Grade Level minus 4\))] TJ ET
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BT 423.842 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( template recommends phrasing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the message at four reading grade levels below that of the stakeholder � taking into account the national reading grade level. 5\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1N=3P \(Negative equals 3 positives\) template counterattacks the weight of negative messages by introducing three positive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(messages for every negative message. 5\) TBC \(Trust, Benefits, Control\) template suggests to phrase three messages that are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(phrased with specific order and content \(trust first, benefits second and control last\). These templates, however, were not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(empirically tested and thus limit our certainty regarding effective messaging.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The media plays a crucial role in shaping public response to terrorism and other disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 411.521 358.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 421.159 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective crisis communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggests the need of an unhindered but purposeful exchange of information within and between authorities, organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media, involved individuals, and groups before, during, and after a crisis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 336.222 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(36)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 345.859 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Covello et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.635 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.273 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( also argue that risk communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is no longer a neglected topic within government. With the changing media environment and the developing online atmosphere, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(traditional media are shifting to practices that are more adapt to a social media environment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 420.755 310.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(37)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 430.392 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Furthermore, to improve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(services and communication with the population, government officials seek to leverage these new media channels. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nevertheless, Graham, Avery & Park)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 186.091 286.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 195.729 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( emphasize that government�s engagement through social media should be more active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and reflect a clear response priority in crisis communication plans. Ambiguous or unreliable communications can cause damage )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and serve to exacerbate publics� mental health reactions and a delay in operational response and recovery)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 485.807 262.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(38)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 495.444 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To conclude, it is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important to incorporate the use of citizen generated content into any crisis plan and learn to respond to the media and public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(even quicker than before)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 133.558 238.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 218.072 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Models and theories of Crisis Communication. )] TJ ET
BT 244.046 218.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the years several models of crisis communication were developed)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 551.814 219.579 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 561.451 218.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 206.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(such as the Situational Crisis Communication Theory \(SCCT)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 287.404 207.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 297.041 206.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\). SCCT �predicts the reputational threat presented by a crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prescribes crisis response strategies designed to protect reputational assets�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 357.341 195.770 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 366.978 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, especially in organizational context.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chaos Theory)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 87.480 176.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(42)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.117 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( was described as a general framework for understanding crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 438.484 176.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(43)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 448.122 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. CT argues that chaos or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disorder may be the necessary precursor of a higher level of order. CT functions best at the broad level of a paradigm for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(understanding the behavior of complex systems. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 269.571 152.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(43)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.208 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( adds that in the context of CT, small variance in communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 139.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(processes, message phrasing, distribution, timing or other factors may produce extensive fluctuations in systems, leading to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bifurcation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds & Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 110.246 109.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.884 107.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( presented the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication \(CERC\) five-stage integrative model. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 95.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(model blends crisis and risk communication together into a processes model \(see)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 377.377 97.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 387.014 95.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\), assuming that crises will develop and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 84.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(progress in a predictable and systematic ways. According to the working model of CERC, communication processes occur )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 72.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(during five stages: 1\) Pre-crisis, 2\) Initial Event, 3\) Maintenance, 4\) Resolution and 5\) Evaluation. In each stage, communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 60.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(can have different aims, strategies and target audiences.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 40.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(With the advancing new media, the social media aspect was integrated in these models. For instance, the Social Media )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.524 577.500 750.476 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis situations that took place in 2012 were sampled from the available public twitter stream, and for each situation types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information and sources of that information were examined. During crisis situation, eyewitnesses, government, NGOs, business, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media & news organizations and outsiders participate and publish different information types in social media )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 494.455 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 504.092 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information include data about affected individuals \(e.g. people trapped, casualties, people missing, found or seen\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure & utilities \(e.g. damages, reports about environment, and availability of services\), donations & volunteer \(e.g. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(donations of money, goods of services; requesting help; shelter needed, food shortage/distribution; volunteer information\); )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(caution & advice \(e.g. warnings, preparation; caution & advice; tips; safety\), sympathy & emotional support \(e.g. concerns and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(condolences; gratitude, prayers; support; emotion-related info\) and other useful information \(e.g. flood level; weather, wind, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(visibility; information verification\). Based on the available data of that study \(https://crisislex.org/tweet-collections.html\), it seems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that the Government, being the official source of information during crisis, was responsible for less than 5% of all published )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Of the applicable information types, the majority \(32%\) of the communication efforts by the government were about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(useful information \(32%\) and caution and advice \(27%\). Only 6% of the published tweets concerned about sympathy and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 624.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Effective Crisis Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 57.684 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 67.321 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( demonstrated ten best practices of crisis communication, drawn from a literature review and verified by expert crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication panel that reached high consensus. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 282.587 575.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 292.225 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( divides the recommendations into three broad categories: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strategic planning, proactive strategies and strategic response. These are used as principles or processes that underlie an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective crisis communication plan and an effective crisis response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello, McCallum, & Pavlova)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.822 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 166.459 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( note that detailed, in-depth knowledge and understanding of both the characteristics of target )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audience and the community in which the target audience resides, are needed for effective message development. Target )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audience characteristics include knowledge, attitudes, perception, behavior, beliefs, values, needs and concerns, while )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community characteristics include information about social networks, opinion leaders and community dynamics. Covello)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 541.547 496.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggested several risk communication templates to utilize in the process of risk communication: 1\) CCO \(Compassion, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 471.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conviction, Optimism\) template, which is particularly useful when responding to a question indicating a high level of emotion or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outrage)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 59.312 460.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 64.131 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. 2\) Primacy/Recency template)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 196.877 460.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(35)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 206.515 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( emphasizes the first and last messages in the communication due to the restriction of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recall of information. 3\) 27/9/3 template states that the combination of the three key messages should equal a total of 27 words, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9 seconds spoken aloud, and 3 key messages)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 226.232 436.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 235.870 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. 4\) AGL-4 \(Average Grade Level minus 4\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 419.023 436.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 423.842 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( template recommends phrasing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the message at four reading grade levels below that of the stakeholder � taking into account the national reading grade level. 5\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1N=3P \(Negative equals 3 positives\) template counterattacks the weight of negative messages by introducing three positive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(messages for every negative message. 5\) TBC \(Trust, Benefits, Control\) template suggests to phrase three messages that are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(phrased with specific order and content \(trust first, benefits second and control last\). These templates, however, were not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(empirically tested and thus limit our certainty regarding effective messaging.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The media plays a crucial role in shaping public response to terrorism and other disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 411.521 358.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(25)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 421.159 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Effective crisis communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggests the need of an unhindered but purposeful exchange of information within and between authorities, organizations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media, involved individuals, and groups before, during, and after a crisis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 336.222 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(36)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 345.859 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Covello et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.635 334.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.273 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( also argue that risk communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 320.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is no longer a neglected topic within government. With the changing media environment and the developing online atmosphere, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(traditional media are shifting to practices that are more adapt to a social media environment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 420.755 310.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(37)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 430.392 308.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Furthermore, to improve )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(services and communication with the population, government officials seek to leverage these new media channels. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nevertheless, Graham, Avery & Park)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 186.091 286.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 195.729 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( emphasize that government�s engagement through social media should be more active )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and reflect a clear response priority in crisis communication plans. Ambiguous or unreliable communications can cause damage )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and serve to exacerbate publics� mental health reactions and a delay in operational response and recovery)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 485.807 262.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(38)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 495.444 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To conclude, it is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important to incorporate the use of citizen generated content into any crisis plan and learn to respond to the media and public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(even quicker than before)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 133.558 238.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(39)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 218.072 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Models and theories of Crisis Communication. )] TJ ET
BT 244.046 218.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the years several models of crisis communication were developed)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 551.814 219.579 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(40)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 561.451 218.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 206.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(such as the Situational Crisis Communication Theory \(SCCT)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 287.404 207.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 297.041 206.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\). SCCT �predicts the reputational threat presented by a crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prescribes crisis response strategies designed to protect reputational assets�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 357.341 195.770 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 366.978 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, especially in organizational context.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chaos Theory)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 87.480 176.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(42)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.117 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( was described as a general framework for understanding crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 438.484 176.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(43)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 448.122 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. CT argues that chaos or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 162.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disorder may be the necessary precursor of a higher level of order. CT functions best at the broad level of a paradigm for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(understanding the behavior of complex systems. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 269.571 152.555 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(43)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.208 151.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( adds that in the context of CT, small variance in communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 139.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(processes, message phrasing, distribution, timing or other factors may produce extensive fluctuations in systems, leading to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bifurcation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds & Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 110.246 109.341 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 119.884 107.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( presented the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication \(CERC\) five-stage integrative model. The )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 95.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(model blends crisis and risk communication together into a processes model \(see)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 377.377 97.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 387.014 95.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\), assuming that crises will develop and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 84.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(progress in a predictable and systematic ways. According to the working model of CERC, communication processes occur )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 72.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(during five stages: 1\) Pre-crisis, 2\) Initial Event, 3\) Maintenance, 4\) Resolution and 5\) Evaluation. In each stage, communication )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 60.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(can have different aims, strategies and target audiences.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 40.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(With the advancing new media, the social media aspect was integrated in these models. For instance, the Social Media )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.524 577.500 750.476 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis situations that took place in 2012 were sampled from the available public twitter stream, and for each situation types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information and sources of that information were examined. During crisis situation, eyewitnesses, government, NGOs, business, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media & news organizations and outsiders participate and publish different information types in social media )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 494.455 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(31)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 504.092 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Types of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information include data about affected individuals \(e.g. people trapped, casualties, people missing, found or seen\), )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure & utilities \(e.g. damages, reports about environment, and availability of services\), donations & volunteer \(e.g. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(donations of money, goods of services; requesting help; shelter needed, food shortage/distribution; volunteer information\); )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(caution & advice \(e.g. warnings, preparation; caution & advice; tips; safety\), sympathy & emotional support \(e.g. concerns and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(condolences; gratitude, prayers; support; emotion-related info\) and other useful information \(e.g. flood level; weather, wind, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(visibility; information verification\). Based on the available data of that study \(https://crisislex.org/tweet-collections.html\), it seems )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that the Government, being the official source of information during crisis, was responsible for less than 5% of all published )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Of the applicable information types, the majority \(32%\) of the communication efforts by the government were about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(useful information \(32%\) and caution and advice \(27%\). Only 6% of the published tweets concerned about sympathy and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 624.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Effective Crisis Communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 57.684 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 67.321 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( demonstrated ten best practices of crisis communication, drawn from a literature review and verified by expert crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication panel that reached high consensus. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 282.587 575.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 292.225 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( divides the recommendations into three broad categories: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strategic planning, proactive strategies and strategic response. These are used as principles or processes that underlie an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(effective crisis communication plan and an effective crisis response.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello, McCallum, & Pavlova)] TJ ET
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BT 166.459 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( note that detailed, in-depth knowledge and understanding of both the characteristics of target )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(audience and the community in which the target audience resides, are needed for effective message development. Target )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(community characteristics include information about social networks, opinion leaders and community dynamics. Covello)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outrage)] TJ ET
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BT 206.515 459.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( emphasizes the first and last messages in the communication due to the restriction of )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 375.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(empirically tested and thus limit our certainty regarding effective messaging.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The media plays a crucial role in shaping public response to terrorism and other disasters)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 174.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chaos Theory)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 127.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bifurcation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds & Seeger)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Audience Sharing Model \(SMA\)�)] TJ ET
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BT 166.046 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
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BT 394.044 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( is another model that serves as a )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reputation, as well as secondary crisis communication and secondary crisis reactions. Although these models recognize new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(players in the crisis communication processes \(e.g. influential social media creators, follower, and the growing empirical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evidence that emphasizes the psychological functions of social media during emergency management � during most of the )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Considerable research, using text derived from social interactions, such as natural conversations and social media )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(properties of language in dyadic interactions and assessed the degree to which people coordinate their word use in natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations, derived from internet chat and laboratory conversations. Based on a text-analysis software, they found that )] TJ ET
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BT 504.628 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. LSM, also )] TJ ET
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BT 279.754 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Lord, Sheng, Imel, Baer & Atkins)] TJ ET
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BT 436.256 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( saw that�s language style )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synchrony between client and therapist was predictive of empathy ratings during evidence-based behavioral treatments like )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(motivational interviewing \(MI\). Therefore, it is apparent that synchronized verbal behavior holds an important role in various )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interpersonal interactions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(LSM, in fact is a derivative of Communication \(or speech\) Accommodation Theory \(CAT\), an intergroup theory of interpersonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, provides a framework for understanding how and why people adapt their communication toward and away from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(others and the social consequences of doing so. The theory holds that people tend to preform accommodative and non-)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 387.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(alteration\) of communicative behaviors in terms of wide range of linguistic-prosodic-nonverbal features. The theory also )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sphere. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al.)] TJ ET
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BT 201.676 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( examined and verified the hypothesis of accommodated communication in the context )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of twitter conversations. The researchers developed a probabilistic framework that enabled to model accommodation and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(measure its effects. They focused on linguistic style feature, derived from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To the best of our knowledge, CAT was never integrated in any crisis communication models published in the academic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(literature. The closest domain LSM, was mainly researched in the context of crisis negotiations of suicidal and surrender )] TJ ET
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BT 285.440 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In these studies, the researchers analyzed the correlations )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 249.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emotionally toned words and others. LSM was assessed by the strength of the correlation and averaged across all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations taken into account. The studies showed that negotiators \(police officers and hostage takers\) tended to show )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater levels of linguistic style matching in successful negotiations compared to unsuccessful negotiations)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interestingly, linguistic matching or accommodated communication is not emphasized in the processes models of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, and possibly is taken for granted. Even when a certain aspect that is related to crisis communication with the )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 122.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mentions elements like message form or message strategy, it ignores the linguistic characteristics of the message. The best )] TJ ET
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BT 178.374 110.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( introduce general principles of crisis communication, such as strategic planning, proactive )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evidence that emphasizes the psychological functions of social media during emergency management � during most of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(time, less or no consideration is given to psychosocial aspects during crisis communication. The need to focus on other )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Considerable research, using text derived from social interactions, such as natural conversations and social media )] TJ ET
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BT 341.530 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Niederhoffer & Pennebaker)] TJ ET
