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Lassa)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.588 670.045 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 26.250 654.985 Td /F4 9.0 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 31.254 654.985 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [( Nanyang Technological University)] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa JA. Post Disaster Governance, Complexity and Network Theory: Evidence from Aceh, Indonesia After the Indian Ocean )] TJ ET BT 26.250 631.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tsunami 2004. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jul 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4f7972ecec1b6.)] TJ ET q 15.000 23.236 577.500 605.741 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 602.256 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research aims to understand the organizational network typology of large-scale disaster intervention in developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries and to understand the complexity of post-disaster intervention, through the use of network theory based on empirical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data from post-tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia, during 2005/2007. The findings suggest that the degrees of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 546.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separation \(or network diameter\) between any two organizations in the field is 5, thus reflecting small world realities and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 534.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore making no significant difference with the real human networks, as found in previous experiments. There are also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.778 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(significant loops in the network reflecting the fact that some actors tend to not cooperate, which challenges post disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.873 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. The findings show the landscape of humanitarian actors is not randomly distributed. Many actors were connected )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to each other through certain hubs, while hundreds of actors make scattered single principal-client links. The paper )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concludes that by understanding the distribution of degree,centrality, degrees of separation and visualization of the network, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.159 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(authorities can improve their understanding of the realities of coordination, from macro to micro scales.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.557 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research is self-funded. However, the author benefit from the fellowship during the Spring Semester 2011 where the )] TJ ET BT 549.191 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author )] TJ ET BT 26.250 406.698 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worked as an Indonesian Research Fellow at Ash Center, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. The final draft of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 394.793 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper was done from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.690 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(1. Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 345.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters occur in both developed and developing countries. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in the United States and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 333.831 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(T?hoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 in Japan are examples of large natural catastrophic event in the 21st century that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 321.927 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(occurred in developed countries. More large scale natural catastrophes in this century have occurred in developing countries )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.022 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as Indian Ocean Tsunami that hit 14 countries in Indian Ocean and West Africa in 2004, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.117 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2008, devastating earthquakes in Haiti in 2010 and Nepal earthquakes in 2015.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.712 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Developed countries seem to be more independent in dealing with large scale disasters. Within the context of developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.808 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries, it has been observed that major catastrophes trigger the requirement for external organizations to come in and help )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.903 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the survivors. The involvement of hundreds to thousands of nonstate and nongovernmental actors after big catastrophes in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.998 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these countries may create more complex realities beyond the comprehension and the capacity of the respective actors such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.093 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and the local disaster response authority. Recent large-scale disasters in Asia \(e.g. Indonesia, Myanmar, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pakistan\) and the Caribbean \(Haiti\) resulted in high involvement by international nongovernmental organizations and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(international organizations \(INGOs/IOs\))] TJ ET BT 26.250 187.879 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Southeast Asia large-scale disasters and the presence of INGOs/IOs then trigger the creation of hundreds to thousands of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local NGOs.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 78.803 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 83.621 179.863 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.031 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 90.849 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The author observed the rise of NGOs where large-scale crisis events took place in Indonesia after the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunamis in 2004 and Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008. Stumpenhorst et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.699 165.577 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 405.517 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that following the 2010 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.165 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake in Haiti, the number of NGOs increased uncontrollably. Admitting that large catastrophes create complex issues is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.260 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(just the beginning of solving the problem. A lack of understanding of the complexity landscape creates coordination problems, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.355 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as the over concentration and overlapping of intervention only in some areas. Available data suggest more than 1000 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.451 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local, national and international organizations \(including state and nonstate actors\) delivered their post-disaster intervention in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.546 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at least 5000 multisector projects post Indian Ocean Tsunami \(IOT\) in Aceh. Recent large-scale disasters also show similar )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.641 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trends in terms of involvement of actors. More than 500 INGOs/IOs were involved post Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar 2008 and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more than 700 INGOs/IOs responded to devastating earthquakes in Haiti 2010. These figures \(Myanmar and Haiti\) do not yet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(include local and national organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 199.127 70.339 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.427 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Proper coordination can foster better aid efficiency and effectiveness in post-disaster settings. Unfortunately, given the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 37.522 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(complexity of response to large scale disasters, that are often chaotic and uncoordinated, it is difficult to achieve efficiency and )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 687.264 577.500 50.736 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Post Disaster Governance, Complexity and Network Theory)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 696.472 Td /F2 13.5 Tf [(Evidence from Aceh, Indonesia After the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004)] TJ ET Q BT 15.000 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(July 1, 2015)] TJ ET BT 67.806 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 72.681 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 666.157 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Jonatan A. Lassa)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.588 670.045 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 26.250 654.985 Td /F4 9.0 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 31.254 654.985 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [( Nanyang Technological University)] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa JA. Post Disaster Governance, Complexity and Network Theory: Evidence from Aceh, Indonesia After the Indian Ocean )] TJ ET BT 26.250 631.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tsunami 2004. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jul 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4f7972ecec1b6.)] TJ ET q 15.000 23.236 577.500 605.741 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 602.256 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research aims to understand the organizational network typology of large-scale disaster intervention in developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries and to understand the complexity of post-disaster intervention, through the use of network theory based on empirical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data from post-tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia, during 2005/2007. The findings suggest that the degrees of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 546.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separation \(or network diameter\) between any two organizations in the field is 5, thus reflecting small world realities and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 534.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore making no significant difference with the real human networks, as found in previous experiments. There are also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.778 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(significant loops in the network reflecting the fact that some actors tend to not cooperate, which challenges post disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.873 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. The findings show the landscape of humanitarian actors is not randomly distributed. Many actors were connected )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to each other through certain hubs, while hundreds of actors make scattered single principal-client links. The paper )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concludes that by understanding the distribution of degree,centrality, degrees of separation and visualization of the network, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.159 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(authorities can improve their understanding of the realities of coordination, from macro to micro scales.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.557 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research is self-funded. However, the author benefit from the fellowship during the Spring Semester 2011 where the )] TJ ET BT 549.191 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author )] TJ ET BT 26.250 406.698 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worked as an Indonesian Research Fellow at Ash Center, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. The final draft of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 394.793 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper was done from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.690 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(1. Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 345.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters occur in both developed and developing countries. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in the United States and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 333.831 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(T?hoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 in Japan are examples of large natural catastrophic event in the 21st century that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 321.927 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(occurred in developed countries. More large scale natural catastrophes in this century have occurred in developing countries )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.022 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as Indian Ocean Tsunami that hit 14 countries in Indian Ocean and West Africa in 2004, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.117 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2008, devastating earthquakes in Haiti in 2010 and Nepal earthquakes in 2015.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.712 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Developed countries seem to be more independent in dealing with large scale disasters. Within the context of developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.808 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries, it has been observed that major catastrophes trigger the requirement for external organizations to come in and help )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.903 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the survivors. The involvement of hundreds to thousands of nonstate and nongovernmental actors after big catastrophes in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.998 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these countries may create more complex realities beyond the comprehension and the capacity of the respective actors such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.093 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and the local disaster response authority. Recent large-scale disasters in Asia \(e.g. Indonesia, Myanmar, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pakistan\) and the Caribbean \(Haiti\) resulted in high involvement by international nongovernmental organizations and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(international organizations \(INGOs/IOs\))] TJ ET BT 26.250 187.879 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Southeast Asia large-scale disasters and the presence of INGOs/IOs then trigger the creation of hundreds to thousands of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local NGOs.