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BT 474.729 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( studied psychometric )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(properties of language in dyadic interactions and assessed the degree to which people coordinate their word use in natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations, derived from internet chat and laboratory conversations. Based on a text-analysis software, they found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individuals in dyadic interactions exhibited linguistic style matching \(LSM\) on both the conversation level as well as on a turn-by-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(turn level. LSM found in research to be a predictor of social dynamics in small online and face-to-face groups)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(found to be a robust marker for romantic relationship stability, stressing the importance of similarity in the way people converse )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with each other in the context of interpersonal processes)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 270.117 503.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(50)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.754 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Lord, Sheng, Imel, Baer & Atkins)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 426.619 503.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(51)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 436.256 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( saw that�s language style )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synchrony between client and therapist was predictive of empathy ratings during evidence-based behavioral treatments like )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(motivational interviewing \(MI\). Therefore, it is apparent that synchronized verbal behavior holds an important role in various )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interpersonal interactions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(LSM, in fact is a derivative of Communication \(or speech\) Accommodation Theory \(CAT\), an intergroup theory of interpersonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, provides a framework for understanding how and why people adapt their communication toward and away from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(others and the social consequences of doing so. The theory holds that people tend to preform accommodative and non-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(accommodative moves, to reduce or increase significant social distances between the speakers, depending on the different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(circumstances. Convergence and divergence, called in the CAT approximation strategies, include the adaptation \(or the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(alteration\) of communicative behaviors in terms of wide range of linguistic-prosodic-nonverbal features. The theory also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(proposes different patterns of accommodation \(upward vs. downward, and symmetrical or asymmetrical\), based on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 364.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reciprocity of the speakers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 140.042 365.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(52)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 149.680 364.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. During the last years, examination of CAT progressed to the domain of electronic communication, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(such as e-mail, text messages, voice mail and recently also was adapted to electronic communications and the social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sphere. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 192.039 341.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(47)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 201.676 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( examined and verified the hypothesis of accommodated communication in the context )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of twitter conversations. The researchers developed a probabilistic framework that enabled to model accommodation and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(measure its effects. They focused on linguistic style feature, derived from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 506.369 317.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(53)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 516.007 316.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To the best of our knowledge, CAT was never integrated in any crisis communication models published in the academic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(literature. The closest domain LSM, was mainly researched in the context of crisis negotiations of suicidal and surrender )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcomes, and hostage taking negotiation outcomes)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.709 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(54)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.346 277.079 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.756 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(55)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 273.393 277.079 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 275.802 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(56)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 285.440 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In these studies, the researchers analyzed the correlations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between the linguistic behavior of each communicator across 18 linguistic dimensions, like word count, prepositions, negations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emotionally toned words and others. LSM was assessed by the strength of the correlation and averaged across all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations taken into account. The studies showed that negotiators \(police officers and hostage takers\) tended to show )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater levels of linguistic style matching in successful negotiations compared to unsuccessful negotiations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 485.777 227.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(57)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 495.415 225.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and an overall )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consistency in the linguistic behavior of subjects and police negotiators in surrender and suicide incidents)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.284 215.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(54)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.921 213.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interestingly, linguistic matching or accommodated communication is not emphasized in the processes models of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, and possibly is taken for granted. Even when a certain aspect that is related to crisis communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public is presented, such as crisis communication strategies from the Situational Crisis Communication Theory)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.982 171.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.619 170.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, linguistic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(features and linguistic accommodation are not explicitly mentioned as being part of the processes. Some research considered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other aspects like number of words, number of sentences and words per sentence)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 380.663 148.151 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(58)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 390.300 146.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In other words, when a crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication model, like the networked crisis communication model)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 327.505 136.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(45)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 337.143 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and social-mediated crisis communication model)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 549.537 136.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(59)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 559.174 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mentions elements like message form or message strategy, it ignores the linguistic characteristics of the message. The best )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices in crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 168.737 112.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 178.374 110.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( introduce general principles of crisis communication, such as strategic planning, proactive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strategies & strategic response, and each include sub categories that can be directly related to public communication, e.g �be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(open and honest�, �communicate compassion� and �provide self-efficacy�. Since speakers� verbal style also influences how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(messages are perceived)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 132.457 76.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(60)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.094 75.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, we suggest that even if crisis managers will act according to these principles, they should employ )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(certain linguistic styles and consider delivering messages in public accommodated language)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 34.024 577.500 742.976 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Audience Sharing Model \(SMA\)�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 166.046 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(24)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 175.683 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( aims to increase the reach for messages disseminated via a given social media platform in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the context of an emergency. Social mediated crisis communication model \(SCCM\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.406 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(44)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 394.044 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( is another model that serves as a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(framework for crisis communication management in the changing media landscape and explains how the source and form of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis information affect organizations response options and provides recommended social-mediated crisis response strategies. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The Networked crisis communication model)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 214.796 721.364 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(45)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.433 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( examines the influence of communication strategy and media type on damage to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reputation, as well as secondary crisis communication and secondary crisis reactions. Although these models recognize new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(players in the crisis communication processes \(e.g. influential social media creators, follower, and the growing empirical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(evidence that emphasizes the psychological functions of social media during emergency management � during most of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(time, less or no consideration is given to psychosocial aspects during crisis communication. The need to focus on other )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(participants \(such as the public\) rather than the organization or the responding authority, is echoed in Liu & Fraustino)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 529.701 661.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(46)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 539.338 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( who )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggests that scholars should move beyond predominantly focusing on image management, emphasized by dominant crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication theories)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Accommodated Communication)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Considerable research, using text derived from social interactions, such as natural conversations and social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations, suggests that individuals tend to converge in various dimensions such as posture, pause length, utterance )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(length, self-disclosure, head nodding, backchannels and linguistic style)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 331.893 575.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(47)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 341.530 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Niederhoffer & Pennebaker)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 465.092 575.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(48)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.729 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( studied psychometric )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(properties of language in dyadic interactions and assessed the degree to which people coordinate their word use in natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations, derived from internet chat and laboratory conversations. Based on a text-analysis software, they found that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(individuals in dyadic interactions exhibited linguistic style matching \(LSM\) on both the conversation level as well as on a turn-by-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(turn level. LSM found in research to be a predictor of social dynamics in small online and face-to-face groups)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 494.991 527.793 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(49)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 504.628 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. LSM, also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(found to be a robust marker for romantic relationship stability, stressing the importance of similarity in the way people converse )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with each other in the context of interpersonal processes)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 270.117 503.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(50)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 279.754 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Lord, Sheng, Imel, Baer & Atkins)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 426.619 503.984 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(51)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 436.256 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( saw that�s language style )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(synchrony between client and therapist was predictive of empathy ratings during evidence-based behavioral treatments like )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(motivational interviewing \(MI\). Therefore, it is apparent that synchronized verbal behavior holds an important role in various )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 466.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(interpersonal interactions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 447.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(LSM, in fact is a derivative of Communication \(or speech\) Accommodation Theory \(CAT\), an intergroup theory of interpersonal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 435.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, provides a framework for understanding how and why people adapt their communication toward and away from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(others and the social consequences of doing so. The theory holds that people tend to preform accommodative and non-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(accommodative moves, to reduce or increase significant social distances between the speakers, depending on the different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 399.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(circumstances. Convergence and divergence, called in the CAT approximation strategies, include the adaptation \(or the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 387.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(alteration\) of communicative behaviors in terms of wide range of linguistic-prosodic-nonverbal features. The theory also )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 375.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(proposes different patterns of accommodation \(upward vs. downward, and symmetrical or asymmetrical\), based on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 364.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reciprocity of the speakers)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 140.042 365.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(52)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 149.680 364.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. During the last years, examination of CAT progressed to the domain of electronic communication, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(such as e-mail, text messages, voice mail and recently also was adapted to electronic communications and the social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sphere. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 192.039 341.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(47)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 201.676 340.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( examined and verified the hypothesis of accommodated communication in the context )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of twitter conversations. The researchers developed a probabilistic framework that enabled to model accommodation and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(measure its effects. They focused on linguistic style feature, derived from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 506.369 317.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(53)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 516.007 316.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To the best of our knowledge, CAT was never integrated in any crisis communication models published in the academic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(literature. The closest domain LSM, was mainly researched in the context of crisis negotiations of suicidal and surrender )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(outcomes, and hostage taking negotiation outcomes)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.709 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(54)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.346 277.079 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.756 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(55)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 273.393 277.079 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 275.802 274.698 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(56)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 285.440 273.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In these studies, the researchers analyzed the correlations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 261.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(between the linguistic behavior of each communicator across 18 linguistic dimensions, like word count, prepositions, negations, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 249.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(emotionally toned words and others. LSM was assessed by the strength of the correlation and averaged across all )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 237.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversations taken into account. The studies showed that negotiators \(police officers and hostage takers\) tended to show )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 225.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(greater levels of linguistic style matching in successful negotiations compared to unsuccessful negotiations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 485.777 227.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(57)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 495.415 225.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and an overall )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 213.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(consistency in the linguistic behavior of subjects and police negotiators in surrender and suicide incidents)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.284 215.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(54)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.921 213.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 194.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Interestingly, linguistic matching or accommodated communication is not emphasized in the processes models of crisis and risk )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 182.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication, and possibly is taken for granted. Even when a certain aspect that is related to crisis communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 170.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public is presented, such as crisis communication strategies from the Situational Crisis Communication Theory)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 501.982 171.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(41)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.619 170.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, linguistic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 158.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(features and linguistic accommodation are not explicitly mentioned as being part of the processes. Some research considered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 146.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(other aspects like number of words, number of sentences and words per sentence)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 380.663 148.151 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(58)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 390.300 146.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. In other words, when a crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication model, like the networked crisis communication model)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 327.505 136.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(45)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 337.143 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and social-mediated crisis communication model)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 549.537 136.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(59)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 559.174 134.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 122.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mentions elements like message form or message strategy, it ignores the linguistic characteristics of the message. The best )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 110.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices in crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 168.737 112.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 178.374 110.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( introduce general principles of crisis communication, such as strategic planning, proactive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 99.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(strategies & strategic response, and each include sub categories that can be directly related to public communication, e.g �be )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(open and honest�, �communicate compassion� and �provide self-efficacy�. Since speakers� verbal style also influences how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 75.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(messages are perceived)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 132.457 76.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(60)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 142.094 75.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, we suggest that even if crisis managers will act according to these principles, they should employ )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(certain linguistic styles and consider delivering messages in public accommodated language)] TJ ET
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BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�Computational social science is an emerging research area at the intersection of computer science, statistics, and the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sciences, in which novel computational methods are used to answer questions about society�)] TJ ET
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BT 427.804 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(61)] TJ ET
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BT 437.441 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( \(p. 257\). Ericson)] TJ ET
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BT 511.678 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(62)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social computing refers to �systems that support the gathering, processing and dissemination of information that is distributed )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because it linked to people, who are in turn associated with other people.� Scholars)] TJ ET
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BT 384.465 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(63)] TJ ET
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BT 394.102 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( stated that social computing represents a )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variety of aspects for researchers interested in online behavior of individuals, both in natural observations and for controlled )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(experiments.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behavioral targeting \(BT\), also called online profiling)] TJ ET
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BT 347.355 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( uses historical user behavior to predict user behavior )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(appeal for advertisers from increased ad conversion)] TJ ET
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BT 75.979 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Van Dam & van de Velden)] TJ ET
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BT 143.713 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( defined Recommender Systems \(RS\) as �software tools and techniques providing suggestions for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(items to be of use to a user� \(p. 1\). They add that since recommendations in most cases are personalized, different users or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user groups receive different suggestions. RSs try to predict what the most suitable products or services are, based on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user�s preferences and constrains \(learned and collected from users. Many product purchasing sites like Amazon and E-Bay )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(use advanced recommendation engines)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 199.127 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(73)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 208.765 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, but social networking sites \(e.g. Facebook\) use RS as well, to �push� relevant social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(content based on use preferences, actions and texts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 252.255 398.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(74)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.892 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recommender systems in Emergency)] TJ ET
BT 190.957 377.238 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 196.378 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of emergency, the existing published literature suggests that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommendation systems can be integrated for improved disaster management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 368.719 366.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(75)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 378.356 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, Construction and real estate crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(76)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 92.788 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and supply distribution in emergency)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 253.732 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(77)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.369 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. However, we could not find existing literature of how crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication can be aided by RS. More specifically, how crisis messages are selected for individuals or groups of individuals )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(based on some characteristics. Research shows that integrating data obtained from popular social media networking websites )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(significantly can improve results of existing recommendation systems)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 324.259 319.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(78)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 333.896 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Computational social science in the face of disasters.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past years technologies that rely on citizen sensing have been playing a major role in real life applications, such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public and environmental health surveillance)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.081 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(79)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.719 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and other participatory social activities)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 397.866 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(80)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.503 270.889 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 409.913 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(81)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 419.550 270.889 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 421.959 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(82)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 431.597 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Purohit, Castillo, Meier & Sheth)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 256.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(83)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 35.887 255.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( noted that with the explosion in social media and the universal mobile access� researchers have unique opportunities to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 243.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�extract social signals, create spatial-temporal mappings, perform analytics on social data, and support applications that vary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from situational awareness during crisis response, preparedness and rebuilding phases to advanced analytics on social data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and gaining valuable insights to support improved decision making�. \(p. 1\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social computing, analytics, visualization for crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the era of big data analytics and social media, incorporation of business intelligence systems in the organization are very )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(common. These systems are responsible for data processing, analysis and visualization for better decision making and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(business function. Based on a recently published taxonomy in the domain of text analytics and visualization)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.517 158.270 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(84)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 498.154 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, one can find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(various analytical tasks and visualization tasks with specific aim. The tasks are common text analytical procedures)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 518.255 146.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(85)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 527.892 148.746 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 530.301 146.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(86)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 539.939 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 132.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(include: 1\) Text Summarization / Topic Analysis / Entity Extraction, 2\) Discourse Analysis; 3\) Sentiment \(Opinion\) Analysis, 4\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 121.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event Analysis; 5\) Trend / Pattern Analysis; 6\) Lexical / Syntactical Analysis; 7\) Relation / Connection \(Association\) and 8\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation / Text Alignment Analysis. These tasks later serve for visualization procedures for: 1\) Region of Interest, 2\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Clustering / Classification / Categorization, 3\) Comparison, 4\) Overview; 5\) Monitoring; 6\) Navigation / Exploration; 7\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Uncertainty Tackling.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tables 1 & 2 summarize current state of the art of how social computing and text analytical tools can be integrated in the best )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices of crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 169.282 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 178.920 57.913 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.329 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 190.967 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. We focus on the objectives in the processes of crisis and emergency communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 560.531 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that occur in different times of the crisis life cycle and have direct association to communication processes with the public. )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 27.834 577.500 749.166 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�Computational social science is an emerging research area at the intersection of computer science, statistics, and the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sciences, in which novel computational methods are used to answer questions about society�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 427.804 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(61)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.441 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( \(p. 257\). Ericson)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.678 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(62)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 521.315 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( argued that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social computing refers to �systems that support the gathering, processing and dissemination of information that is distributed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(across social collectives. Furthermore, the information in question is not independent of people, but rather is significant precisely )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because it linked to people, who are in turn associated with other people.� Scholars)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.465 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(63)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 394.102 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( stated that social computing represents a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(new research frontier for information systems. Social computing environments present settings for data collection on a wide )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variety of aspects for researchers interested in online behavior of individuals, both in natural observations and for controlled )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(experiments.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Behavioral Targeting.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behavioral targeting \(BT\), also called online profiling)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.670 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(64)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.307 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( or hypertargeting)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 337.718 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(65)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 347.355 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( uses historical user behavior to predict user behavior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and affinities in web applications such as targeting of online advertising, content personalization and social recommendations)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 564.918 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(66)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 574.555 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(BT is used by online advertisers to increase the effectiveness of their campaigns, and is playing an increasingly important role in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the online advertising market)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 150.884 591.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(67)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 160.522 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Through series of experiments, compared to standard run of network advertising, BT )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(advertising was found to be more successful, creating greater utility for consumers from more relevant advertisements and clear )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(appeal for advertisers from increased ad conversion)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 250.588 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(68)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 260.225 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. User profiling is performed using novel computation techniques)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 537.671 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(66)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 547.308 570.293 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 549.718 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(69)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 559.355 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commonly fall inside the social computing paradigm, an approach to analyze and model social behaviors on different media and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(platforms)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 66.342 544.103 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(70)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 75.979 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Van Dam & van de Velden)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 196.294 544.103 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(71)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 205.932 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( proposed that social networks, like Facebook, can be �operationalized to gain insight )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(into the individuals connected to a company�s Facebook site� \(p. 60\). In their study they describe a user profile data collection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(framework that uses �Facebook insights� \(accessed by the admin\) and other personal public information on Facebook to cluster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(users. They propose that their methodology can be implemented into an analytical customer relationship management \(CRM\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(framework aimed at the analysis of customer characteristics that may help improve a firm�s customer management strategies.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Recommender systems)] TJ ET
BT 135.704 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ricci, Rokach, & Shapira)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 134.075 457.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(72)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 143.713 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( defined Recommender Systems \(RS\) as �software tools and techniques providing suggestions for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(items to be of use to a user� \(p. 1\). They add that since recommendations in most cases are personalized, different users or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user groups receive different suggestions. RSs try to predict what the most suitable products or services are, based on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user�s preferences and constrains \(learned and collected from users. Many product purchasing sites like Amazon and E-Bay )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(use advanced recommendation engines)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 199.127 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(73)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 208.765 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, but social networking sites \(e.g. Facebook\) use RS as well, to �push� relevant social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(content based on use preferences, actions and texts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 252.255 398.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(74)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.892 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recommender systems in Emergency)] TJ ET
BT 190.957 377.238 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 196.378 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of emergency, the existing published literature suggests that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommendation systems can be integrated for improved disaster management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 368.719 366.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(75)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 378.356 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, Construction and real estate crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(76)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 92.788 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and supply distribution in emergency)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 253.732 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(77)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.369 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. However, we could not find existing literature of how crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication can be aided by RS. More specifically, how crisis messages are selected for individuals or groups of individuals )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(based on some characteristics. Research shows that integrating data obtained from popular social media networking websites )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(significantly can improve results of existing recommendation systems)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 324.259 319.222 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(78)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 333.896 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Computational social science in the face of disasters.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past years technologies that rely on citizen sensing have been playing a major role in real life applications, such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public and environmental health surveillance)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.081 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(79)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 227.719 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and other participatory social activities)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 397.866 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(80)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.503 270.889 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 409.913 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(81)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 419.550 270.889 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 421.959 268.508 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(82)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 431.597 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Purohit, Castillo, Meier & Sheth)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 256.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(83)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 35.887 255.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( noted that with the explosion in social media and the universal mobile access� researchers have unique opportunities to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 243.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�extract social signals, create spatial-temporal mappings, perform analytics on social data, and support applications that vary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from situational awareness during crisis response, preparedness and rebuilding phases to advanced analytics on social data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and gaining valuable insights to support improved decision making�. \(p. 1\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social computing, analytics, visualization for crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the era of big data analytics and social media, incorporation of business intelligence systems in the organization are very )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(common. These systems are responsible for data processing, analysis and visualization for better decision making and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(business function. Based on a recently published taxonomy in the domain of text analytics and visualization)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 488.517 158.270 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(84)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 498.154 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, one can find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(various analytical tasks and visualization tasks with specific aim. The tasks are common text analytical procedures)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 518.255 146.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(85)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 527.892 148.746 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 530.301 146.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(86)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 539.939 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 132.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(include: 1\) Text Summarization / Topic Analysis / Entity Extraction, 2\) Discourse Analysis; 3\) Sentiment \(Opinion\) Analysis, 4\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 121.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event Analysis; 5\) Trend / Pattern Analysis; 6\) Lexical / Syntactical Analysis; 7\) Relation / Connection \(Association\) and 8\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation / Text Alignment Analysis. These tasks later serve for visualization procedures for: 1\) Region of Interest, 2\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Clustering / Classification / Categorization, 3\) Comparison, 4\) Overview; 5\) Monitoring; 6\) Navigation / Exploration; 7\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Uncertainty Tackling.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tables 1 & 2 summarize current state of the art of how social computing and text analytical tools can be integrated in the best )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices of crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 169.282 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 178.920 57.913 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 181.329 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 190.967 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. We focus on the objectives in the processes of crisis and emergency communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 560.531 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that occur in different times of the crisis life cycle and have direct association to communication processes with the public. )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 27.834 577.500 749.166 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�Computational social science is an emerging research area at the intersection of computer science, statistics, and the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sciences, in which novel computational methods are used to answer questions about society�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 427.804 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(61)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.441 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( \(p. 257\). Ericson)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.678 737.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(62)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 521.315 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( argued that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social computing refers to �systems that support the gathering, processing and dissemination of information that is distributed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(across social collectives. Furthermore, the information in question is not independent of people, but rather is significant precisely )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(because it linked to people, who are in turn associated with other people.� Scholars)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.465 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(63)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 394.102 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( stated that social computing represents a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(new research frontier for information systems. Social computing environments present settings for data collection on a wide )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(variety of aspects for researchers interested in online behavior of individuals, both in natural observations and for controlled )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(experiments.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Behavioral Targeting.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Behavioral targeting \(BT\), also called online profiling)] TJ ET
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BT 251.670 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(64)] TJ ET
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BT 261.307 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( or hypertargeting)] TJ ET
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BT 337.718 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(65)] TJ ET
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BT 347.355 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( uses historical user behavior to predict user behavior )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and affinities in web applications such as targeting of online advertising, content personalization and social recommendations)] TJ ET
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BT 564.918 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(66)] TJ ET
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BT 574.555 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(BT is used by online advertisers to increase the effectiveness of their campaigns, and is playing an increasingly important role in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the online advertising market)] TJ ET
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BT 150.884 591.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(67)] TJ ET
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BT 160.522 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Through series of experiments, compared to standard run of network advertising, BT )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(advertising was found to be more successful, creating greater utility for consumers from more relevant advertisements and clear )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(appeal for advertisers from increased ad conversion)] TJ ET
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BT 250.588 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(68)] TJ ET
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BT 260.225 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. User profiling is performed using novel computation techniques)] TJ ET
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BT 537.671 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(66)] TJ ET
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BT 547.308 570.293 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 549.718 567.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(69)] TJ ET
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BT 559.355 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(commonly fall inside the social computing paradigm, an approach to analyze and model social behaviors on different media and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(platforms)] TJ ET
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BT 66.342 544.103 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(70)] TJ ET
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BT 75.979 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Van Dam & van de Velden)] TJ ET
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BT 196.294 544.103 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(71)] TJ ET
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BT 205.932 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( proposed that social networks, like Facebook, can be �operationalized to gain insight )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(into the individuals connected to a company�s Facebook site� \(p. 60\). In their study they describe a user profile data collection )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(framework that uses �Facebook insights� \(accessed by the admin\) and other personal public information on Facebook to cluster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(users. They propose that their methodology can be implemented into an analytical customer relationship management \(CRM\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(framework aimed at the analysis of customer characteristics that may help improve a firm�s customer management strategies.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Recommender systems)] TJ ET
BT 135.704 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ricci, Rokach, & Shapira)] TJ ET
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BT 134.075 457.674 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(72)] TJ ET
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BT 143.713 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( defined Recommender Systems \(RS\) as �software tools and techniques providing suggestions for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(items to be of use to a user� \(p. 1\). They add that since recommendations in most cases are personalized, different users or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user groups receive different suggestions. RSs try to predict what the most suitable products or services are, based on the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user�s preferences and constrains \(learned and collected from users. Many product purchasing sites like Amazon and E-Bay )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(use advanced recommendation engines)] TJ ET
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BT 199.127 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(73)] TJ ET
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BT 208.765 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, but social networking sites \(e.g. Facebook\) use RS as well, to �push� relevant social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(content based on use preferences, actions and texts)] TJ ET
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BT 252.255 398.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(74)] TJ ET
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BT 261.892 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recommender systems in Emergency)] TJ ET
BT 190.957 377.238 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 196.378 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the context of emergency, the existing published literature suggests that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommendation systems can be integrated for improved disaster management)] TJ ET
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BT 378.356 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, Construction and real estate crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
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BT 92.788 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and supply distribution in emergency)] TJ ET
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BT 253.732 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(77)] TJ ET
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BT 263.369 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. However, we could not find existing literature of how crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication can be aided by RS. More specifically, how crisis messages are selected for individuals or groups of individuals )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(based on some characteristics. Research shows that integrating data obtained from popular social media networking websites )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(significantly can improve results of existing recommendation systems)] TJ ET
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BT 333.896 317.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Computational social science in the face of disasters.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 278.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Over the past years technologies that rely on citizen sensing have been playing a major role in real life applications, such as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public and environmental health surveillance)] TJ ET
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BT 227.719 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and other participatory social activities)] TJ ET
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BT 431.597 267.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Purohit, Castillo, Meier & Sheth)] TJ ET
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BT 35.887 255.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( noted that with the explosion in social media and the universal mobile access� researchers have unique opportunities to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 243.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(�extract social signals, create spatial-temporal mappings, perform analytics on social data, and support applications that vary )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from situational awareness during crisis response, preparedness and rebuilding phases to advanced analytics on social data, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and gaining valuable insights to support improved decision making�. \(p. 1\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.977 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Social computing, analytics, visualization for crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 180.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the era of big data analytics and social media, incorporation of business intelligence systems in the organization are very )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 168.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(common. These systems are responsible for data processing, analysis and visualization for better decision making and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(business function. Based on a recently published taxonomy in the domain of text analytics and visualization)] TJ ET
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BT 498.154 156.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, one can find )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(various analytical tasks and visualization tasks with specific aim. The tasks are common text analytical procedures)] TJ ET
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BT 518.255 146.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(85)] TJ ET
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BT 539.939 144.858 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 132.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(include: 1\) Text Summarization / Topic Analysis / Entity Extraction, 2\) Discourse Analysis; 3\) Sentiment \(Opinion\) Analysis, 4\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 121.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Event Analysis; 5\) Trend / Pattern Analysis; 6\) Lexical / Syntactical Analysis; 7\) Relation / Connection \(Association\) and 8\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Translation / Text Alignment Analysis. These tasks later serve for visualization procedures for: 1\) Region of Interest, 2\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 97.239 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Clustering / Classification / Categorization, 3\) Comparison, 4\) Overview; 5\) Monitoring; 6\) Navigation / Exploration; 7\) )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 85.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Uncertainty Tackling.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 65.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tables 1 & 2 summarize current state of the art of how social computing and text analytical tools can be integrated in the best )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(practices of crisis communication)] TJ ET
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BT 169.282 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(27)] TJ ET
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BT 178.920 57.913 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 181.329 55.532 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
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BT 190.967 54.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. We focus on the objectives in the processes of crisis and emergency communication)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 42.120 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(that occur in different times of the crisis life cycle and have direct association to communication processes with the public. )] TJ ET
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussions. Emergency authorities can, for instance, publish question regarding different issues related to specific risk in their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(feed \(e.g. lifesaving behavior in wild-fire\) and later investigate the discussion followed by post publishing. Research shows that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media discussions tend to be topic dependent)] TJ ET
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BT 251.699 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(92)] TJ ET
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BT 261.337 747.555 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.746 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(93)] TJ ET
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BT 273.383 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, especially when the page posts direct questions and asks the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public to discuss an issue. Crisis managers could train text responses over documents that an expert panel would consider as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relevant to the original question \(e.g. �what is the correct lifesaving behavior during wildfire�\), and also classify documents )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(according their answer correctness using Natural Language Processing \(NLP\))] TJ ET
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BT 362.752 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(94)] TJ ET
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BT 372.389 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and classification algorithms)] TJ ET
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BT 497.014 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(86)] TJ ET
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BT 506.651 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Overview level )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the public understanding of risk, based on social media discussion, then could be visualized using simple pie charts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Message development in crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Based on the variety of approaches presented above, this aspect can be aided by discourse analysis)] TJ ET