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 78.803 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 83.621 179.863 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.031 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 90.849 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The author observed the rise of NGOs where large-scale crisis events took place in Indonesia after the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunamis in 2004 and Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008. Stumpenhorst et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.699 165.577 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 405.517 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that following the 2010 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.165 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake in Haiti, the number of NGOs increased uncontrollably. Admitting that large catastrophes create complex issues is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.260 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(just the beginning of solving the problem. A lack of understanding of the complexity landscape creates coordination problems, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.355 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as the over concentration and overlapping of intervention only in some areas. Available data suggest more than 1000 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.451 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local, national and international organizations \(including state and nonstate actors\) delivered their post-disaster intervention in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.546 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at least 5000 multisector projects post Indian Ocean Tsunami \(IOT\) in Aceh. Recent large-scale disasters also show similar )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.641 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trends in terms of involvement of actors. More than 500 INGOs/IOs were involved post Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar 2008 and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more than 700 INGOs/IOs responded to devastating earthquakes in Haiti 2010. These figures \(Myanmar and Haiti\) do not yet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(include local and national organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 199.127 70.339 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.427 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Proper coordination can foster better aid efficiency and effectiveness in post-disaster settings. Unfortunately, given the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 37.522 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(complexity of response to large scale disasters, that are often chaotic and uncoordinated, it is difficult to achieve efficiency and )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 687.264 577.500 50.736 re W n 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf [(Post Disaster Governance, Complexity and Network Theory)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 15.000 696.472 Td /F2 13.5 Tf [(Evidence from Aceh, Indonesia After the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004)] TJ ET Q BT 15.000 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(July 1, 2015)] TJ ET BT 67.806 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 72.681 677.998 Td /F3 9.8 Tf [(Research Article)] TJ ET BT 26.250 666.157 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Jonatan A. Lassa)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.588 670.045 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 26.250 654.985 Td /F4 9.0 Tf [(1)] TJ ET BT 31.254 654.985 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [( Nanyang Technological University)] TJ ET BT 26.250 643.263 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa JA. Post Disaster Governance, Complexity and Network Theory: Evidence from Aceh, Indonesia After the Indian Ocean )] TJ ET BT 26.250 631.359 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Tsunami 2004. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2015 Jul 1 . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/4f7972ecec1b6.)] TJ ET q 15.000 23.236 577.500 605.741 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 602.256 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Abstract)] TJ ET BT 26.250 582.302 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research aims to understand the organizational network typology of large-scale disaster intervention in developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 570.397 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries and to understand the complexity of post-disaster intervention, through the use of network theory based on empirical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.492 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data from post-tsunami reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia, during 2005/2007. The findings suggest that the degrees of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 546.588 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(separation \(or network diameter\) between any two organizations in the field is 5, thus reflecting small world realities and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 534.683 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore making no significant difference with the real human networks, as found in previous experiments. There are also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 522.778 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(significant loops in the network reflecting the fact that some actors tend to not cooperate, which challenges post disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 510.873 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. The findings show the landscape of humanitarian actors is not randomly distributed. Many actors were connected )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.969 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to each other through certain hubs, while hundreds of actors make scattered single principal-client links. The paper )] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.064 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(concludes that by understanding the distribution of degree,centrality, degrees of separation and visualization of the network, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 475.159 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(authorities can improve their understanding of the realities of coordination, from macro to micro scales.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.557 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET BT 26.250 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research is self-funded. However, the author benefit from the fellowship during the Spring Semester 2011 where the )] TJ ET BT 549.191 418.602 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author )] TJ ET BT 26.250 406.698 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(worked as an Indonesian Research Fellow at Ash Center, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University. The final draft of the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 394.793 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper was done from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.690 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(1. Introduction)] TJ ET BT 26.250 345.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters occur in both developed and developing countries. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in the United States and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 333.831 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(T?hoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011 in Japan are examples of large natural catastrophic event in the 21st century that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 321.927 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(occurred in developed countries. More large scale natural catastrophes in this century have occurred in developing countries )] TJ ET BT 26.250 310.022 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as Indian Ocean Tsunami that hit 14 countries in Indian Ocean and West Africa in 2004, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.117 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2008, devastating earthquakes in Haiti in 2010 and Nepal earthquakes in 2015.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 278.712 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Developed countries seem to be more independent in dealing with large scale disasters. Within the context of developing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 266.808 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(countries, it has been observed that major catastrophes trigger the requirement for external organizations to come in and help )] TJ ET BT 26.250 254.903 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the survivors. The involvement of hundreds to thousands of nonstate and nongovernmental actors after big catastrophes in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.998 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(these countries may create more complex realities beyond the comprehension and the capacity of the respective actors such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.093 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments and the local disaster response authority. Recent large-scale disasters in Asia \(e.g. Indonesia, Myanmar, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.189 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pakistan\) and the Caribbean \(Haiti\) resulted in high involvement by international nongovernmental organizations and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(international organizations \(INGOs/IOs\))] TJ ET BT 26.250 187.879 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Southeast Asia large-scale disasters and the presence of INGOs/IOs then trigger the creation of hundreds to thousands of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local NGOs.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 78.803 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 83.621 179.863 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.031 177.482 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 90.849 175.974 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The author observed the rise of NGOs where large-scale crisis events took place in Indonesia after the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunamis in 2004 and Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008. Stumpenhorst et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.699 165.577 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 405.517 164.070 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that following the 2010 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.165 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(earthquake in Haiti, the number of NGOs increased uncontrollably. Admitting that large catastrophes create complex issues is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.260 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(just the beginning of solving the problem. A lack of understanding of the complexity landscape creates coordination problems, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.355 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as the over concentration and overlapping of intervention only in some areas. Available data suggest more than 1000 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.451 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local, national and international organizations \(including state and nonstate actors\) delivered their post-disaster intervention in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.546 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(at least 5000 multisector projects post Indian Ocean Tsunami \(IOT\) in Aceh. Recent large-scale disasters also show similar )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.641 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trends in terms of involvement of actors. More than 500 INGOs/IOs were involved post Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar 2008 and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.736 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more than 700 INGOs/IOs responded to devastating earthquakes in Haiti 2010. These figures \(Myanmar and Haiti\) do not yet )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.832 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(include local and national organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 199.127 70.339 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 49.427 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Proper coordination can foster better aid efficiency and effectiveness in post-disaster settings. 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The situation can sometime lead to a tragedy of the commons.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.235 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 367.054 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( As illustrated by the American ecologist, Garrett )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hardin, the tragedy of the commons is the use of common property resources where limited natural resources are exploited by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local individuals and households without the intent to destroy local sustainability but, unfortunately, in the end everybody )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loses. Following the IOT, especially in Aceh during 2005-2007, the author observed another tragedy of the commons )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon where the commons were humanitarian and reconstruction aid. In this game, the commons are expected to be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extinct when the reconstruction resources end. In the context of humanitarian aid, aid players expect aid to be stopped after a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(certain period of time. Both aid players and survivors can be losers. But the game will be repeated in new disaster areas where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(similar INGOs/IOs are likely to exercise their moral imperative with already limited aid resources. In the end, how could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(everybody win in this game to meet the vision of rebuilding resilient \(social/physical\) structures that can better absorb future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shocks? In this paper, the author argues that without understanding the complex network of post-disaster intervention, both the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid players and the survivors will end as losers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, there is still lack of academic endeavor to use network theory for disaster research not only outside US and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(European contexts, but also for large-scale emergencies worldwide. In addition, the use of the approach in the US context is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(limited to a much smaller scale of nodes \(organizational actors\) involved in Katrina. This paper shows a disaster governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(setting from developing countries, by focusing on the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia, where a big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bang formation of post-disaster networks took place during 2005-2007. It also provides evidence concerning the network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(typology of large organizational networks following a largescale disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper hypothesizes that understanding complexity through the use of network theory can help improve the performance of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions, especially in the context of large-scale natural hazards. The author uses the case of the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami 2004 in Aceh to demonstrate the potential use of network theory to unpack the complexity of aid agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in post-disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The key questions include: what does the complexity landscape for a typical network of humanitarian aid for large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters look like? What does it mean for managing complexity in post-disaster governance?)] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Section 2 discusses how network theory can be used to understand the details of complexity of organization-to-organization )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. Section 3 discusses the concept of polycentric governance and its connection with network theory. Section 4 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(describes the research method. Section 5 provides the findings, which will be discussed in Section 6. Closing remarks are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided in Section 7.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.350 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(2. Large Scale Disasters and Complexity)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster intervention in Aceh and Nias \(Indonesia\) is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 318.857 372.