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BT 460.895 658.745 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(95)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.533 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, linguistic analysis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural language processing. Using lexical approach)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 252.226 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(96)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.863 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and psycholinguistic tools)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 375.119 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(53)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.756 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis managers can analyze messages )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from different perspectives� from syntactic features of the text and various word meaning categories \(e.g. LIWC categories\). We )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(propose that integration of such tools would enable to observe whether all pre-designed crisis messages are adapted to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(target audience� communication capacities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Affected public opining mining.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To gain feedback from the affected public, one should monitor social media and extract signs from citizen who speak and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discuss the emergency. Temnikova et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 202.900 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(88)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 212.538 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( presented a terminological resource, EMTerms, which include over 7,000 terms )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used in Twitter to describe various crises, classified into 23 information-specific categories \(e.g. caution and advice, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure damage, supplies needed or offered, personal updates, safety and security and more\). Such resource can assist )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decision makers monitor different categories of information, and later communicate to the public on the most prominent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Once information is retrieved, automated text analytical approaches, like opinion mining, can assist in capturing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public�s perceptions. Opinion mining refers to the extraction of emotion, appraisal and opinion words that are associated with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(certain social issue, people or entity \(e.g. product, public figure, and event\) and the classification of the words into different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion categories \(e.g. positive vs. negative, support vs. against\))] TJ ET
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BT 308.591 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(97)] TJ ET
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BT 318.228 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Seeger)] TJ ET
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BT 355.083 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.720 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( argued that capturing public�s perceptions are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important due to the tight association between beliefs and actions. He adds that monitoring public�s risk perceptions and opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prior and during crisis is essential for crisis response and message adaptation to public�s needs and concerns. This text analysis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedure has various application in a review summarization & classification, market and brand analysis)] TJ ET
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BT 474.370 441.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(98)] TJ ET
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BT 484.007 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, political opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis and decision making. Opinion and sentiment classification is performed on a document and sentence levels by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extracting relevant features \(e.g. single and/or multiple words, emoticons\) from the text and applying computational techniques )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for estimating the overall polarity or direction of the text. The most common methodology involves pre-defined sentiment or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion lexicons that carry thousands of domain-specific words, or machine learning techniques that use supervised learning for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiment classification.. In the context of natural/human made disasters, the assessment of sentiment is somehow scarce. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nagy, Valley, & Stamberger)] TJ ET
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BT 146.546 369.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.183 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( compared methods for evaluating sentiment in disaster microblogs and explored patterns of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(change in emotion of the crowd during a technological disaster. Unfortunately, assessment of sentiment towards the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis event provides only partial information for crisis communication practitioners regarding crowd opinion, since it is not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(matched to specific risk or issue, and more)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the case of health crisis and pandemics, however, considerable research is found. For instance, in the case of swine flu )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pandemic, Salath� & Khandelwal)] TJ ET
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BT 169.321 302.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(100)] TJ ET
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BT 183.778 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( used publicly available data from users of online social media and measured spatial-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 289.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(temporal sentiment towards a new vaccine over a period of six months. They further found strong correlation between )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 277.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiments expressed online and CDC-estimated vaccination rates by geographical region. This provides good example of how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy makers can use publicly available data to learn about public�s perception regarding risk and its� related behaviors.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.286 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Misunderstanding/Rumors Corrections)] TJ ET
BT 207.190 246.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Possibly one of the most researched topics in the domain of disaster computing and social media research during crisis, is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information credibility)] TJ ET
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BT 117.812 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(101)] TJ ET
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BT 132.268 218.865 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 134.678 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
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BT 149.134 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Castillo et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 210.364 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.820 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( analyzed information credibility of news propagated through Twitter and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggested that by using automated methods a tweet can be classified with up to 80% precision as being credible or not. Their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(automatic credibility estimation was done by extracting message-based features \(e.g. text length, sentiment ratio in the text, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 179.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inclusion of hashtag\), user-based features, topic-based \(e.g. aggregates computed based on message and user based )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(features\), and propagation-based features \(e.g. depth of a retweet in the network of message spread, initial tweets per topic\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evaluat)] TJ ET
BT 60.931 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(ion and assessment of responses, including the effectiveness of communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Similarly to the previous section, evaluation of public responses can be achieved through continuous social media monitoring )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using opinion mining, to infer on concerns, panics, and the emotional impacts of interactions among social media users)] TJ ET
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BT 538.349 118.151 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
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BT 552.805 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recent studies demonstrated capabilities to track changes in sentiments of affected public during natural disasters)] TJ ET
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BT 518.849 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
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BT 528.487 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 530.896 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
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BT 545.352 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 547.761 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(104)] TJ ET
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BT 562.217 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.136 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Proposed Process of Hyper-targeted Crisis Communication in Social Media \(HCCS\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 48.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the above paragraphs, we described how advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and aims of crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. We suggest that the availability of the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussions. Emergency authorities can, for instance, publish question regarding different issues related to specific risk in their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(feed \(e.g. lifesaving behavior in wild-fire\) and later investigate the discussion followed by post publishing. Research shows that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media discussions tend to be topic dependent)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.699 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(92)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.337 747.555 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.746 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(93)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 273.383 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, especially when the page posts direct questions and asks the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public to discuss an issue. Crisis managers could train text responses over documents that an expert panel would consider as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relevant to the original question \(e.g. �what is the correct lifesaving behavior during wildfire�\), and also classify documents )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(according their answer correctness using Natural Language Processing \(NLP\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 362.752 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(94)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 372.389 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and classification algorithms)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 497.014 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(86)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 506.651 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Overview level )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the public understanding of risk, based on social media discussion, then could be visualized using simple pie charts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Message development in crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Based on the variety of approaches presented above, this aspect can be aided by discourse analysis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 460.895 658.745 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(95)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.533 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, linguistic analysis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural language processing. Using lexical approach)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 252.226 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(96)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.863 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and psycholinguistic tools)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 375.119 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(53)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.756 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis managers can analyze messages )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from different perspectives� from syntactic features of the text and various word meaning categories \(e.g. LIWC categories\). We )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(propose that integration of such tools would enable to observe whether all pre-designed crisis messages are adapted to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(target audience� communication capacities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Affected public opining mining.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To gain feedback from the affected public, one should monitor social media and extract signs from citizen who speak and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discuss the emergency. Temnikova et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 202.900 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(88)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 212.538 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( presented a terminological resource, EMTerms, which include over 7,000 terms )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used in Twitter to describe various crises, classified into 23 information-specific categories \(e.g. caution and advice, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure damage, supplies needed or offered, personal updates, safety and security and more\). Such resource can assist )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decision makers monitor different categories of information, and later communicate to the public on the most prominent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Once information is retrieved, automated text analytical approaches, like opinion mining, can assist in capturing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public�s perceptions. Opinion mining refers to the extraction of emotion, appraisal and opinion words that are associated with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(certain social issue, people or entity \(e.g. product, public figure, and event\) and the classification of the words into different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion categories \(e.g. positive vs. negative, support vs. against\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 308.591 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(97)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 318.228 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 355.083 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.720 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( argued that capturing public�s perceptions are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important due to the tight association between beliefs and actions. He adds that monitoring public�s risk perceptions and opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prior and during crisis is essential for crisis response and message adaptation to public�s needs and concerns. This text analysis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedure has various application in a review summarization & classification, market and brand analysis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.370 441.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(98)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 484.007 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, political opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis and decision making. Opinion and sentiment classification is performed on a document and sentence levels by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extracting relevant features \(e.g. single and/or multiple words, emoticons\) from the text and applying computational techniques )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for estimating the overall polarity or direction of the text. The most common methodology involves pre-defined sentiment or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion lexicons that carry thousands of domain-specific words, or machine learning techniques that use supervised learning for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiment classification.. In the context of natural/human made disasters, the assessment of sentiment is somehow scarce. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nagy, Valley, & Stamberger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 146.546 369.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.183 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( compared methods for evaluating sentiment in disaster microblogs and explored patterns of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(change in emotion of the crowd during a technological disaster. Unfortunately, assessment of sentiment towards the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis event provides only partial information for crisis communication practitioners regarding crowd opinion, since it is not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(matched to specific risk or issue, and more)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the case of health crisis and pandemics, however, considerable research is found. For instance, in the case of swine flu )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pandemic, Salath� & Khandelwal)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 169.321 302.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(100)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 183.778 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( used publicly available data from users of online social media and measured spatial-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 289.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(temporal sentiment towards a new vaccine over a period of six months. They further found strong correlation between )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 277.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiments expressed online and CDC-estimated vaccination rates by geographical region. This provides good example of how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy makers can use publicly available data to learn about public�s perception regarding risk and its� related behaviors.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.286 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Misunderstanding/Rumors Corrections)] TJ ET
BT 207.190 246.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Possibly one of the most researched topics in the domain of disaster computing and social media research during crisis, is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information credibility)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.812 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(101)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 132.268 218.865 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 134.678 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 149.134 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Castillo et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 210.364 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.820 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( analyzed information credibility of news propagated through Twitter and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggested that by using automated methods a tweet can be classified with up to 80% precision as being credible or not. Their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(automatic credibility estimation was done by extracting message-based features \(e.g. text length, sentiment ratio in the text, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 179.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inclusion of hashtag\), user-based features, topic-based \(e.g. aggregates computed based on message and user based )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(features\), and propagation-based features \(e.g. depth of a retweet in the network of message spread, initial tweets per topic\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evaluat)] TJ ET
BT 60.931 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(ion and assessment of responses, including the effectiveness of communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Similarly to the previous section, evaluation of public responses can be achieved through continuous social media monitoring )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using opinion mining, to infer on concerns, panics, and the emotional impacts of interactions among social media users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 538.349 118.151 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 552.805 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recent studies demonstrated capabilities to track changes in sentiments of affected public during natural disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 518.849 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 528.487 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 530.896 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 545.352 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 547.761 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(104)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 562.217 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.136 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Proposed Process of Hyper-targeted Crisis Communication in Social Media \(HCCS\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 48.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the above paragraphs, we described how advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and aims of crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. We suggest that the availability of the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 21.991 577.500 755.009 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discussions. Emergency authorities can, for instance, publish question regarding different issues related to specific risk in their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(feed \(e.g. lifesaving behavior in wild-fire\) and later investigate the discussion followed by post publishing. Research shows that )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social media discussions tend to be topic dependent)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 251.699 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(92)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.337 747.555 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.746 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(93)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 273.383 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, especially when the page posts direct questions and asks the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public to discuss an issue. Crisis managers could train text responses over documents that an expert panel would consider as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relevant to the original question \(e.g. �what is the correct lifesaving behavior during wildfire�\), and also classify documents )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(according their answer correctness using Natural Language Processing \(NLP\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 362.752 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(94)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 372.389 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and classification algorithms)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 497.014 709.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(86)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 506.651 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Overview level )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of the public understanding of risk, based on social media discussion, then could be visualized using simple pie charts.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Message development in crisis communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Based on the variety of approaches presented above, this aspect can be aided by discourse analysis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 460.895 658.745 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(95)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.533 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, linguistic analysis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(natural language processing. Using lexical approach)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 252.226 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(96)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 261.863 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and psycholinguistic tools)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 375.119 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(53)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 384.756 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis managers can analyze messages )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(from different perspectives� from syntactic features of the text and various word meaning categories \(e.g. LIWC categories\). We )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(propose that integration of such tools would enable to observe whether all pre-designed crisis messages are adapted to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(target audience� communication capacities.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Affected public opining mining.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 570.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(To gain feedback from the affected public, one should monitor social media and extract signs from citizen who speak and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(discuss the emergency. Temnikova et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 202.900 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(88)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 212.538 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( presented a terminological resource, EMTerms, which include over 7,000 terms )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(used in Twitter to describe various crises, classified into 23 information-specific categories \(e.g. caution and advice, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(infrastructure damage, supplies needed or offered, personal updates, safety and security and more\). Such resource can assist )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(decision makers monitor different categories of information, and later communicate to the public on the most prominent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information. Once information is retrieved, automated text analytical approaches, like opinion mining, can assist in capturing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public�s perceptions. Opinion mining refers to the extraction of emotion, appraisal and opinion words that are associated with )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(certain social issue, people or entity \(e.g. product, public figure, and event\) and the classification of the words into different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion categories \(e.g. positive vs. negative, support vs. against\))] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 308.591 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(97)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 318.228 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Seeger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 355.083 477.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(32)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 364.720 475.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( argued that capturing public�s perceptions are )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(important due to the tight association between beliefs and actions. He adds that monitoring public�s risk perceptions and opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(prior and during crisis is essential for crisis response and message adaptation to public�s needs and concerns. This text analysis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(procedure has various application in a review summarization & classification, market and brand analysis)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 474.370 441.365 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(98)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 484.007 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, political opinion )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis and decision making. Opinion and sentiment classification is performed on a document and sentence levels by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 416.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extracting relevant features \(e.g. single and/or multiple words, emoticons\) from the text and applying computational techniques )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 404.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for estimating the overall polarity or direction of the text. The most common methodology involves pre-defined sentiment or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 392.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(opinion lexicons that carry thousands of domain-specific words, or machine learning techniques that use supervised learning for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 380.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiment classification.. In the context of natural/human made disasters, the assessment of sentiment is somehow scarce. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nagy, Valley, & Stamberger)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 146.546 369.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.183 368.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( compared methods for evaluating sentiment in disaster microblogs and explored patterns of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 356.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(change in emotion of the crowd during a technological disaster. Unfortunately, assessment of sentiment towards the general )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 344.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis event provides only partial information for crisis communication practitioners regarding crowd opinion, since it is not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 332.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(matched to specific risk or issue, and more)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 313.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the case of health crisis and pandemics, however, considerable research is found. For instance, in the case of swine flu )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(pandemic, Salath� & Khandelwal)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 169.321 302.912 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(100)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 183.778 301.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( used publicly available data from users of online social media and measured spatial-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 289.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(temporal sentiment towards a new vaccine over a period of six months. They further found strong correlation between )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 277.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sentiments expressed online and CDC-estimated vaccination rates by geographical region. This provides good example of how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(policy makers can use publicly available data to learn about public�s perception regarding risk and its� related behaviors.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.286 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Misunderstanding/Rumors Corrections)] TJ ET
BT 207.190 246.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 226.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Possibly one of the most researched topics in the domain of disaster computing and social media research during crisis, is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information credibility)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 117.812 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(101)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 132.268 218.865 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 134.678 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 149.134 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Castillo et al.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 210.364 216.484 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(102)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 224.820 214.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( analyzed information credibility of news propagated through Twitter and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(suggested that by using automated methods a tweet can be classified with up to 80% precision as being credible or not. Their )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 191.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(automatic credibility estimation was done by extracting message-based features \(e.g. text length, sentiment ratio in the text, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 179.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inclusion of hashtag\), user-based features, topic-based \(e.g. aggregates computed based on message and user based )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 167.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(features\), and propagation-based features \(e.g. depth of a retweet in the network of message spread, initial tweets per topic\).)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Evaluat)] TJ ET