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 323.676 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The recorded disaster mortality in Aceh due to the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami in 2004 is about 170,000. Post-disaster interventions were exacerbated by the legacy of 30 years of civil war in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the region. A rather successful peace process that later led to a more conducive situation added weight to complexity of post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(war and post-disaster recovery. Based on the authors direct experience as a field worker during reconstruction in Aceh after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, it was seen that a high asymmetry of information could lead to unnecessary and unhealthy )] TJ ET BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(competition by aid players. This often led to a situation where five INGOs and contractors competed to lobby the same local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities to offer housing aid. At worst, three INGOs/IOs could end up building houses in the same village, using different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(legitimacy approaches: one INGO made a deal with villagers directly, while the other two separately dealt with and gained )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(permission from district governments and the reconstruction authority. The challenge was that there was no clear authority )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existed especially in the aftermath of large scale disasters. Conventional methods that guide understanding of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(complexity proved ineffective. It took a longer time to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, by the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail , the reconstruction period )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(often politically determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are often struggling to deal with post-disaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(before. The quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters often created a breakdown in local institutions and governments leading to lack of clarity of authorities on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground. This paper argues that conventional methods to guide understanding of postdisaster complexity proved ineffective. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It took a longer time for local authorities to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. Unfortunately, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail, the reconstruction period \(often politically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(struggling to deal with postdisaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster before. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems on the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Complexity is now understood as one of the features of postdisaster reconstruction situations, which makes coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(difficult. Boin et al. argued that coordination is the Holy Grail of disaster response: the call for more and better coordination is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(heard during and after most disasters. How complex networks under disaster conditions can be orchestrated remains unclear at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(best, however.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 92.901 48.380 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 97.720 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Humanitarian coordination is a tool that is used to achieve organized behaviors to produce desired outcomes )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 32.587 577.500 744.413 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(effectiveness. The situation can sometime lead to a tragedy of the commons.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.235 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 367.054 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( As illustrated by the American ecologist, Garrett )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hardin, the tragedy of the commons is the use of common property resources where limited natural resources are exploited by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local individuals and households without the intent to destroy local sustainability but, unfortunately, in the end everybody )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loses. Following the IOT, especially in Aceh during 2005-2007, the author observed another tragedy of the commons )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon where the commons were humanitarian and reconstruction aid. In this game, the commons are expected to be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extinct when the reconstruction resources end. In the context of humanitarian aid, aid players expect aid to be stopped after a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(certain period of time. Both aid players and survivors can be losers. But the game will be repeated in new disaster areas where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(similar INGOs/IOs are likely to exercise their moral imperative with already limited aid resources. In the end, how could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(everybody win in this game to meet the vision of rebuilding resilient \(social/physical\) structures that can better absorb future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shocks? In this paper, the author argues that without understanding the complex network of post-disaster intervention, both the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid players and the survivors will end as losers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, there is still lack of academic endeavor to use network theory for disaster research not only outside US and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(European contexts, but also for large-scale emergencies worldwide. In addition, the use of the approach in the US context is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(limited to a much smaller scale of nodes \(organizational actors\) involved in Katrina. This paper shows a disaster governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(setting from developing countries, by focusing on the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia, where a big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bang formation of post-disaster networks took place during 2005-2007. It also provides evidence concerning the network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(typology of large organizational networks following a largescale disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper hypothesizes that understanding complexity through the use of network theory can help improve the performance of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions, especially in the context of large-scale natural hazards. The author uses the case of the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami 2004 in Aceh to demonstrate the potential use of network theory to unpack the complexity of aid agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in post-disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The key questions include: what does the complexity landscape for a typical network of humanitarian aid for large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters look like? What does it mean for managing complexity in post-disaster governance?)] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Section 2 discusses how network theory can be used to understand the details of complexity of organization-to-organization )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. Section 3 discusses the concept of polycentric governance and its connection with network theory. Section 4 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(describes the research method. Section 5 provides the findings, which will be discussed in Section 6. Closing remarks are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided in Section 7.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.350 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(2. Large Scale Disasters and Complexity)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster intervention in Aceh and Nias \(Indonesia\) is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 318.857 372.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 323.676 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The recorded disaster mortality in Aceh due to the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami in 2004 is about 170,000. Post-disaster interventions were exacerbated by the legacy of 30 years of civil war in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the region. A rather successful peace process that later led to a more conducive situation added weight to complexity of post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(war and post-disaster recovery. Based on the authors direct experience as a field worker during reconstruction in Aceh after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, it was seen that a high asymmetry of information could lead to unnecessary and unhealthy )] TJ ET BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(competition by aid players. This often led to a situation where five INGOs and contractors competed to lobby the same local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities to offer housing aid. At worst, three INGOs/IOs could end up building houses in the same village, using different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(legitimacy approaches: one INGO made a deal with villagers directly, while the other two separately dealt with and gained )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(permission from district governments and the reconstruction authority. The challenge was that there was no clear authority )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existed especially in the aftermath of large scale disasters. Conventional methods that guide understanding of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(complexity proved ineffective. It took a longer time to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, by the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail , the reconstruction period )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(often politically determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are often struggling to deal with post-disaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(before. The quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters often created a breakdown in local institutions and governments leading to lack of clarity of authorities on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground. This paper argues that conventional methods to guide understanding of postdisaster complexity proved ineffective. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It took a longer time for local authorities to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. Unfortunately, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail, the reconstruction period \(often politically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(struggling to deal with postdisaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster before. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems on the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Complexity is now understood as one of the features of postdisaster reconstruction situations, which makes coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(difficult. Boin et al. argued that coordination is the Holy Grail of disaster response: the call for more and better coordination is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(heard during and after most disasters. How complex networks under disaster conditions can be orchestrated remains unclear at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(best, however.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 92.901 48.380 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 97.720 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Humanitarian coordination is a tool that is used to achieve organized behaviors to produce desired outcomes )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 32.587 577.500 744.413 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(effectiveness. The situation can sometime lead to a tragedy of the commons.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.235 768.983 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(3)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 367.054 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( As illustrated by the American ecologist, Garrett )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hardin, the tragedy of the commons is the use of common property resources where limited natural resources are exploited by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local individuals and households without the intent to destroy local sustainability but, unfortunately, in the end everybody )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loses. Following the IOT, especially in Aceh during 2005-2007, the author observed another tragedy of the commons )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon where the commons were humanitarian and reconstruction aid. In this game, the commons are expected to be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(extinct when the reconstruction resources end. In the context of humanitarian aid, aid players expect aid to be stopped after a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(certain period of time. Both aid players and survivors can be losers. But the game will be repeated in new disaster areas where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(similar INGOs/IOs are likely to exercise their moral imperative with already limited aid resources. In the end, how could )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(everybody win in this game to meet the vision of rebuilding resilient \(social/physical\) structures that can better absorb future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 660.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shocks? In this paper, the author argues that without understanding the complex network of post-disaster intervention, both the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 648.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid players and the survivors will end as losers.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, there is still lack of academic endeavor to use network theory for disaster research not only outside US and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(European contexts, but also for large-scale emergencies worldwide. In addition, the use of the approach in the US context is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(limited to a much smaller scale of nodes \(organizational actors\) involved in Katrina. This paper shows a disaster governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(setting from developing countries, by focusing on the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia, where a big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bang formation of post-disaster networks took place during 2005-2007. It also provides evidence concerning the network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(typology of large organizational networks following a largescale disaster.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper hypothesizes that understanding complexity through the use of network theory can help improve the performance of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions, especially in the context of large-scale natural hazards. The author uses the case of the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami 2004 in Aceh to demonstrate the potential use of network theory to unpack the complexity of aid agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations in post-disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 494.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The key questions include: what does the complexity landscape for a typical network of humanitarian aid for large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters look like? What does it mean for managing complexity in post-disaster governance?)] TJ ET BT 26.250 463.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Section 2 discusses how network theory can be used to understand the details of complexity of organization-to-organization )] TJ ET BT 26.250 451.