BT 60.931 147.953 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(ion and assessment of responses, including the effectiveness of communication.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Similarly to the previous section, evaluation of public responses can be achieved through continuous social media monitoring )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using opinion mining, to infer on concerns, panics, and the emotional impacts of interactions among social media users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 538.349 118.151 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 552.805 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Recent studies demonstrated capabilities to track changes in sentiments of affected public during natural disasters)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 518.849 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(99)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 528.487 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 530.896 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(103)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 545.352 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 547.761 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(104)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 562.217 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.136 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Proposed Process of Hyper-targeted Crisis Communication in Social Media \(HCCS\))] TJ ET
BT 26.250 48.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In the above paragraphs, we described how advanced analytical tools can be integrated in the processes and aims of crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. We suggest that the availability of the computational techniques can improve communication with the public by )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 284.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Automatic categorization of unstructured vital information is of high importance for speeding up disaster management. More )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 272.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(precisely, psychosocial information extraction is valuable for decision makers to understand the endurance of the public, public� )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 205.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Successful detection of language choice patterns from social media content may assist in guiding the authorities and service )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 193.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(providers to respond on the same communication �channels� of the public, and enhance responsiveness and interactivity. This )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 181.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(can further lead to a more cooperative public and enhanced public morale. It is our assumption that such focused messaging )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 138.357 Td /F4 9.8 Tf  [(Limitations of the present review and currents challenges)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 118.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(One should remember that beyond text, additional forms of data are published on social media, sometimes far more influencing, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 107.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(since pictures \(regular photo or meme\) may generate more engagement than other forms of data \(including text and video\))] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 59.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(above literature focused mainly on text that appears in the social media, that can be extracted and analyzed. As for now, some )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis is the inaccessibility to Facebook public feed API, which is restricted to a limited set of media publishers. This limitation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is restricting research institutes and companies to obtain public posts, in a similar way that is available in Twitter. It is possible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(though, to extract data from Fan Pages and Groups using publically available applications, like NetVizz)] TJ ET
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BT 483.990 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision makers should not solely rely on text analytics in social media when doing crisis communication. Though social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is very popular and has very high penetration rate)] TJ ET
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BT 240.311 713.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
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BT 249.949 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, some social and age groups in the population are not connected to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(internet)] TJ ET
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BT 58.766 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(110)] TJ ET
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BT 73.222 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. As this population tends to receive the information and guidelines during real time emergency via TV, radio, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(newspaper and word-of-mouth -the instructions will still need to use traditional means of mass communication..)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Despite recent anecdotal reports indicating that authorities \(e.g. Home-front command\) increase their presence in the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media and continuously interact with the public in times of calm and emergency, still authorities prefer to communicate with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public in non-interactive means. This was previously mentioned as an obstacle for crisis communication)] TJ ET
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BT 486.652 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( in light of the raising )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of social media .Nonetheless, decision makers should not solely rely on methods of text analytics and data mining in social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media when doing crisis communication and follow a well-organized risk and crisis communication plan)] TJ ET
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BT 479.649 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is almost impossible not to consider privacy issues when discussing targeted communication)] TJ ET
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BT 447.642 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Collecting information about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the behavior of social media users, for research or commercial purposes, is considered invasive by the public as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inappropriate)] TJ ET
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BT 97.607 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Recently, the use of Facebook as a research platform for massive social experiment)] TJ ET
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BT 479.999 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, was criticized for not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(passing the ethical board and not providing informed consent to the participants. Conversely, Facebook advertising system is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using profile information and interests \(extracted from activity patterns of the users\), to deliver targeted messages. Hence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(authorities have to deal with this issue using sound legal advice and should address the privacy issues in their communications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the public to build trust and credibility.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.088 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Recommendations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Both user profiling \(i.e. behavioral targeting\) and recommender systems are closely related. In both processes, user preferences )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are used for content recommendation. However, the application of behavioral-targeted recommendation system in the field of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis communication is novel and deserves future studies. We propose that behavioral-targeted recommendation systems in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the domain of crisis communication would be applied on two levels; public level and decision maker level. On the public level, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personalized and adapted crisis messages would pop-up or appear in popular websites and social media based on two possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters: 1\) the written content people provide on these sites \(e.g. users� public posts, reviews, and participation in talkbacks; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2\) user behavior on site � such as �like�/�share� or �re-tweet, or other forms of ratings. This approach would be effective if the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user is active and engaged, but also may be relevant for passive users that mainly consume content rather than commenting on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it. This proposal will be feasible in social media platforms which allow the tracking of users or has an agreement for data sharing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with authoritative bodies. On the decision maker level, designated spokespersons would be assisted by the messaging )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommender system to adapt their linguistic style to the user who approaches them \(or vice versa\) thus �tailoring� the response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and assisting people in real-time to get the appropriate help, directions or support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While certain online platforms for communication with the public in emergency were proposed)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 429.393 325.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(111)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 443.849 327.665 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 446.258 325.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(115)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 460.714 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( they all significantly lack )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the user-profiling element, that might be in practice, an important factor in communication efforts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 440.255 313.379 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(116)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 454.711 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Future web-based or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobile application-based platforms for disaster risk communication should include user-profiling module, based on different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters extracted from users� published text and data. We suggest social media management tools)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 469.524 289.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.161 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( as suitable platform )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for crisis communication, as some of the tools enable the integration of extensions and apps that assist in social media data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extraction, analytics and interpretation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 227.651 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In very fast pace, social media have acquired a prominent role in media and our daily life)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.748 209.204 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(71)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.385 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. During crisis and emergency, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people tend to approach social media not only because of the need for quick information, but also due to the human tendency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for storytelling, which allows people to experience their lives as coherent, orderly and meaningful. It is what makes people�s life )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than a blooming, buzzing confusion)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 204.002 173.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(117)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.458 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Communication with public during emergency is critical for successful emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 161.585 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.607 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( life saving, rescue and recovery. On the other hand , one should take into account that 2.08 billion people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(world-wide are social media users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 173.075 149.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 182.713 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and significant number of people are expected to participate in the online convergence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posting massive amount of user-generated content making it an almost impossible web of information. Using state of the art )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(computational tools makes this mission possible. Being one of the fundamental tools of emergency management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.264 125.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 525.720 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk communication play an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral reactions to critical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incidents and disasters. Thus the task of continues monitoring of the social web for crisis related information can significantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(improve the efforts of emergency management. This is the reason for officials to be eager to exploit social media content to gain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insight from the public for the optimization of risk and crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 347.025 78.251 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(119)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 361.481 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Risk and crisis communication� best practices )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are well documented and include various tasks during different crisis stages \(e.g. understanding public�s characteristics, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 52.935 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monitoring emerging risk, feedback from affected publics etc.\). These aims and practices can be improved and become efficient )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(when utilizing linguistic computational tools that can quickly assist decision makers in designing emergency campaigns, or/and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.744 577.500 750.256 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis is the inaccessibility to Facebook public feed API, which is restricted to a limited set of media publishers. This limitation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is restricting research institutes and companies to obtain public posts, in a similar way that is available in Twitter. It is possible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(though, to extract data from Fan Pages and Groups using publically available applications, like NetVizz)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 469.534 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(109)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 483.990 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision makers should not solely rely on text analytics in social media when doing crisis communication. Though social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is very popular and has very high penetration rate)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 240.311 713.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.949 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, some social and age groups in the population are not connected to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(internet)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 58.766 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(110)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 73.222 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. As this population tends to receive the information and guidelines during real time emergency via TV, radio, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(newspaper and word-of-mouth -the instructions will still need to use traditional means of mass communication..)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Despite recent anecdotal reports indicating that authorities \(e.g. Home-front command\) increase their presence in the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media and continuously interact with the public in times of calm and emergency, still authorities prefer to communicate with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public in non-interactive means. This was previously mentioned as an obstacle for crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.195 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(111)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.652 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( in light of the raising )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of social media .Nonetheless, decision makers should not solely rely on methods of text analytics and data mining in social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media when doing crisis communication and follow a well-organized risk and crisis communication plan)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.012 623.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.649 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is almost impossible not to consider privacy issues when discussing targeted communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.186 603.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(112)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 447.642 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Collecting information about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the behavior of social media users, for research or commercial purposes, is considered invasive by the public as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inappropriate)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 579.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(113)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.607 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Recently, the use of Facebook as a research platform for massive social experiment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 465.543 579.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(114)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.999 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, was criticized for not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(passing the ethical board and not providing informed consent to the participants. Conversely, Facebook advertising system is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using profile information and interests \(extracted from activity patterns of the users\), to deliver targeted messages. Hence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(authorities have to deal with this issue using sound legal advice and should address the privacy issues in their communications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the public to build trust and credibility.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.088 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Recommendations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Both user profiling \(i.e. behavioral targeting\) and recommender systems are closely related. In both processes, user preferences )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are used for content recommendation. However, the application of behavioral-targeted recommendation system in the field of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis communication is novel and deserves future studies. We propose that behavioral-targeted recommendation systems in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the domain of crisis communication would be applied on two levels; public level and decision maker level. On the public level, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personalized and adapted crisis messages would pop-up or appear in popular websites and social media based on two possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters: 1\) the written content people provide on these sites \(e.g. users� public posts, reviews, and participation in talkbacks; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2\) user behavior on site � such as �like�/�share� or �re-tweet, or other forms of ratings. This approach would be effective if the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user is active and engaged, but also may be relevant for passive users that mainly consume content rather than commenting on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it. This proposal will be feasible in social media platforms which allow the tracking of users or has an agreement for data sharing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with authoritative bodies. On the decision maker level, designated spokespersons would be assisted by the messaging )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommender system to adapt their linguistic style to the user who approaches them \(or vice versa\) thus �tailoring� the response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and assisting people in real-time to get the appropriate help, directions or support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While certain online platforms for communication with the public in emergency were proposed)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 429.393 325.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(111)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 443.849 327.665 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 446.258 325.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(115)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 460.714 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( they all significantly lack )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the user-profiling element, that might be in practice, an important factor in communication efforts)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 440.255 313.379 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(116)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 454.711 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Future web-based or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobile application-based platforms for disaster risk communication should include user-profiling module, based on different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters extracted from users� published text and data. We suggest social media management tools)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 469.524 289.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.161 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( as suitable platform )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for crisis communication, as some of the tools enable the integration of extensions and apps that assist in social media data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extraction, analytics and interpretation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 227.651 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In very fast pace, social media have acquired a prominent role in media and our daily life)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 407.748 209.204 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(71)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.385 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. During crisis and emergency, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people tend to approach social media not only because of the need for quick information, but also due to the human tendency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for storytelling, which allows people to experience their lives as coherent, orderly and meaningful. It is what makes people�s life )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than a blooming, buzzing confusion)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 204.002 173.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(117)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 218.458 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Communication with public during emergency is critical for successful emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 161.585 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.607 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( life saving, rescue and recovery. On the other hand , one should take into account that 2.08 billion people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(world-wide are social media users)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 173.075 149.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 182.713 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and significant number of people are expected to participate in the online convergence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posting massive amount of user-generated content making it an almost impossible web of information. Using state of the art )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(computational tools makes this mission possible. Being one of the fundamental tools of emergency management)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 511.264 125.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 525.720 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk communication play an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral reactions to critical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incidents and disasters. Thus the task of continues monitoring of the social web for crisis related information can significantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(improve the efforts of emergency management. This is the reason for officials to be eager to exploit social media content to gain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insight from the public for the optimization of risk and crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 347.025 78.251 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(119)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 361.481 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Risk and crisis communication� best practices )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are well documented and include various tasks during different crisis stages \(e.g. understanding public�s characteristics, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 52.935 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monitoring emerging risk, feedback from affected publics etc.\). These aims and practices can be improved and become efficient )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(when utilizing linguistic computational tools that can quickly assist decision makers in designing emergency campaigns, or/and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 26.744 577.500 750.256 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(analysis is the inaccessibility to Facebook public feed API, which is restricted to a limited set of media publishers. This limitation )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is restricting research institutes and companies to obtain public posts, in a similar way that is available in Twitter. It is possible, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(though, to extract data from Fan Pages and Groups using publically available applications, like NetVizz)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 469.534 745.174 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(109)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 483.990 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Decision makers should not solely rely on text analytics in social media when doing crisis communication. Though social media )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(is very popular and has very high penetration rate)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 240.311 713.864 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.949 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, some social and age groups in the population are not connected to the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(internet)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 58.766 701.960 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(110)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 73.222 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. As this population tends to receive the information and guidelines during real time emergency via TV, radio, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(newspaper and word-of-mouth -the instructions will still need to use traditional means of mass communication..)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Despite recent anecdotal reports indicating that authorities \(e.g. Home-front command\) increase their presence in the social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media and continuously interact with the public in times of calm and emergency, still authorities prefer to communicate with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public in non-interactive means. This was previously mentioned as an obstacle for crisis communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 472.195 646.841 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(111)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 486.652 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( in light of the raising )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of social media .Nonetheless, decision makers should not solely rely on methods of text analytics and data mining in social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media when doing crisis communication and follow a well-organized risk and crisis communication plan)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 470.012 623.031 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(34)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.649 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is almost impossible not to consider privacy issues when discussing targeted communication)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 433.186 603.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(112)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 447.642 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Collecting information about )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the behavior of social media users, for research or commercial purposes, is considered invasive by the public as well as )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(inappropriate)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 83.151 579.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(113)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 97.607 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Recently, the use of Facebook as a research platform for massive social experiment)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 465.543 579.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(114)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 479.999 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, was criticized for not )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(passing the ethical board and not providing informed consent to the participants. Conversely, Facebook advertising system is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(using profile information and interests \(extracted from activity patterns of the users\), to deliver targeted messages. Hence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(authorities have to deal with this issue using sound legal advice and should address the privacy issues in their communications )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with the public to build trust and credibility.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.088 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Recommendations)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 474.134 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Both user profiling \(i.e. behavioral targeting\) and recommender systems are closely related. In both processes, user preferences )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 462.229 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are used for content recommendation. However, the application of behavioral-targeted recommendation system in the field of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis communication is novel and deserves future studies. We propose that behavioral-targeted recommendation systems in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the domain of crisis communication would be applied on two levels; public level and decision maker level. On the public level, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(personalized and adapted crisis messages would pop-up or appear in popular websites and social media based on two possible )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters: 1\) the written content people provide on these sites \(e.g. users� public posts, reviews, and participation in talkbacks; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2\) user behavior on site � such as �like�/�share� or �re-tweet, or other forms of ratings. This approach would be effective if the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(user is active and engaged, but also may be relevant for passive users that mainly consume content rather than commenting on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(it. This proposal will be feasible in social media platforms which allow the tracking of users or has an agreement for data sharing )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 366.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(with authoritative bodies. On the decision maker level, designated spokespersons would be assisted by the messaging )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 355.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommender system to adapt their linguistic style to the user who approaches them \(or vice versa\) thus �tailoring� the response )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 343.182 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and assisting people in real-time to get the appropriate help, directions or support.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While certain online platforms for communication with the public in emergency were proposed)] TJ ET