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordination. Section 3 discusses the concept of polycentric governance and its connection with network theory. Section 4 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 439.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(describes the research method. Section 5 provides the findings, which will be discussed in Section 6. Closing remarks are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 427.953 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provided in Section 7.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 391.350 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(2. Large Scale Disasters and Complexity)] TJ ET BT 26.250 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster intervention in Aceh and Nias \(Indonesia\) is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 318.857 372.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(2)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 323.676 371.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The recorded disaster mortality in Aceh due to the Indian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ocean Tsunami in 2004 is about 170,000. Post-disaster interventions were exacerbated by the legacy of 30 years of civil war in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the region. A rather successful peace process that later led to a more conducive situation added weight to complexity of post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(war and post-disaster recovery. Based on the authors direct experience as a field worker during reconstruction in Aceh after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 323.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, it was seen that a high asymmetry of information could lead to unnecessary and unhealthy )] TJ ET BT 26.250 311.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(competition by aid players. This often led to a situation where five INGOs and contractors competed to lobby the same local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities to offer housing aid. At worst, three INGOs/IOs could end up building houses in the same village, using different )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(legitimacy approaches: one INGO made a deal with villagers directly, while the other two separately dealt with and gained )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(permission from district governments and the reconstruction authority. The challenge was that there was no clear authority )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existed especially in the aftermath of large scale disasters. Conventional methods that guide understanding of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(complexity proved ineffective. It took a longer time to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Unfortunately, by the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail , the reconstruction period )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(often politically determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are often struggling to deal with post-disaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(before. The quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 173.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large scale disasters often created a breakdown in local institutions and governments leading to lack of clarity of authorities on )] TJ ET BT 26.250 161.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the ground. This paper argues that conventional methods to guide understanding of postdisaster complexity proved ineffective. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It took a longer time for local authorities to understand the macro picture of reconstruction players behaviors. Unfortunately, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.706 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the time the reconstruction authority began to understand the actors in more detail, the reconstruction period \(often politically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(determined by national regulation\) might already be ending. Experienced and trained authorities and officials are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(struggling to deal with postdisaster complexity because they have rarely experienced a similar scale of disaster before. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(quality of field intervention therefore always suffers from the lack of comprehension of the multifaceted problems on the field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 82.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Complexity is now understood as one of the features of postdisaster reconstruction situations, which makes coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 70.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(difficult. Boin et al. argued that coordination is the Holy Grail of disaster response: the call for more and better coordination is )] TJ ET BT 26.250 58.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(heard during and after most disasters. How complex networks under disaster conditions can be orchestrated remains unclear at )] TJ ET BT 26.250 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(best, however.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 92.901 48.380 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(4)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 97.720 46.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Humanitarian coordination is a tool that is used to achieve organized behaviors to produce desired outcomes )] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(2)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 59 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 362.2350 768.1817 367.0537 777.0000 ] >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 61 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 318.8573 372.1014 323.6759 380.9198 ] >> endobj 61 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 62 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 63 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 92.9010 47.5779 97.7197 56.3962 ] >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 65 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 362.2350 768.1817 367.0537 777.0000 ] >> endobj 65 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 67 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 318.8573 372.1014 323.6759 380.9198 ] >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 69 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 92.9010 47.5779 97.7197 56.3962 ] >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 71 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 362.2350 768.1817 367.0537 777.0000 ] >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 73 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 318.8573 372.1014 323.6759 380.9198 ] >> endobj 73 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 75 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 92.9010 47.5779 97.7197 56.3962 ] >> endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 78 0 R 80 0 R 82 0 R 84 0 R 86 0 R 88 0 R 90 0 R 92 0 R 94 0 R 96 0 R 98 0 R 100 0 R 102 0 R 104 0 R 106 0 R 108 0 R 110 0 R 112 0 R 114 0 R 116 0 R 118 0 R 120 0 R 122 0 R 124 0 R 126 0 R 128 0 R 130 0 R ] /Contents 77 0 R >> endobj 77 0 obj << /Length 38761 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 30.004 577.500 746.996 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in disaster responses. Coordination is difficult because existing aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bureaucrats often use irrelevant metrics and tools to understand the complex situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Largescale disasters or major catastrophes can be defined as events that trigger the loss of lives in the hundreds to thousands, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and that affect millions of people, collapse/damage thousands of buildings and create huge economic losses in proportion to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scale of economy of the areas affected. They create complexity that often goes beyond the comprehension of local authorities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Intergovernmental and interorganizational interaction in a disaster context is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 394.741 694.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 399.560 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Largescale disasters can hypothetically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trigger the new formation of actor networks, such as globallocal humanitarian actors. In the context of developing countries, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(postdisaster governance is arguably more complex due to a lack of human resources and high information asymmetry \(the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(result of a dysfunctional infrastructure/lack of communication following a catastrophe, and a lack of transparency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information sharing\). This invites external actors to come and conduct their humanitarian imperatives.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Comfort et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 84.769 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.588 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( promote the usefulness of network theory in the context of disaster coordination and response systems. Butts et )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 36.546 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 41.365 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( has provided good examples of actors communication networks in the World Trade Center disaster. Kapucu)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.178 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 515.997 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( demonstrates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an early use of network theory in understanding multiorganizational communication and coordination in a disaster context at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(smaller scale. Informed by their network analysis, Kapucu et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 298.811 591.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.630 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that, in the US, effective postdisaster intervention )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comes from bottomup and local organizations, who are usually fast and more responsive to disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda and colleagues)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 120.552 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 130.189 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( noted the use of social network methods in disaster studies based on a post Katrina context, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessing the network of the socially isolated groups. The Katrina disaster in 2005 also triggered new opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USbased scientists to explore the use of network theory in understanding postdisaster interventions. Magsino)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 503.668 536.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 513.306 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( recently )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported on an initiative from the National Academy of Sciences to explore the use of network analysis to inform national )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster management planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Creating a centralist incident command system and structure for postdisaster intervention is a serious challenge; especially )] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when higherlevel authority can barely understand the landscape of complexity. Even though there may be options to suggest )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more decentralized intervention systems, such as the humanitarian cluster system recently promoted in global humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(response systems \(see Table 1\), such efforts may miss other emerging \(uncontrolled\) clusters that may not fit into the traditional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sense of sectors and the humanitarian cluster system.)] TJ ET q 26.250 420.645 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 423.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 389.737 555.000 23.408 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 413.145 m 581.250 413.145 l 580.500 412.395 l 27.000 412.395 l f 581.250 413.145 m 581.250 389.737 l 580.500 389.737 l 580.500 412.395 l f 26.250 413.145 m 26.250 389.737 l 27.000 389.737 l 27.000 412.395 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 399.069 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.14)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.489 555.000 194.249 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 376.708 103.597 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 388.612 103.972 0.750 re f 26.625 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Name of cluster)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 130.597 376.708 214.890 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.597 388.612 214.890 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.097 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Convenor or cluster leader)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 345.487 376.708 235.013 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.487 388.612 235.388 0.750 re f 580.125 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 349.987 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Remarks/web links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 376.333 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Water, Sanitiation )] TJ ET BT 31.875 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Hygiene \(WASH\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 376.333 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations International a Childrens )] TJ ET BT 135.472 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Fund \(UNICEF\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 376.333 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 580.125 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(At subnational level, lead cluster can be a cluster )] TJ ET BT 350.362 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(member. See WASH clustermembers at )] TJ ET BT 350.362 351.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://washcluster.net/)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 345.189 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Education)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 345.189 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNICEF and Save the Children Alliance)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 345.189 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 329.308 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agriculture)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 329.308 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Food and Agriculture Organization \(FAO\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 329.308 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 313.426 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Health)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 313.426 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WHO \(World Health Organization\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 313.426 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 297.545 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Shelter)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 297.545 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET BT 135.472 280.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Refugees \(UNHCR\) \(for conflict\) and )] TJ ET BT 135.472 272.428 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red )] TJ ET BT 135.472 264.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Crescent \(IFRC\) \(for natural hazards\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 297.545 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 580.125 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 258.770 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Early Recovery)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 258.770 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP \(United Nations Development )] TJ ET BT 135.472 241.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 258.770 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.earlyrecovery.info)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.258 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Camp coordination )] TJ ET BT 31.875 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and management)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 235.258 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNHCR and IOM \(International Organisation )] TJ ET BT 135.472 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for Migration\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 235.258 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Haiti, only IOM. See www.globalcccmcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 211.745 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Logistics)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 211.745 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WFP \(World Food Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 211.745 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET BT 26.250 123.767 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(3. Polycentric disaster governance and complex networks)] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.813 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A disaster-risk governance framework recognizes the polycentric nature of disaster risk and emergency management, where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there are many overlapping arenas \(or centers\) of authority and responsibility for disaster-risk reduction and post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. In this paper, polycentric governance refers to the nature of decision making in humanitarian emergencies as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(functioning across many centers and domains and across scales and levels.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 354.640 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 364.277 71.987 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.686 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.324 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Evidence of polycentric governance also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 56.194 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(appears in the context of emergency management today, especially under the concept of the humanitarian cluster approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(see Table 1\), as currently promoted by international actors. Under network theory, the many centers emerge as hubs and sub-)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 30.004 577.500 746.996 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in disaster responses. Coordination is difficult because existing aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bureaucrats often use irrelevant metrics and tools to understand the complex situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Largescale disasters or major catastrophes can be defined as events that trigger the loss of lives in the hundreds to thousands, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and that affect millions of people, collapse/damage thousands of buildings and create huge economic losses in proportion to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scale of economy of the areas affected. They create complexity that often goes beyond the comprehension of local authorities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Intergovernmental and interorganizational interaction in a disaster context is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 394.741 694.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 399.560 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Largescale disasters can hypothetically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trigger the new formation of actor networks, such as globallocal humanitarian actors. In the context of developing countries, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(postdisaster governance is arguably more complex due to a lack of human resources and high information asymmetry \(the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(result of a dysfunctional infrastructure/lack of communication following a catastrophe, and a lack of transparency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information sharing\). This invites external actors to come and conduct their humanitarian imperatives.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Comfort et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 84.769 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.588 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( promote the usefulness of network theory in the context of disaster coordination and response systems. Butts et )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 36.546 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 41.365 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( has provided good examples of actors communication networks in the World Trade Center disaster. Kapucu)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.178 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 515.997 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( demonstrates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an early use of network theory in understanding multiorganizational communication and coordination in a disaster context at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(smaller scale. Informed by their network analysis, Kapucu et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 298.811 591.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.630 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that, in the US, effective postdisaster intervention )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comes from bottomup and local organizations, who are usually fast and more responsive to disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda and colleagues)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 120.552 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 130.189 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( noted the use of social network methods in disaster studies based on a post Katrina context, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessing the network of the socially isolated groups. The Katrina disaster in 2005 also triggered new opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USbased scientists to explore the use of network theory in understanding postdisaster interventions. Magsino)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 503.668 536.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 513.306 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( recently )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported on an initiative from the National Academy of Sciences to explore the use of network analysis to inform national )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster management planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Creating a centralist incident command system and structure for postdisaster intervention is a serious challenge; especially )] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when higherlevel authority can barely understand the landscape of complexity. Even though there may be options to suggest )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more decentralized intervention systems, such as the humanitarian cluster system recently promoted in global humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(response systems \(see Table 1\), such efforts may miss other emerging \(uncontrolled\) clusters that may not fit into the traditional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sense of sectors and the humanitarian cluster system.)] TJ ET q 26.250 420.645 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 423.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 389.737 555.000 23.408 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 413.145 m 581.250 413.145 l 580.500 412.395 l 27.000 412.395 l f 581.250 413.145 m 581.250 389.737 l 580.500 389.737 l 580.500 412.395 l f 26.250 413.145 m 26.250 389.737 l 27.000 389.737 l 27.000 412.395 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 399.069 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.14)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.489 555.000 194.249 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 376.708 103.597 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 388.612 103.972 0.750 re f 26.625 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Name of cluster)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 130.597 376.708 214.890 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.597 388.612 214.890 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.097 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Convenor or cluster leader)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 345.487 376.708 235.013 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.487 388.612 235.388 0.750 re f 580.125 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 349.987 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Remarks/web links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 376.333 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Water, Sanitiation )] TJ ET BT 31.875 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Hygiene \(WASH\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 376.333 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations International a Childrens )] TJ ET BT 135.472 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Fund \(UNICEF\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 376.333 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 580.125 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(At subnational level, lead cluster can be a cluster )] TJ ET BT 350.362 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(member. See WASH clustermembers at )] TJ ET BT 350.362 351.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://washcluster.net/)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 345.189 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Education)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 345.189 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNICEF and Save the Children Alliance)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 345.189 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 329.308 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agriculture)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 329.308 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Food and Agriculture Organization \(FAO\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 329.308 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 313.426 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Health)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 313.426 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WHO \(World Health Organization\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 313.426 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 297.545 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Shelter)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 297.545 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET BT 135.472 280.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Refugees \(UNHCR\) \(for conflict\) and )] TJ ET BT 135.472 272.428 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red )] TJ ET BT 135.472 264.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Crescent \(IFRC\) \(for natural hazards\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 297.545 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 580.125 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 258.770 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Early Recovery)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 258.770 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP \(United Nations Development )] TJ ET BT 135.472 241.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 258.770 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.earlyrecovery.info)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.258 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Camp coordination )] TJ ET BT 31.875 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and management)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 235.258 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNHCR and IOM \(International Organisation )] TJ ET BT 135.472 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for Migration\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 235.258 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Haiti, only IOM. See www.globalcccmcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 211.745 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Logistics)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 211.745 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WFP \(World Food Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 211.745 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET BT 26.250 123.767 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(3. Polycentric disaster governance and complex networks)] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.813 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A disaster-risk governance framework recognizes the polycentric nature of disaster risk and emergency management, where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there are many overlapping arenas \(or centers\) of authority and responsibility for disaster-risk reduction and post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. In this paper, polycentric governance refers to the nature of decision making in humanitarian emergencies as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(functioning across many centers and domains and across scales and levels.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 354.640 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 364.277 71.987 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.686 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.324 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Evidence of polycentric governance also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 56.194 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(appears in the context of emergency management today, especially under the concept of the humanitarian cluster approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(see Table 1\), as currently promoted by international actors. Under network theory, the many centers emerge as hubs and sub-)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 30.004 577.500 746.996 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(such as effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in disaster responses. Coordination is difficult because existing aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(bureaucrats often use irrelevant metrics and tools to understand the complex situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Largescale disasters or major catastrophes can be defined as events that trigger the loss of lives in the hundreds to thousands, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and that affect millions of people, collapse/damage thousands of buildings and create huge economic losses in proportion to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(scale of economy of the areas affected. They create complexity that often goes beyond the comprehension of local authorities.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Intergovernmental and interorganizational interaction in a disaster context is complex.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 394.741 694.460 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 399.560 692.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Largescale disasters can hypothetically )] TJ ET BT 26.250 681.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(trigger the new formation of actor networks, such as globallocal humanitarian actors. In the context of developing countries, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 669.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(postdisaster governance is arguably more complex due to a lack of human resources and high information asymmetry \(the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(result of a dysfunctional infrastructure/lack of communication following a catastrophe, and a lack of transparency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(information sharing\). This invites external actors to come and conduct their humanitarian imperatives.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Comfort et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 84.769 627.436 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(7)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.588 625.