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BT 443.849 327.665 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
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BT 446.258 325.284 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(115)] TJ ET
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BT 460.714 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( they all significantly lack )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the user-profiling element, that might be in practice, an important factor in communication efforts)] TJ ET
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BT 440.255 313.379 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(116)] TJ ET
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BT 454.711 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Future web-based or )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(mobile application-based platforms for disaster risk communication should include user-profiling module, based on different )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(parameters extracted from users� published text and data. We suggest social media management tools)] TJ ET
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BT 469.524 289.570 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(29)] TJ ET
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BT 479.161 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( as suitable platform )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for crisis communication, as some of the tools enable the integration of extensions and apps that assist in social media data )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(extraction, analytics and interpretation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 227.651 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Conclusions)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(In very fast pace, social media have acquired a prominent role in media and our daily life)] TJ ET
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BT 407.748 209.204 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(71)] TJ ET
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BT 417.385 207.696 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. During crisis and emergency, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(people tend to approach social media not only because of the need for quick information, but also due to the human tendency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(for storytelling, which allows people to experience their lives as coherent, orderly and meaningful. It is what makes people�s life )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(more than a blooming, buzzing confusion)] TJ ET
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BT 204.002 173.489 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(117)] TJ ET
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BT 218.458 171.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Communication with public during emergency is critical for successful emergency )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management)] TJ ET
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BT 83.151 161.585 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
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BT 97.607 160.077 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( life saving, rescue and recovery. On the other hand , one should take into account that 2.08 billion people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(world-wide are social media users)] TJ ET
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BT 173.075 149.680 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
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BT 182.713 148.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and significant number of people are expected to participate in the online convergence, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 136.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(posting massive amount of user-generated content making it an almost impossible web of information. Using state of the art )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(computational tools makes this mission possible. Being one of the fundamental tools of emergency management)] TJ ET
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BT 511.264 125.870 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(118)] TJ ET
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BT 525.720 124.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, crisis and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 112.458 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(risk communication play an important role in mitigating, or exacerbating, the psychological and behavioral reactions to critical )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 100.554 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(incidents and disasters. Thus the task of continues monitoring of the social web for crisis related information can significantly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 88.649 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(improve the efforts of emergency management. This is the reason for officials to be eager to exploit social media content to gain )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(insight from the public for the optimization of risk and crisis communication)] TJ ET
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BT 347.025 78.251 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(119)] TJ ET
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BT 361.481 76.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Risk and crisis communication� best practices )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 64.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(are well documented and include various tasks during different crisis stages \(e.g. understanding public�s characteristics, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 52.935 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(monitoring emerging risk, feedback from affected publics etc.\). These aims and practices can be improved and become efficient )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 41.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(when utilizing linguistic computational tools that can quickly assist decision makers in designing emergency campaigns, or/and )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing communication with the public during emergency. Officials should also remember that the most effective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication are those designed for a specific audience)] TJ ET
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BT 286.794 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Research shows that interpersonal communication that is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(linguistically matched between the communicators is not only more successful, but also reflects our natural tendency to adjust )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ourselves to the listener. Finally, decision makers and crisis managers need to acknowledge the potential of the massive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(generated textual information published during times of emergency in the social media. This knowledge is not only beneficial for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness but also for user profiling, which in our case, is not intended for marketing purposes. Behavioral analyzed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information from text posted on social media can leverage targeted communication during crisis, by automatic target audience )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterization and adapted, psycholinguisticly matched risk message preparation. Thus, as we keep facing major disasters )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and emergencies that have became more frequent during the last decade, governments can be more effective in transmission )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and dissemination of warning messages or/and survival information, better manage different public reactions triggered by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis, gain credibility from the public, and improve public cooperation during emergencies.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 611.826 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing Interests Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.269 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lahad M. Storymaking in assessment method for coping with stress?. Dramatherapy theory Pract II. 1992; 150�163.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sellnow TL, Seeger MW, Ulmer RR. Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters. Journal of Applied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Research. 2002. pp. 269�292. doi:10.1080/00909880216599)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Firestone RM, Everly Jr GS. A pilot investigation in constructing crisis communications: what leads to best practice? Int J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 465.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Emerg Ment Health. Loyola University Maryland, USA.; The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Johns )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.; 2013;15: 159�164)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hyer RN, Covello VT. Effective media communication during public health emergencies: a WHO handbook. Geneva: World )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Organization; 2005;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Roux-Dufort C. Is Crisis Management \( Only \) a Management of Exceptions?? J Contingencies Cris Manag. 2007;15: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(105�114. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00507.x)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Bus Horiz. Elsevier; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010;53: 59�68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Vasterman P, Yzermans CJ, Dirkzwager AJ. The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiol )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rev. Faculty of Humanities, Department of Media Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; 2005;27: 107�114. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:27/1/107 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Scheufele DA, Tewksbury D. Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. J Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wiley Online Library; 2007;57: 9�20.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wallack L, Dorfman L. Putting policy into health communication. Public Commun Campaign Oaks, CA Sage. 2001; 389�406.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gurevitch M, Coleman S, Blumler JG. Political communication�Old and new media relationships. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 234.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sci. Sage Publications; 2009;625: 164�181.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kemp S. Digital, Social & Mobile Worldwide in 2015 [Internet]. 2015. Available: https://wearesocial.net/blog/2015/01/digital-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social-mobile-worldwide-2015/)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mathioudakis M, Koudas N. Twittermonitor: trend detection over the twitter stream. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Conference on Management of data. ACM; 2010. pp. 1155�1158.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Terpstra T, de Vries A, Stronkman R, Paradies GL. Towards a realtime Twitter analysis during crises for operational crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management. ISCRAM�12: Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference. 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Maresh-Fuehrer MM, Smith R. Social media mapping innovations for crisis prevention, response, and evaluation. Comput )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 108.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Behav. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.041)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Houston, JB et al. Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and research. Disasters. 2014; 39: 1-22. doi: 10.1111/disa.12092)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mazer JP, Thompson B, Cherry J, Russell M, Payne HJ, Gail Kirby E, et al. Communication in the face of a school crisis: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Examining the volume and content of social media mentions during active shooter incidents. Comput Human Behav. 2015;53: )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 31.982 577.500 745.018 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing communication with the public during emergency. Officials should also remember that the most effective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication are those designed for a specific audience)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 277.156 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 286.794 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Research shows that interpersonal communication that is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(linguistically matched between the communicators is not only more successful, but also reflects our natural tendency to adjust )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ourselves to the listener. Finally, decision makers and crisis managers need to acknowledge the potential of the massive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(generated textual information published during times of emergency in the social media. This knowledge is not only beneficial for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness but also for user profiling, which in our case, is not intended for marketing purposes. Behavioral analyzed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information from text posted on social media can leverage targeted communication during crisis, by automatic target audience )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterization and adapted, psycholinguisticly matched risk message preparation. Thus, as we keep facing major disasters )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and emergencies that have became more frequent during the last decade, governments can be more effective in transmission )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and dissemination of warning messages or/and survival information, better manage different public reactions triggered by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis, gain credibility from the public, and improve public cooperation during emergencies.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 611.826 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing Interests Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.269 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lahad M. Storymaking in assessment method for coping with stress?. Dramatherapy theory Pract II. 1992; 150�163.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sellnow TL, Seeger MW, Ulmer RR. Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters. Journal of Applied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Research. 2002. pp. 269�292. doi:10.1080/00909880216599)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Firestone RM, Everly Jr GS. A pilot investigation in constructing crisis communications: what leads to best practice? Int J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 465.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Emerg Ment Health. Loyola University Maryland, USA.; The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Johns )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.; 2013;15: 159�164)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hyer RN, Covello VT. Effective media communication during public health emergencies: a WHO handbook. Geneva: World )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Organization; 2005;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Roux-Dufort C. Is Crisis Management \( Only \) a Management of Exceptions?? J Contingencies Cris Manag. 2007;15: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(105�114. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00507.x)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Bus Horiz. Elsevier; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010;53: 59�68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Vasterman P, Yzermans CJ, Dirkzwager AJ. The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiol )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rev. Faculty of Humanities, Department of Media Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; 2005;27: 107�114. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:27/1/107 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Scheufele DA, Tewksbury D. Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. J Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wiley Online Library; 2007;57: 9�20.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wallack L, Dorfman L. Putting policy into health communication. Public Commun Campaign Oaks, CA Sage. 2001; 389�406.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gurevitch M, Coleman S, Blumler JG. Political communication�Old and new media relationships. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 234.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sci. Sage Publications; 2009;625: 164�181.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kemp S. Digital, Social & Mobile Worldwide in 2015 [Internet]. 2015. Available: https://wearesocial.net/blog/2015/01/digital-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social-mobile-worldwide-2015/)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mathioudakis M, Koudas N. Twittermonitor: trend detection over the twitter stream. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Conference on Management of data. ACM; 2010. pp. 1155�1158.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Terpstra T, de Vries A, Stronkman R, Paradies GL. Towards a realtime Twitter analysis during crises for operational crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management. ISCRAM�12: Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference. 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Maresh-Fuehrer MM, Smith R. Social media mapping innovations for crisis prevention, response, and evaluation. Comput )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 108.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Behav. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.041)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Houston, JB et al. Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and research. Disasters. 2014; 39: 1-22. doi: 10.1111/disa.12092)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mazer JP, Thompson B, Cherry J, Russell M, Payne HJ, Gail Kirby E, et al. Communication in the face of a school crisis: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Examining the volume and content of social media mentions during active shooter incidents. Comput Human Behav. 2015;53: )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 31.982 577.500 745.018 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(managing communication with the public during emergency. Officials should also remember that the most effective )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication are those designed for a specific audience)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 277.156 757.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(33)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 286.794 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(. Research shows that interpersonal communication that is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(linguistically matched between the communicators is not only more successful, but also reflects our natural tendency to adjust )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ourselves to the listener. Finally, decision makers and crisis managers need to acknowledge the potential of the massive )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(generated textual information published during times of emergency in the social media. This knowledge is not only beneficial for )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(situational awareness but also for user profiling, which in our case, is not intended for marketing purposes. Behavioral analyzed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information from text posted on social media can leverage targeted communication during crisis, by automatic target audience )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(characterization and adapted, psycholinguisticly matched risk message preparation. Thus, as we keep facing major disasters )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and emergencies that have became more frequent during the last decade, governments can be more effective in transmission )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and dissemination of warning messages or/and survival information, better manage different public reactions triggered by the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(crisis, gain credibility from the public, and improve public cooperation during emergencies.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 611.826 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Competing Interests Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 555.269 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 527.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lahad M. Storymaking in assessment method for coping with stress?. Dramatherapy theory Pract II. 1992; 150�163.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 508.410 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sellnow TL, Seeger MW, Ulmer RR. Chaos theory, informational needs, and natural disasters. Journal of Applied )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 496.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Research. 2002. pp. 269�292. doi:10.1080/00909880216599)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 477.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Firestone RM, Everly Jr GS. A pilot investigation in constructing crisis communications: what leads to best practice? Int J )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 465.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Emerg Ment Health. Loyola University Maryland, USA.; The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and The Johns )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 453.291 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA.; 2013;15: 159�164)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 433.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hyer RN, Covello VT. Effective media communication during public health emergencies: a WHO handbook. Geneva: World )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 421.982 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Health Organization; 2005;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 402.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Roux-Dufort C. Is Crisis Management \( Only \) a Management of Exceptions?? J Contingencies Cris Manag. 2007;15: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 390.672 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(105�114. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2007.00507.x)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 371.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Bus Horiz. Elsevier; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 359.363 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010;53: 59�68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 339.958 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Vasterman P, Yzermans CJ, Dirkzwager AJ. The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiol )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 328.053 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rev. Faculty of Humanities, Department of Media Studies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; 2005;27: 107�114. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 316.149 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:27/1/107 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(8.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 296.744 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Scheufele DA, Tewksbury D. Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. J Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 284.839 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wiley Online Library; 2007;57: 9�20.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 265.434 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wallack L, Dorfman L. Putting policy into health communication. Public Commun Campaign Oaks, CA Sage. 2001; 389�406.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 246.030 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gurevitch M, Coleman S, Blumler JG. Political communication�Old and new media relationships. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 234.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sci. Sage Publications; 2009;625: 164�181.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 214.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kemp S. Digital, Social & Mobile Worldwide in 2015 [Internet]. 2015. Available: https://wearesocial.net/blog/2015/01/digital-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 202.815 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(social-mobile-worldwide-2015/)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 183.411 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mathioudakis M, Koudas N. Twittermonitor: trend detection over the twitter stream. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM SIGMOD )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 171.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International Conference on Management of data. ACM; 2010. pp. 1155�1158.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 152.101 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Terpstra T, de Vries A, Stronkman R, Paradies GL. Towards a realtime Twitter analysis during crises for operational crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.196 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management. ISCRAM�12: Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference. 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 120.792 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Maresh-Fuehrer MM, Smith R. Social media mapping innovations for crisis prevention, response, and evaluation. Comput )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 108.887 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Human Behav. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.041)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(15.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 89.482 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Houston, JB et al. Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 77.577 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and research. Disasters. 2014; 39: 1-22. doi: 10.1111/disa.12092)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 58.173 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mazer JP, Thompson B, Cherry J, Russell M, Payne HJ, Gail Kirby E, et al. Communication in the face of a school crisis: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 46.268 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Examining the volume and content of social media mentions during active shooter incidents. Comput Human Behav. 2015;53: )] TJ ET
Q
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BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Imran M, Castillo C, Lucas J, Meier P, Vieweg S. AIDR: Artificial intelligence for disaster response. 23rd international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conference on World Wide Web. 2014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Magen C. Crisis communication research in Israel: A meta-analysis. Public Relat Rev. 2014;40: 540�542. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.03.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hossain L, Murshed ST, Uddin S. Communication network dynamics during organizational crisis. J Informetr. 2013;7: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16�35. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2012.07.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ki EJ, Nekmat E. Situational crisis communication and interactivity: Usage and effectiveness of Facebook for crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management by Fortune 500 companies. Comput Human Behav. 2014;35: 140�147. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.039)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Steelman TA, McCaffrey S. Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nat Hazards. 2013;65: 683�705. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0386-z)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Falkheimer J. Crisis communication and terrorism: the Norway attacks on 22 July 2011. Corp Commun An Int J. 2014;19: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(52�63. Available: 10.1108/CCIJ-08-2012-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(0053nhttps://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bah&AN=94622396&site=ehost-live)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mayhorn CB, McLaughlin AC. Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and technological disaster. Saf Sci. 2014;61: 43�50. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Raue S, Johnson CW, Storer T. \(SMA\) 2-a social media audience sharing model for authorities to support effective crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. IET; 2012;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lowrey W, Evans W, Gower KK, Robinson JA, Ginter PM, McCormick LC, et al. Effective media communication of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters: pressing problems and recommendations. BMC Public Health. Department of Journalism, University of Alabama, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuscaloosa, USA. 2007;7: 97. doi:1471-2458-7-97 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, Von Winterfeldt D, Slovic P. Risk communication. Springer; 1988.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds B, Seeger MW. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication \(CERC\) as an Integrative Model. J Health Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2005;10: 43�55. doi:10.1080/10810730701352990)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Daniel A Landau. How Social Media is Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis [Internet]. Crisis. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Available: https://www.danlandau.net/writing/sources/research/danlandau_thesis.pdf)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Graham MW, Avery EJ, Park S. The role of social media in local government crisis communications. Public Relat Rev. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015;41: 386�394. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.02.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Briones RL, Kuch B, Liu BF, Jin Y. Keeping up with the digital age: How the American Red Cross uses social media to build )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relationships. Public Relat Rev. 2011;37: 37�43. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Olteanu A, Vieweg S, Castillo C. What to Expect When the Unexpected Happens: Social Media Communications Across )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crises. In Proc of 18th ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing \(CSCW�15\),. 2015.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. J Appl Commun Res. Taylor & Francis; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2006;34: 232�244.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, McCallum DB, Pavlova MT. Effective risk communication: the role and responsibility of government and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nongovernment organizations. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT. Message mapping, risk and crisis communication. Invited paper presented at the World Health Organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conference on Bio-terrorism and Risk Communication, Geneva, Switzerland. 2002.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Degutis LC, Babcock-Dunning L. Risk Communication and Media Relations. Heal Care Emerg Manag Princ Pract. Jones & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bartlett Publishers; 2010; 233.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Johansson A, Harenstam M. Knowledge communication: a key to successful crisis management. Biosecur Bioterror. United )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(States; 2013;11 Suppl 1: S260�3. doi:10.1089/bsp.2013.0052 [doi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Waters RD, Tindall NTJ, Morton TS. Media catching and the journalist�public relations practitioner relationship: How social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media are changing the practice of media relations. J Public Relations Res. Taylor & Francis; 2010;22: 241�264.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Everly Jr GS, Strouse D, Everly III GS. Resilient leadership. NY: DiaMedica; 2010;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wigley S, Fontenot M. Crisis managers losing control of the message: A pilot study of the Virginia Tech shooting. Public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2010;36: 187�189.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(238�248. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.040)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Imran M, Castillo C, Lucas J, Meier P, Vieweg S. AIDR: Artificial intelligence for disaster response. 23rd international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conference on World Wide Web. 2014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Magen C. Crisis communication research in Israel: A meta-analysis. Public Relat Rev. 2014;40: 540�542. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.03.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hossain L, Murshed ST, Uddin S. Communication network dynamics during organizational crisis. J Informetr. 2013;7: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16�35. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2012.07.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ki EJ, Nekmat E. Situational crisis communication and interactivity: Usage and effectiveness of Facebook for crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management by Fortune 500 companies. Comput Human Behav. 2014;35: 140�147. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.039)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Steelman TA, McCaffrey S. Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nat Hazards. 2013;65: 683�705. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0386-z)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Falkheimer J. Crisis communication and terrorism: the Norway attacks on 22 July 2011. Corp Commun An Int J. 2014;19: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(52�63. Available: 10.1108/CCIJ-08-2012-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(0053nhttps://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bah&AN=94622396&site=ehost-live)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mayhorn CB, McLaughlin AC. Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and technological disaster. Saf Sci. 2014;61: 43�50. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Raue S, Johnson CW, Storer T. \(SMA\) 2-a social media audience sharing model for authorities to support effective crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. IET; 2012;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lowrey W, Evans W, Gower KK, Robinson JA, Ginter PM, McCormick LC, et al. Effective media communication of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters: pressing problems and recommendations. BMC Public Health. Department of Journalism, University of Alabama, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuscaloosa, USA. 2007;7: 97. doi:1471-2458-7-97 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, Von Winterfeldt D, Slovic P. Risk communication. Springer; 1988.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds B, Seeger MW. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication \(CERC\) as an Integrative Model. J Health Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2005;10: 43�55. doi:10.1080/10810730701352990)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Daniel A Landau. How Social Media is Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis [Internet]. Crisis. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Available: https://www.danlandau.net/writing/sources/research/danlandau_thesis.pdf)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Graham MW, Avery EJ, Park S. The role of social media in local government crisis communications. Public Relat Rev. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015;41: 386�394. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.02.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Briones RL, Kuch B, Liu BF, Jin Y. Keeping up with the digital age: How the American Red Cross uses social media to build )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relationships. Public Relat Rev. 2011;37: 37�43. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Olteanu A, Vieweg S, Castillo C. What to Expect When the Unexpected Happens: Social Media Communications Across )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crises. In Proc of 18th ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing \(CSCW�15\),. 2015.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. J Appl Commun Res. Taylor & Francis; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2006;34: 232�244.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, McCallum DB, Pavlova MT. Effective risk communication: the role and responsibility of government and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nongovernment organizations. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT. Message mapping, risk and crisis communication. Invited paper presented at the World Health Organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conference on Bio-terrorism and Risk Communication, Geneva, Switzerland. 2002.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Degutis LC, Babcock-Dunning L. Risk Communication and Media Relations. Heal Care Emerg Manag Princ Pract. Jones & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bartlett Publishers; 2010; 233.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Johansson A, Harenstam M. Knowledge communication: a key to successful crisis management. Biosecur Bioterror. United )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(States; 2013;11 Suppl 1: S260�3. doi:10.1089/bsp.2013.0052 [doi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Waters RD, Tindall NTJ, Morton TS. Media catching and the journalist�public relations practitioner relationship: How social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media are changing the practice of media relations. J Public Relations Res. Taylor & Francis; 2010;22: 241�264.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Everly Jr GS, Strouse D, Everly III GS. Resilient leadership. NY: DiaMedica; 2010;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wigley S, Fontenot M. Crisis managers losing control of the message: A pilot study of the Virginia Tech shooting. Public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2010;36: 187�189.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(238�248. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.040)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(17.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Imran M, Castillo C, Lucas J, Meier P, Vieweg S. AIDR: Artificial intelligence for disaster response. 23rd international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conference on World Wide Web. 2014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(18.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Magen C. Crisis communication research in Israel: A meta-analysis. Public Relat Rev. 2014;40: 540�542. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.03.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(19.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hossain L, Murshed ST, Uddin S. Communication network dynamics during organizational crisis. J Informetr. 2013;7: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(16�35. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2012.07.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(20.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ki EJ, Nekmat E. Situational crisis communication and interactivity: Usage and effectiveness of Facebook for crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(management by Fortune 500 companies. Comput Human Behav. 2014;35: 140�147. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.039)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(21.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Steelman TA, McCaffrey S. Best practices in risk and crisis communication: Implications for natural hazards management. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nat Hazards. 2013;65: 683�705. doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0386-z)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(22.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Falkheimer J. Crisis communication and terrorism: the Norway attacks on 22 July 2011. Corp Commun An Int J. 2014;19: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(52�63. Available: 10.1108/CCIJ-08-2012-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 567.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(0053nhttps://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bah&AN=94622396&site=ehost-live)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(23.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mayhorn CB, McLaughlin AC. Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 536.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and technological disaster. Saf Sci. 2014;61: 43�50. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(24.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Raue S, Johnson CW, Storer T. \(SMA\) 2-a social media audience sharing model for authorities to support effective crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(communication. IET; 2012;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(25.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lowrey W, Evans W, Gower KK, Robinson JA, Ginter PM, McCormick LC, et al. Effective media communication of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(disasters: pressing problems and recommendations. BMC Public Health. Department of Journalism, University of Alabama, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 461.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tuscaloosa, USA. 2007;7: 97. doi:1471-2458-7-97 [pii])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(26.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 442.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, Von Winterfeldt D, Slovic P. Risk communication. Springer; 1988.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(27.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 423.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Reynolds B, Seeger MW. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication \(CERC\) as an Integrative Model. J Health Commun. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 411.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2005;10: 43�55. doi:10.1080/10810730701352990)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(28.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 391.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Daniel A Landau. How Social Media is Changing Crisis Communication: A Historical Analysis [Internet]. Crisis. 2011. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 379.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Available: https://www.danlandau.net/writing/sources/research/danlandau_thesis.pdf)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(29.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 360.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Graham MW, Avery EJ, Park S. The role of social media in local government crisis communications. Public Relat Rev. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 348.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2015;41: 386�394. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.02.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(30.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 329.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Briones RL, Kuch B, Liu BF, Jin Y. Keeping up with the digital age: How the American Red Cross uses social media to build )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 317.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relationships. Public Relat Rev. 2011;37: 37�43. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.12.006)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(31.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 297.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Olteanu A, Vieweg S, Castillo C. What to Expect When the Unexpected Happens: Social Media Communications Across )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 285.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crises. In Proc of 18th ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing \(CSCW�15\),. 2015.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(32.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. J Appl Commun Res. Taylor & Francis; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2006;34: 232�244.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(33.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT, McCallum DB, Pavlova MT. Effective risk communication: the role and responsibility of government and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(nongovernment organizations. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(34.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Covello VT. Message mapping, risk and crisis communication. Invited paper presented at the World Health Organization )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conference on Bio-terrorism and Risk Communication, Geneva, Switzerland. 2002.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(35.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Degutis LC, Babcock-Dunning L. Risk Communication and Media Relations. Heal Care Emerg Manag Princ Pract. Jones & )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Bartlett Publishers; 2010; 233.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(36.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Johansson A, Harenstam M. Knowledge communication: a key to successful crisis management. Biosecur Bioterror. United )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(States; 2013;11 Suppl 1: S260�3. doi:10.1089/bsp.2013.0052 [doi])] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(37.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Waters RD, Tindall NTJ, Morton TS. Media catching and the journalist�public relations practitioner relationship: How social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 98.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(media are changing the practice of media relations. J Public Relations Res. Taylor & Francis; 2010;22: 241�264.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(38.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 78.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Everly Jr GS, Strouse D, Everly III GS. Resilient leadership. NY: DiaMedica; 2010;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(39.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 59.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wigley S, Fontenot M. Crisis managers losing control of the message: A pilot study of the Virginia Tech shooting. Public )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 47.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2010;36: 187�189.)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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15.000 46.286 577.500 730.714 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT, Holladay SJ. The handbook of crisis communication. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT. Protecting Organization Reputations During a Crisis: The Development and Application of Situational Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Theory. Corp Reput Rev. Nature Publishing Group; 2007;10: 163�176. doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lorenz EN. The Essence of Chaos. American Journal of Physics. 1995. p. 862. doi:10.1119/1.17820)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(43.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication. Public Relat Rev. 2002;28: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(329�337. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111\(02\)00168-6)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(44.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Austin L, Jin Y. How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(source. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2011;37: 345�353.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(45.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Utz S, Schultz F, Glocka S. Crisis communication online: How medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2013;39: 40�46.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(46.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Fraustino JD. Beyond image repair: Suggestions for crisis communication theory development. Public Relations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. Elsevier Ltd; 2014. pp. 543�546. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.04.004)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(47.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil C, Gamon M, Dumais S. Mark my words!: linguistic style accommodation in social media. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. 2011. pp. 745�754.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(48.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Niederhoffer KG, Pennebaker JW. Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction. Journal of Language and Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 521.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychology. 2002. pp. 337�360. doi:10.1177/026192702237953)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gonzales AL, Hancock JT, Pennebaker JW. Language Style Matching as a Predictor of Social Dynamics in Small Groups. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Research. 2010. pp. 3�19. doi:10.1177/0093650209351468)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(50.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 470.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ireland ME, Slatcher RB, Eastwick PW, Scissors LE, Finkel EJ, Pennebaker JW. Language style matching predicts )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relationship initiation and stability. Psychol Sci a J Am Psychol Soc / APS. 2011;22: 39�44. doi:10.1177/0956797610392928)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(51.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 439.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lord SP, Sheng E, Imel ZE, Baer J, Atkins DC. More than reflections: empathy in motivational interviewing includes )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(language style synchrony between therapist and client. Behav Ther. 2015;46: 296�303. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.11.002)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(52.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 408.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Littlejohn SW, Foss KA. Encyclopedia of communication theory. Sage; 2009.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 388.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(53.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 388.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pennebaker JW, Francis ME, Booth RJ. Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahw Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 376.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2001;71: 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 357.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(54.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 357.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rogan RG. Linguistic Style Matching in Crisis Negotiations: A Comparative Analysis of Suicidal and Surrender Outcomes. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 345.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 2011. pp. 20�39. doi:10.1080/15332586.2011.523302)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(55.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 326.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ireland ME, Henderson MD. Language style matching, engagement, and impasse in negotiations. Negot Confl Manag Res. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wiley Online Library; 2014;7: 1�16.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 294.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(56.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 294.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Giebels E, Taylor PJ. Interaction patterns in crisis negotiations: persuasive arguments and cultural differences. J Appl )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychol. 2009;94: 5�19. doi:10.1037/a0012953)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(57.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 263.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Taylor PJ, Thomas S. Linguistic style matching and negotiation outcome. Negot Confl Manag Res. Wiley Online Library; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 251.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2008;1: 263�281.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(58.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 232.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Alharbi AM. Content analysis of crisis communicative strategies: Tunisian protest vs. anti-Mubarak protest. Int J Hum Sci. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;9: 571�586.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 200.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(59.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 200.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jin Y, Liu BF, Austin LL. Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 188.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information form, and source on publics� crisis responses. Communic Res. SAGE Publications; 2011; 0093650211423918.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(60.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 169.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sellnow TL, Ulmer RR, Seeger MW, Littlefield RS. Multiple audiences for risk messages. Eff Risk Commun A Messag )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Approach. Springer; 2009; 33�49.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(61.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 138.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mason W, Vaughan JW, Wallach H. Computational social science and social computing. Mach Learn. Springer; 2014;95: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(257�260.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 106.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(62.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 106.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erickson T. Social Computing. Encycl Human-Computer Interact 2nd Ed. The Interaction Design Foundation; 2013;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(63.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 87.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Parameswaran M, Whinston AB. Social computing: An overview. Commun Assoc Inf Syst. 2007;19: 37.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(64.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 68.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zuiderveen Borgesius F. Behavioral targeting: A European legal perspective. IEEE Secur Priv. 2013;11: 82�85. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1109/MSP.2013.5)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 46.286 577.500 730.714 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT, Holladay SJ. The handbook of crisis communication. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT. Protecting Organization Reputations During a Crisis: The Development and Application of Situational Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Theory. Corp Reput Rev. Nature Publishing Group; 2007;10: 163�176. doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lorenz EN. The Essence of Chaos. American Journal of Physics. 1995. p. 862. doi:10.1119/1.17820)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(43.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication. Public Relat Rev. 2002;28: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(329�337. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111\(02\)00168-6)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(44.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Austin L, Jin Y. How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(source. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2011;37: 345�353.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(45.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Utz S, Schultz F, Glocka S. Crisis communication online: How medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2013;39: 40�46.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(46.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Fraustino JD. Beyond image repair: Suggestions for crisis communication theory development. Public Relations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. Elsevier Ltd; 2014. pp. 543�546. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.04.004)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(47.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil C, Gamon M, Dumais S. Mark my words!: linguistic style accommodation in social media. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. 2011. pp. 745�754.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(48.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Niederhoffer KG, Pennebaker JW. Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction. Journal of Language and Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 521.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychology. 2002. pp. 337�360. doi:10.1177/026192702237953)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gonzales AL, Hancock JT, Pennebaker JW. Language Style Matching as a Predictor of Social Dynamics in Small Groups. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Research. 2010. pp. 3�19. doi:10.1177/0093650209351468)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 470.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(50.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 470.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ireland ME, Slatcher RB, Eastwick PW, Scissors LE, Finkel EJ, Pennebaker JW. Language style matching predicts )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(relationship initiation and stability. Psychol Sci a J Am Psychol Soc / APS. 2011;22: 39�44. doi:10.1177/0956797610392928)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 439.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(51.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 439.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lord SP, Sheng E, Imel ZE, Baer J, Atkins DC. More than reflections: empathy in motivational interviewing includes )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(language style synchrony between therapist and client. Behav Ther. 2015;46: 296�303. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.11.002)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(52.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 408.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Littlejohn SW, Foss KA. Encyclopedia of communication theory. Sage; 2009.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 388.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(53.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 388.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pennebaker JW, Francis ME, Booth RJ. Linguistic inquiry and word count: LIWC 2001. Mahw Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 376.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2001;71: 2001.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 357.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(54.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 357.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rogan RG. Linguistic Style Matching in Crisis Negotiations: A Comparative Analysis of Suicidal and Surrender Outcomes. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 345.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations. 2011. pp. 20�39. doi:10.1080/15332586.2011.523302)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 326.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(55.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 326.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ireland ME, Henderson MD. Language style matching, engagement, and impasse in negotiations. Negot Confl Manag Res. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 314.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Wiley Online Library; 2014;7: 1�16.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 294.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(56.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 294.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Giebels E, Taylor PJ. Interaction patterns in crisis negotiations: persuasive arguments and cultural differences. J Appl )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 282.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychol. 2009;94: 5�19. doi:10.1037/a0012953)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 263.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(57.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 263.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Taylor PJ, Thomas S. Linguistic style matching and negotiation outcome. Negot Confl Manag Res. Wiley Online Library; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 251.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2008;1: 263�281.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 232.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(58.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 232.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Alharbi AM. Content analysis of crisis communicative strategies: Tunisian protest vs. anti-Mubarak protest. Int J Hum Sci. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 220.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;9: 571�586.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 200.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(59.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 200.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Jin Y, Liu BF, Austin LL. Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 188.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(information form, and source on publics� crisis responses. Communic Res. SAGE Publications; 2011; 0093650211423918.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 169.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(60.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 169.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sellnow TL, Ulmer RR, Seeger MW, Littlefield RS. Multiple audiences for risk messages. Eff Risk Commun A Messag )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 157.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Approach. Springer; 2009; 33�49.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 138.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(61.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 138.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mason W, Vaughan JW, Wallach H. Computational social science and social computing. Mach Learn. Springer; 2014;95: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(257�260.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 106.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(62.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 106.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erickson T. Social Computing. Encycl Human-Computer Interact 2nd Ed. The Interaction Design Foundation; 2013;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 87.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(63.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 87.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Parameswaran M, Whinston AB. Social computing: An overview. Commun Assoc Inf Syst. 2007;19: 37.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 68.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(64.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 68.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zuiderveen Borgesius F. Behavioral targeting: A European legal perspective. IEEE Secur Priv. 2013;11: 82�85. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1109/MSP.2013.5)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 46.286 577.500 730.714 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(40.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT, Holladay SJ. The handbook of crisis communication. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(41.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Coombs WT. Protecting Organization Reputations During a Crisis: The Development and Application of Situational Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication Theory. Corp Reput Rev. Nature Publishing Group; 2007;10: 163�176. doi:10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(42.