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( promote the usefulness of network theory in the context of disaster coordination and response systems. Butts et )] TJ ET BT 26.250 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 36.546 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 41.365 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( has provided good examples of actors communication networks in the World Trade Center disaster. Kapucu)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 511.178 615.531 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(9)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 515.997 614.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( demonstrates )] TJ ET BT 26.250 602.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an early use of network theory in understanding multiorganizational communication and coordination in a disaster context at a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(smaller scale. Informed by their network analysis, Kapucu et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 298.811 591.722 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(6)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.630 590.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that, in the US, effective postdisaster intervention )] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comes from bottomup and local organizations, who are usually fast and more responsive to disasters.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda and colleagues)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 120.552 560.412 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 130.189 558.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( noted the use of social network methods in disaster studies based on a post Katrina context, by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 547.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessing the network of the socially isolated groups. The Katrina disaster in 2005 also triggered new opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(USbased scientists to explore the use of network theory in understanding postdisaster interventions. Magsino)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 503.668 536.603 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(11)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 513.306 535.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( recently )] TJ ET BT 26.250 523.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reported on an initiative from the National Academy of Sciences to explore the use of network analysis to inform national )] TJ ET BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster management planning.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 491.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Creating a centralist incident command system and structure for postdisaster intervention is a serious challenge; especially )] TJ ET BT 26.250 479.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(when higherlevel authority can barely understand the landscape of complexity. Even though there may be options to suggest )] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more decentralized intervention systems, such as the humanitarian cluster system recently promoted in global humanitarian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(response systems \(see Table 1\), such efforts may miss other emerging \(uncontrolled\) clusters that may not fit into the traditional )] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sense of sectors and the humanitarian cluster system.)] TJ ET q 26.250 420.645 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 423.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 389.737 555.000 23.408 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 413.145 m 581.250 413.145 l 580.500 412.395 l 27.000 412.395 l f 581.250 413.145 m 581.250 389.737 l 580.500 389.737 l 580.500 412.395 l f 26.250 413.145 m 26.250 389.737 l 27.000 389.737 l 27.000 412.395 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 399.069 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.14)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 195.489 555.000 194.249 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 376.708 103.597 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 388.612 103.972 0.750 re f 26.625 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Name of cluster)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 130.597 376.708 214.890 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.597 388.612 214.890 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.097 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Convenor or cluster leader)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 345.487 376.708 235.013 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.487 388.612 235.388 0.750 re f 580.125 376.333 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 349.987 379.464 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Remarks/web links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 376.333 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Water, Sanitiation )] TJ ET BT 31.875 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Hygiene \(WASH\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 376.333 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations International a Childrens )] TJ ET BT 135.472 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Fund \(UNICEF\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 376.333 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 580.125 345.189 0.750 31.894 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 366.478 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(At subnational level, lead cluster can be a cluster )] TJ ET BT 350.362 358.846 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(member. See WASH clustermembers at )] TJ ET BT 350.362 351.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://washcluster.net/)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 345.189 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Education)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 345.189 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNICEF and Save the Children Alliance)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 345.189 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 329.308 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 335.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 329.308 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Agriculture)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 329.308 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 319.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Food and Agriculture Organization \(FAO\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 329.308 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 313.426 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 313.426 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Health)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 313.426 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 303.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WHO \(World Health Organization\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 313.426 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 297.545 0.750 16.631 re f 26.625 297.545 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Emergency Shelter)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 297.545 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(United Nations High Commissioner for )] TJ ET BT 135.472 280.059 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Refugees \(UNHCR\) \(for conflict\) and )] TJ ET BT 135.472 272.428 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International Federation of Red Cross and Red )] TJ ET BT 135.472 264.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Crescent \(IFRC\) \(for natural hazards\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 297.545 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 580.125 258.770 0.750 39.525 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 287.690 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://sheltercluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 258.770 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Early Recovery)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 258.770 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNDP \(United Nations Development )] TJ ET BT 135.472 241.284 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 258.770 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 235.258 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 248.915 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://www.earlyrecovery.info)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 235.258 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Camp coordination )] TJ ET BT 31.875 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and management)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 235.258 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(UNHCR and IOM \(International Organisation )] TJ ET BT 135.472 217.771 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(for Migration\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 235.258 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 580.125 211.745 0.750 24.263 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 225.403 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(In Haiti, only IOM. See www.globalcccmcluster.org)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 211.745 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 104.347 0.750 re f 26.625 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Logistics)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 130.222 211.745 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 215.640 0.750 re f 130.222 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 135.472 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(WFP \(World Food Programme\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 345.112 211.745 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 235.763 0.750 re f 345.112 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 195.864 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 350.362 201.890 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(https://logcluster.org)] TJ ET BT 26.250 123.767 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(3. Polycentric disaster governance and complex networks)] TJ ET BT 26.250 103.813 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A disaster-risk governance framework recognizes the polycentric nature of disaster risk and emergency management, where )] TJ ET BT 26.250 91.908 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there are many overlapping arenas \(or centers\) of authority and responsibility for disaster-risk reduction and post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 80.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. In this paper, polycentric governance refers to the nature of decision making in humanitarian emergencies as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(functioning across many centers and domains and across scales and levels.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 354.640 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 364.277 71.987 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 366.686 69.606 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.324 68.099 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Evidence of polycentric governance also )] TJ ET BT 26.250 56.194 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(appears in the context of emergency management today, especially under the concept of the humanitarian cluster approach )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.289 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(see Table 1\), as currently promoted by international actors. Under network theory, the many centers emerge as hubs and sub-)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(3)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 78 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 79 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 394.7415 693.6579 399.5602 702.4763 ] >> endobj 79 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 80 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 81 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 84.7695 626.6342 89.5882 635.4525 ] >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 82 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 83 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 36.5460 614.7294 41.3647 623.5477 ] >> endobj 83 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 85 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 511.1782 614.7294 515.9968 623.5477 ] >> endobj 85 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 86 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 87 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 298.8112 590.9199 303.6299 599.7382 ] >> 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The cluster convenors are most likely to be part of the centers or hubs, while some other local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may hypothetically be the actors in the periphery. For instance, the International Federation of the Red Cross )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(IFRC\) is likely to be a hub in the network because it is mandated to be the lead or convenor of emergency shelter clusters. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Likewise, UNDP \(United Nations Development Program\) is likely to be important because it is mandated to lead early recovery )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clusters, which interact with most of the cluster leads. Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors Source: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.972 666.245 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 277.609 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The humanitarian cluster approach is basically a means for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating clustered actors who have different responsibilities during humanitarian relief emergency responses, such as for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agriculture, health and emergency shelter clusters.1 Each organization can sign up for more than one cluster membership. Big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may sign up for more than five cluster memberships. The lead of each cluster is listed in Table 1. However, most )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors do not comply with the cluster approach, which in practice can create the overlapping of aid and conflict over aid on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A network \(or networked\) governance model challenges the old assumption of structural analysis in social science \(including )] TJ ET BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(economics and engineering\) that disaster management outcomes simply arise from the sum of efforts from agents, namely, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(individuals and organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 154.141 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.778 565.888 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 166.187 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 175.825 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( When it comes to analysis, disaster researchers tend to believe in the aggregation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(variables and sums of actors. Applied network theory advocates the fact that agents and institutions exist and coexist more in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the form of networks. Furthermore, not simply a network approach versus aggregation, the theory asks: What kinds of networks )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are we actually dealing with? This argument is based on the emerging form of governance as networks of individuals and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations/institutions \(see Jones et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.249 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.886 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, Stocker)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 255.360 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 264.997 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and Crawford)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 326.227 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 335.865 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \). In the study of governments, Goldsmith and Eggers )] TJ ET BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(noted growing spaces where governments purposefully network with other networks of providers \(of public goods\) to enhance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the delivery of public goods to meet their policy goals.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.647 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.284 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The defined networks could involve third-party government, that is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(private firms and NGOs, or joined-up government in the form of multiple and multilevel government agencies.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(4. Research Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Network theory stems from graph theory, a branch of mathematics. The network theory suggests that it is not the sums of parts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that matters but the connection of parts that matters most.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 276.084 411.713 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 285.721 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Castells defines a network as a set of interlinked nodes, or, a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is the point at which a link intersects itself.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.239 399.808 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.877 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A node can be an organization or an individual in a particular situation. A social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network is a social structure made of agents that are coded as nodes that are tied with other agents \(nodes, also known as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertices\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.796 375.998 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.433 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Quantitative sociologists turn graph theory into social network analysis \(SNA\) to analyze ties among people, groups )] TJ ET BT 26.250 362.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of people, organizations, and countries. Together, these ties form networks. Hence, SNA detects and interprets patterns of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social ties among actors \(see Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 271.170 352.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Social network theorists argue that network analysis presents a better explanation of social behavior because it assumes a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(society is by no means merely a sum of individuals instead, society is actually comprised of networks of individuals, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations, and institutions. The network is also known as a graph. A graph is a set of nodes and a set of lines between pairs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of nodes. A graph represents the structure of a network; all it needs for this is a set of nodes \(or vertices/points\) and a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 283.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lines \(links\) where each line connects two vertices. A line connects two dots or endpoints or vertices \(nodes\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A node is the smallest unit in a network and can represent either an agent \(e.g., an organization, an adult female/male, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(biological cell, an object\) or an institution Furthermore, a node/vertex can be identified by a number or a label. A line connects )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two nodes in a network, which can represent any relational quality. Loops are important to note because they represent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations or actors that may not be linked with others and only represent themselves. They could be generous private )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agencies, for example, that come and distribute whatever forms of aid they are providing without being connected to the existing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian cluster system. In the network structure, they must appear as standalone actors. The diameter of network and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average path length of the networks and loops will be measured. The distance is measured by the number of links for one node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to connect to other node. The diameter of a network is the largest distance between any two nodes in the network. The average )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(path length is the average distance between any two nodes in the network a measure of efficiency of transmitting information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or ideas. The later variable is bounded, but can be much shorter than by the former variable. Two types of centrality analysis are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used, namely )] TJ ET BT 86.944 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 117.296 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality and )] TJ ET BT 180.700 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 238.147 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. Centrality analysis refers to positions of individual vertices \(or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(nodes\) within a network. )] TJ ET BT 134.085 133.301 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET BT 166.055 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality is the easiest to measure as it is the number of ties \(or links\) connected to a given )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(node, or the number of nodes that the focal node is connected to.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 314.587 122.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.224 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( To determine the leader\(s\) in a network of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interorganization \(to represent the lead institution/ organization or individual leader of a unit of community or set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organisations\), one can identify the highest value of)] TJ ET BT 248.452 97.587 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( betweenness)] TJ ET BT 308.610 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 353.041 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.678 101.475 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.087 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(24)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 374.725 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.145 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 499.783 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( argue that the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more a node is a go-between, the more central its position in the network. It means that the more a node possesses dense )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relational ties between other nodes \(agents/actors and/or organizations\), the more important the node is to the flow of any aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resource in the post-disaster reconstruction network.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The )] TJ ET BT 45.760 42.468 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 103.207 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality has a value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the higher the centrality of the node in the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 28.182 577.500 748.818 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(networks of interorganizational actors.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Experienced field workers and specialists of international humanitarian emergencies may have predicted that the convenors of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian clusters \(Table 1\) are the ones that are most likely to have high connections with regard to post disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations networks. The cluster convenors are most likely to be part of the centers or hubs, while some other local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may hypothetically be the actors in the periphery. For instance, the International Federation of the Red Cross )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(IFRC\) is likely to be a hub in the network because it is mandated to be the lead or convenor of emergency shelter clusters. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Likewise, UNDP \(United Nations Development Program\) is likely to be important because it is mandated to lead early recovery )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clusters, which interact with most of the cluster leads. Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors Source: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.972 666.245 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 277.609 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The humanitarian cluster approach is basically a means for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating clustered actors who have different responsibilities during humanitarian relief emergency responses, such as for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agriculture, health and emergency shelter clusters.1 Each organization can sign up for more than one cluster membership. Big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may sign up for more than five cluster memberships. The lead of each cluster is listed in Table 1. However, most )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors do not comply with the cluster approach, which in practice can create the overlapping of aid and conflict over aid on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A network \(or networked\) governance model challenges the old assumption of structural analysis in social science \(including )] TJ ET BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(economics and engineering\) that disaster management outcomes simply arise from the sum of efforts from agents, namely, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(individuals and organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 154.141 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.778 565.888 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 166.187 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 175.825 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( When it comes to analysis, disaster researchers tend to believe in the aggregation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(variables and sums of actors. Applied network theory advocates the fact that agents and institutions exist and coexist more in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the form of networks. Furthermore, not simply a network approach versus aggregation, the theory asks: What kinds of networks )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are we actually dealing with? This argument is based on the emerging form of governance as networks of individuals and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations/institutions \(see Jones et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.249 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.886 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, Stocker)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 255.360 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 264.997 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and Crawford)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 326.227 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 335.865 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \). In the study of governments, Goldsmith and Eggers )] TJ ET BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(noted growing spaces where governments purposefully network with other networks of providers \(of public goods\) to enhance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the delivery of public goods to meet their policy goals.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.647 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.284 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The defined networks could involve third-party government, that is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(private firms and NGOs, or joined-up government in the form of multiple and multilevel government agencies.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(4. Research Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Network theory stems from graph theory, a branch of mathematics. The network theory suggests that it is not the sums of parts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that matters but the connection of parts that matters most.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 276.084 411.713 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 285.721 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Castells defines a network as a set of interlinked nodes, or, a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is the point at which a link intersects itself.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.239 399.808 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.877 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A node can be an organization or an individual in a particular situation. A social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network is a social structure made of agents that are coded as nodes that are tied with other agents \(nodes, also known as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertices\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.796 375.998 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.433 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Quantitative sociologists turn graph theory into social network analysis \(SNA\) to analyze ties among people, groups )] TJ ET BT 26.250 362.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of people, organizations, and countries. Together, these ties form networks. Hence, SNA detects and interprets patterns of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social ties among actors \(see Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 271.170 352.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Social network theorists argue that network analysis presents a better explanation of social behavior because it assumes a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(society is by no means merely a sum of individuals instead, society is actually comprised of networks of individuals, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations, and institutions. The network is also known as a graph. A graph is a set of nodes and a set of lines between pairs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of nodes. A graph represents the structure of a network; all it needs for this is a set of nodes \(or vertices/points\) and a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 283.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lines \(links\) where each line connects two vertices. A line connects two dots or endpoints or vertices \(nodes\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A node is the smallest unit in a network and can represent either an agent \(e.g., an organization, an adult female/male, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(biological cell, an object\) or an institution Furthermore, a node/vertex can be identified by a number or a label. A line connects )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two nodes in a network, which can represent any relational quality. Loops are important to note because they represent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations or actors that may not be linked with others and only represent themselves. They could be generous private )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agencies, for example, that come and distribute whatever forms of aid they are providing without being connected to the existing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian cluster system. In the network structure, they must appear as standalone actors. The diameter of network and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average path length of the networks and loops will be measured. The distance is measured by the number of links for one node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to connect to other node. The diameter of a network is the largest distance between any two nodes in the network. The average )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(path length is the average distance between any two nodes in the network a measure of efficiency of transmitting information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or ideas. The later variable is bounded, but can be much shorter than by the former variable. Two types of centrality analysis are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used, namely )] TJ ET BT 86.944 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 117.296 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality and )] TJ ET BT 180.700 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 238.147 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. Centrality analysis refers to positions of individual vertices \(or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(nodes\) within a network. )] TJ ET BT 134.085 133.301 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET BT 166.055 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality is the easiest to measure as it is the number of ties \(or links\) connected to a given )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(node, or the number of nodes that the focal node is connected to.