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 709.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Lorenz EN. The Essence of Chaos. American Journal of Physics. 1995. p. 862. doi:10.1119/1.17820)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(43.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 689.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Seeger MW. Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication. Public Relat Rev. 2002;28: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 677.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(329�337. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111\(02\)00168-6)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(44.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 658.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Austin L, Jin Y. How publics respond to crisis communication strategies: The interplay of information form and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 646.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(source. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2011;37: 345�353.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(45.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 627.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Utz S, Schultz F, Glocka S. Crisis communication online: How medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 615.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Public Relat Rev. Elsevier; 2013;39: 40�46.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(46.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 595.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Liu BF, Fraustino JD. Beyond image repair: Suggestions for crisis communication theory development. Public Relations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 584.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Review. Elsevier Ltd; 2014. pp. 543�546. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.04.004)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(47.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 564.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil C, Gamon M, Dumais S. Mark my words!: linguistic style accommodation in social media. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 552.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web. 2011. pp. 745�754.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(48.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 533.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Niederhoffer KG, Pennebaker JW. Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction. Journal of Language and Social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 521.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Psychology. 2002. pp. 337�360. doi:10.1177/026192702237953)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(49.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 502.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gonzales AL, Hancock JT, Pennebaker JW. Language Style Matching as a Predictor of Social Dynamics in Small Groups. )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 157.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Approach. Springer; 2009; 33�49.)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 106.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erickson T. Social Computing. Encycl Human-Computer Interact 2nd Ed. The Interaction Design Foundation; 2013;)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 68.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Zuiderveen Borgesius F. Behavioral targeting: A European legal perspective. IEEE Secur Priv. 2013;11: 82�85. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1109/MSP.2013.5)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(65.)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Xie Y, Gao Y, Gou J, Cheng Y, Honbo D, Zhang K, et al. Probabilistic macro behavioral targeting. International Conference )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(King I, Li J, Chan KT. A brief survey of computational approaches in Social Computing. 2009 International Joint Conference )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 478.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(74.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 478.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kushwaha HK, Jeysree J. Personalized Recommender System. Int J Comput Appl. 2014;93: 1�6.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(75.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Negre E. Towards a knowledge \(experience\)-based recommender system for crisis management. P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kaklauskas A, Zavadskas EK, Kazokaitis P, Bivainis J, Galiniene B, d�Amato M, et al. Crisis management model and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 415.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended system for construction and real estate. Advanced Methods for Computational Collective Intelligence. Springer; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 403.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2013. pp. 333�343.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(77.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Li J, Kou G, Zhang Y. Review-Based Personalized Recommendation System in Emergency Management. International Asia )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Shapira B, Rokach L, Freilikhman S. Facebook single and cross domain data for recommendation systems. User Model )] TJ ET
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Q
q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
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BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ahmed A, Low Y, Aly M, Josifovski V, Smola AJ. Scalable distributed inference of dynamic user interests for behavioral )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Yan J, Liu N, Wang G, Zhang W. How much can behavioral targeting help online advertising? Proceeding WWW �09 Proc )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(68.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(69.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Xie Y, Gao Y, Gou J, Cheng Y, Honbo D, Zhang K, et al. Probabilistic macro behavioral targeting. International Conference )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(on Information and Knowledge Management, Proceedings. 2012. pp. 7�10. doi:10.1145/2390131.2390135)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(70.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 603.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(King I, Li J, Chan KT. A brief survey of computational approaches in Social Computing. 2009 International Joint Conference )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(71.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(van Dam J-W, van de Velden M. Online profiling and clustering of Facebook users. Decis Support Syst. 2015;70: 60�72. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1016/j.dss.2014.12.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(72.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ricci F, Rokach L, Shapira B. Introduction to Recommender Systems Handbook. In: Ricci F, Rokach L, Shapira B, Kantor )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(PB, editors. Recommender Systems Handbook SE - 1. Springer US; 2011. pp. 1�35. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3_1)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 509.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(73.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 509.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Massa P, Avesani P. Trust-aware collaborative filtering for recommender systems. Lect Notes Comput Sci. 2004;3290: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 497.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(492�508. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30468-5_31)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(74.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 478.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kushwaha HK, Jeysree J. Personalized Recommender System. Int J Comput Appl. 2014;93: 1�6.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(75.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Negre E. Towards a knowledge \(experience\)-based recommender system for crisis management. P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 446.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and Internet Computing \(3PGCIC\), 2013 Eighth International Conference on. 2013. pp. 713�718.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(76.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kaklauskas A, Zavadskas EK, Kazokaitis P, Bivainis J, Galiniene B, d�Amato M, et al. Crisis management model and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 415.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(recommended system for construction and real estate. Advanced Methods for Computational Collective Intelligence. Springer; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 403.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2013. pp. 333�343.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(77.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Li J, Kou G, Zhang Y. Review-Based Personalized Recommendation System in Emergency Management. International Asia )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation \(IEMI2012\) Proceedings. 2013. pp. 1647�1655.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(78.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Shapira B, Rokach L, Freilikhman S. Facebook single and cross domain data for recommendation systems. User Model )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 321.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(79.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 321.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kamel Boulos MN, Resch B, Crowley DN, Breslin JG, Sohn G, Burtner R, et al. Crowdsourcing, citizen sensing and sensor )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 309.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(web technologies for public and environmental health surveillance and crisis management: trends, OGC standards and )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(80.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 266.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sheth A. Citizen sensing, social signals, and enriching human experience. IEEE Internet Comput. 2009;13: 87�92. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1109/MIC.2009.77)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(81.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 235.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Burke JA, Estrin D, Hansen M, Parker A, Ramanathan N, Reddy S, et al. Participatory sensing. Cent Embed Netw Sens. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 223.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2006;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(82.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 203.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Goldman J, Shilton K, Burke J, Estrin D, Hansen M, Ramanathan N, et al. Participatory Sensing: A citizen-powered )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 192.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(approach to illuminating the patterns that shape our world. Foresight Gov Proj White Pap. 2009; 1�15.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(83.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 172.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Purohit H, Meier P, Castillo C, Sheth AP. Crisis Mapping, Citizen Sensing and Social Media Analytics: Leveraging Citizen )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 160.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Roles for Crisis Response. 2013;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(84.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 141.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kucher K, Kerren A. Text visualization browser: A visual survey of text visualization techniques. Poster Abstr IEEE VIS. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 129.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2014;2014.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(85.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 109.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Maimon OZ, Rokach L. Data mining and knowledge discovery handbook. Springer; 2005.)] TJ ET
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0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
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BT 26.250 403.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(valley/dmi/files/crowd_sentiment_detection.pdf)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(100.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Salath� M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: Implications for infectious disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002199)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(101.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kang M. Measuring social media credibility: A study on a Measure of Blog Credibility. Inst Public Relations. 2010;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 333.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(102.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 333.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Castillo C, Mendoza M, Poblete B. Information credibility on twitter. Proc 20th Int Conf World wide web - WWW �11. 2011; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 321.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(675. doi:10.1145/1963405.1963500)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(103.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 302.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Caragea C, Squicciarini A, Stehle S, Neppalli K, Tapia A. Mapping moods: geo-mapped sentiment analysis during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 290.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hurricane Sandy. Proc of ISCRAM. 2014;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(104.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 270.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mandel B, Culotta A, Boulahanis J, Stark D, Lewis B, Rodrigue J. A demographic analysis of online sentiment during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hurricane Irene. Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Language in Social Media. 2012. pp. 27�36.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 239.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(105.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 239.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. Oxford Handb Stress Heal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 227.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coping. 2011; 127�147.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 208.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(106.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 208.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pletikosa Cvijikj I, Michahelles F. Online engagement factors on Facebook brand pages. Soc Netw Anal Min. 2013;3: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 196.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(843�861. doi:10.1007/s13278-013-0098-8)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 177.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(107.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 177.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Poria S, Cambria E, Hussain A, Huang G-B. Towards an intelligent framework for multimodal affective data analysis. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 165.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Neural Networks. Elsevier; 2015;63: 104�116.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(108.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 145.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Makice K. Twitter API: Up and running: Learn how to build applications with the Twitter API. � O�Reilly Media, Inc.�; 2009.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(109.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rieder B. Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application. Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Science Conference. ACM; 2013. pp. 346�355.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(110.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 94.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tully S. A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospects. Hum Rights Law Rev . 2014; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngu011)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(111.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 63.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ma Y, Zhang H, Liu Y. Development of a joint official microblog platform to improve interactive communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public under a centralized system. 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 37.477 577.500 739.523 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(88.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Temnikova I, Castillo C, Vieweg S. EMTerms 1.0: A Terminological Resource for Crisis Tweets. ISCRAM 2015: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Proceedings of the 13th International ISCRAM Conference. Kristiansand; 2015.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(89.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(McCreadie R, Macdonald C, Ounis I, Osborne M, Petrovic S. Scalable distributed event detection for Twitter. Proceedings - )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2013 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2013. 2013. pp. 543�549. doi:10.1109/BigData.2013.6691620)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Earle PS, Bowden DC, Guy M. Twitter earthquake detection: earthquake monitoring in a social world. Ann Geophys. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2012;54.)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Crooks A, Croitoru A, Stefanidis A, Radzikowski J. #Earthquake: Twitter as a Distributed Sensor System. Trans GIS. )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chowdhury GG. Natural language processing. Annu Rev Inf Sci Technol. Wiley Online Library; 2003;37: 51�89.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2006.03.004)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 521.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(96.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 521.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ashton MC, Lee K. A defence of the lexical approach to the study of personality structure. Eur J Pers. 2005;19: 5�24. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 509.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1002/per.541)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 490.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(97.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 490.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Singh V, Dubey SK. Opinion mining and analysis: A literature review. Confluence The Next Generation Information )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 478.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Technology Summit \(Confluence\), 2014 5th International Conference-. 2014. pp. 232�239.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(98.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 458.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ghiassi M, Skinner J, Zimbra D. Twitter brand sentiment analysis: A hybrid system using n-gram analysis and dynamic )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 446.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(artificial neural network. Expert Syst Appl. Elsevier; 2013;40: 6266�6282.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(99.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 427.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Nagy A, Valley CCMSC, Stamberger J. Crowd Sentiment Detection during Disasters and Crises. Proceedings of the 9th )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 415.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(International ISCRAM Conference. 2012. pp. 1�9. Available: https://www.cmu.edu/silicon-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 403.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(valley/dmi/files/crowd_sentiment_detection.pdf)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(100.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 384.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Salath� M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: Implications for infectious disease )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 372.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002199)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(101.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 352.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kang M. Measuring social media credibility: A study on a Measure of Blog Credibility. Inst Public Relations. 2010;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 333.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(102.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 333.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Castillo C, Mendoza M, Poblete B. Information credibility on twitter. Proc 20th Int Conf World wide web - WWW �11. 2011; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 321.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(675. doi:10.1145/1963405.1963500)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 302.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(103.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 302.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Caragea C, Squicciarini A, Stehle S, Neppalli K, Tapia A. Mapping moods: geo-mapped sentiment analysis during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 290.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hurricane Sandy. Proc of ISCRAM. 2014;)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 270.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(104.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 270.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Mandel B, Culotta A, Boulahanis J, Stark D, Lewis B, Rodrigue J. A demographic analysis of online sentiment during )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 259.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hurricane Irene. Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Language in Social Media. 2012. pp. 27�36.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 239.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(105.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 239.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. Oxford Handb Stress Heal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 227.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(coping. 2011; 127�147.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 208.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(106.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 208.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Pletikosa Cvijikj I, Michahelles F. Online engagement factors on Facebook brand pages. Soc Netw Anal Min. 2013;3: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 196.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(843�861. doi:10.1007/s13278-013-0098-8)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 177.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(107.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 177.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Poria S, Cambria E, Hussain A, Huang G-B. Towards an intelligent framework for multimodal affective data analysis. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 165.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Neural Networks. Elsevier; 2015;63: 104�116.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 145.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(108.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 145.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Makice K. Twitter API: Up and running: Learn how to build applications with the Twitter API. � O�Reilly Media, Inc.�; 2009.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(109.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 126.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Rieder B. Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application. Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 114.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Science Conference. ACM; 2013. pp. 346�355.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 94.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(110.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 94.977 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Tully S. A Human Right to Access the Internet? Problems and Prospects. Hum Rights Law Rev . 2014; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 83.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngu011)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 63.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(111.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 63.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Ma Y, Zhang H, Liu Y. Development of a joint official microblog platform to improve interactive communication with the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 51.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(public under a centralized system. 11th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and )] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(14)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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15.000 511.524 577.500 265.476 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management, ISCRAM 2014. 2014. pp. 782�786.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(112.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erlandsson F, Boldt M, Johnson H. Privacy threats related to user profiling in online social networks. Proceedings - 2012 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ASE/IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 ASE/IEEE International Conference on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing, SocialCom/PASSAT 2012. 2012. pp. 838�842. doi:10.1109/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.16)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(113.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O�Bien D, Torres A. Social Networking and Online Privacy: Facebook Users� Perceptions. Irish J Manag. 2012; 63�98)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(114.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kramer ADI, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111: 8788�90. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(115.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dong L, Xiong L, Zeng L. An internet-based prototype platform for natural disaster risk communication. Geoinformatics )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(GEOINFORMATICS\), 2012 20th International Conference on. 2012. pp. 1�4. doi:10.1109/Geoinformatics.2012.6270314)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(116.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chen Y, Pavlov D, Canny JF. Behavioral Targeting. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data. 2010. pp. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1�31. doi:10.1145/1857947.1857949)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(117.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gottschall J. The storytelling animal: How stories make us human. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(118.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Simon T, Goldberg A, Adini B. Socializing in emergencies�A review of the use of social media in emergency situations. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Int J Inf Manage. 2015;35: 609�619. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(119.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Veil SR, Buehner T, Palenchar MJ. A Work?In?Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication. J Contingencies Cris Manag. Wiley Online Library; 2011;19: 110�122. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 511.524 577.500 265.476 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management, ISCRAM 2014. 2014. pp. 782�786.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(112.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erlandsson F, Boldt M, Johnson H. Privacy threats related to user profiling in online social networks. Proceedings - 2012 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ASE/IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 ASE/IEEE International Conference on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing, SocialCom/PASSAT 2012. 2012. pp. 838�842. doi:10.1109/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.16)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(113.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O�Bien D, Torres A. Social Networking and Online Privacy: Facebook Users� Perceptions. Irish J Manag. 2012; 63�98)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(114.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kramer ADI, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111: 8788�90. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(115.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dong L, Xiong L, Zeng L. An internet-based prototype platform for natural disaster risk communication. Geoinformatics )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(GEOINFORMATICS\), 2012 20th International Conference on. 2012. pp. 1�4. doi:10.1109/Geoinformatics.2012.6270314)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(116.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chen Y, Pavlov D, Canny JF. Behavioral Targeting. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data. 2010. pp. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1�31. doi:10.1145/1857947.1857949)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(117.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gottschall J. The storytelling animal: How stories make us human. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(118.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Simon T, Goldberg A, Adini B. Socializing in emergencies�A review of the use of social media in emergency situations. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Int J Inf Manage. 2015;35: 609�619. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(119.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Veil SR, Buehner T, Palenchar MJ. A Work?In?Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication. J Contingencies Cris Manag. Wiley Online Library; 2011;19: 110�122. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 511.524 577.500 265.476 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Management, ISCRAM 2014. 2014. pp. 782�786.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(112.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Erlandsson F, Boldt M, Johnson H. Privacy threats related to user profiling in online social networks. Proceedings - 2012 )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(ASE/IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2012 ASE/IEEE International Conference on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Social Computing, SocialCom/PASSAT 2012. 2012. pp. 838�842. doi:10.1109/SocialCom-PASSAT.2012.16)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(113.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 704.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(O�Bien D, Torres A. Social Networking and Online Privacy: Facebook Users� Perceptions. Irish J Manag. 2012; 63�98)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(114.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Kramer ADI, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 673.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111: 8788�90. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320040111)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(115.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Dong L, Xiong L, Zeng L. An internet-based prototype platform for natural disaster risk communication. Geoinformatics )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 642.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(\(GEOINFORMATICS\), 2012 20th International Conference on. 2012. pp. 1�4. doi:10.1109/Geoinformatics.2012.6270314)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(116.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Chen Y, Pavlov D, Canny JF. Behavioral Targeting. ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data. 2010. pp. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1�31. doi:10.1145/1857947.1857949)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(117.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Gottschall J. The storytelling animal: How stories make us human. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2012.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(118.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 572.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Simon T, Goldberg A, Adini B. Socializing in emergencies�A review of the use of social media in emergency situations. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Int J Inf Manage. 2015;35: 609�619. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.001)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(119.)] TJ ET
BT 48.974 540.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Veil SR, Buehner T, Palenchar MJ. A Work?In?Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Communication. J Contingencies Cris Manag. Wiley Online Library; 2011;19: 110�122. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5973.2011.00639.x)] TJ ET
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