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 314.587 122.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.224 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( To determine the leader\(s\) in a network of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interorganization \(to represent the lead institution/ organization or individual leader of a unit of community or set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organisations\), one can identify the highest value of)] TJ ET BT 248.452 97.587 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( betweenness)] TJ ET BT 308.610 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 353.041 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.678 101.475 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.087 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(24)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 374.725 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.145 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 499.783 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( argue that the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more a node is a go-between, the more central its position in the network. It means that the more a node possesses dense )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relational ties between other nodes \(agents/actors and/or organizations\), the more important the node is to the flow of any aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resource in the post-disaster reconstruction network.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The )] TJ ET BT 45.760 42.468 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 103.207 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality has a value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the higher the centrality of the node in the )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 28.182 577.500 748.818 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(networks of interorganizational actors.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Experienced field workers and specialists of international humanitarian emergencies may have predicted that the convenors of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian clusters \(Table 1\) are the ones that are most likely to have high connections with regard to post disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations networks. The cluster convenors are most likely to be part of the centers or hubs, while some other local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may hypothetically be the actors in the periphery. For instance, the International Federation of the Red Cross )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(IFRC\) is likely to be a hub in the network because it is mandated to be the lead or convenor of emergency shelter clusters. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Likewise, UNDP \(United Nations Development Program\) is likely to be important because it is mandated to lead early recovery )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(clusters, which interact with most of the cluster leads. Table 1. Humanitarian emergency cluster and cluster convenors Source: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Adapted from Stumpenhorst et. al.1 and Stoddard et. al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.972 666.245 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(14)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 277.609 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The humanitarian cluster approach is basically a means for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating clustered actors who have different responsibilities during humanitarian relief emergency responses, such as for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agriculture, health and emergency shelter clusters.1 Each organization can sign up for more than one cluster membership. Big )] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations may sign up for more than five cluster memberships. The lead of each cluster is listed in Table 1. However, most )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors do not comply with the cluster approach, which in practice can create the overlapping of aid and conflict over aid on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(field.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A network \(or networked\) governance model challenges the old assumption of structural analysis in social science \(including )] TJ ET BT 26.250 573.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(economics and engineering\) that disaster management outcomes simply arise from the sum of efforts from agents, namely, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(individuals and organizations.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 154.141 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(12)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 163.778 565.888 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 166.187 563.507 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 175.825 562.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( When it comes to analysis, disaster researchers tend to believe in the aggregation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 550.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(variables and sums of actors. Applied network theory advocates the fact that agents and institutions exist and coexist more in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 538.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the form of networks. Furthermore, not simply a network approach versus aggregation, the theory asks: What kinds of networks )] TJ ET BT 26.250 526.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(are we actually dealing with? This argument is based on the emerging form of governance as networks of individuals and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations/institutions \(see Jones et al.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.249 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(15)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.886 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(, Stocker)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 255.360 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(16)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 264.997 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and Crawford)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 326.227 515.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 335.865 514.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \). In the study of governments, Goldsmith and Eggers )] TJ ET BT 26.250 502.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(noted growing spaces where governments purposefully network with other networks of providers \(of public goods\) to enhance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the delivery of public goods to meet their policy goals.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 257.647 492.079 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(18)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 267.284 490.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( The defined networks could involve third-party government, that is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 478.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(private firms and NGOs, or joined-up government in the form of multiple and multilevel government agencies.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 442.064 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(4. Research Methods)] TJ ET BT 26.250 422.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Network theory stems from graph theory, a branch of mathematics. The network theory suggests that it is not the sums of parts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that matters but the connection of parts that matters most.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 276.084 411.713 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 285.721 410.205 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Castells defines a network as a set of interlinked nodes, or, a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is the point at which a link intersects itself.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 207.239 399.808 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(20)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.877 398.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A node can be an organization or an individual in a particular situation. A social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 386.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network is a social structure made of agents that are coded as nodes that are tied with other agents \(nodes, also known as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(vertices\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 65.796 375.998 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 75.433 374.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Quantitative sociologists turn graph theory into social network analysis \(SNA\) to analyze ties among people, groups )] TJ ET BT 26.250 362.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of people, organizations, and countries. Together, these ties form networks. Hence, SNA detects and interprets patterns of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social ties among actors \(see Nooy, Mrvar and Batagelj\).)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 271.170 352.189 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 331.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Social network theorists argue that network analysis presents a better explanation of social behavior because it assumes a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.372 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(society is by no means merely a sum of individuals instead, society is actually comprised of networks of individuals, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.467 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations, and institutions. The network is also known as a graph. A graph is a set of nodes and a set of lines between pairs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.563 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of nodes. A graph represents the structure of a network; all it needs for this is a set of nodes \(or vertices/points\) and a set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 283.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(lines \(links\) where each line connects two vertices. A line connects two dots or endpoints or vertices \(nodes\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(A node is the smallest unit in a network and can represent either an agent \(e.g., an organization, an adult female/male, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 252.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(biological cell, an object\) or an institution Furthermore, a node/vertex can be identified by a number or a label. A line connects )] TJ ET BT 26.250 240.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(two nodes in a network, which can represent any relational quality. Loops are important to note because they represent )] TJ ET BT 26.250 228.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations or actors that may not be linked with others and only represent themselves. They could be generous private )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(agencies, for example, that come and distribute whatever forms of aid they are providing without being connected to the existing )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian cluster system. In the network structure, they must appear as standalone actors. The diameter of network and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(average path length of the networks and loops will be measured. The distance is measured by the number of links for one node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to connect to other node. The diameter of a network is the largest distance between any two nodes in the network. The average )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(path length is the average distance between any two nodes in the network a measure of efficiency of transmitting information )] TJ ET BT 26.250 157.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or ideas. The later variable is bounded, but can be much shorter than by the former variable. Two types of centrality analysis are )] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(used, namely )] TJ ET BT 86.944 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 117.296 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality and )] TJ ET BT 180.700 145.206 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 238.147 145.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. Centrality analysis refers to positions of individual vertices \(or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(nodes\) within a network. )] TJ ET BT 134.085 133.301 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET BT 166.055 133.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality is the easiest to measure as it is the number of ties \(or links\) connected to a given )] TJ ET BT 26.250 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(node, or the number of nodes that the focal node is connected to.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 314.587 122.903 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 324.224 121.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( To determine the leader\(s\) in a network of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 109.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(interorganization \(to represent the lead institution/ organization or individual leader of a unit of community or set of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organisations\), one can identify the highest value of)] TJ ET BT 248.452 97.587 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( betweenness)] TJ ET BT 308.610 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 353.041 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 362.678 101.475 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 365.087 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(24)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 374.725 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 490.145 99.094 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 499.783 97.587 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( argue that the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 85.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more a node is a go-between, the more central its position in the network. It means that the more a node possesses dense )] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(relational ties between other nodes \(agents/actors and/or organizations\), the more important the node is to the flow of any aid )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(resource in the post-disaster reconstruction network.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The )] TJ ET BT 45.760 42.468 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 103.207 42.468 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality has a value between 0 and 1. 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Since a post-disaster interventions network involves donor-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(partner relationships, two measures will be introduced: the first is the in-degree, measured by the number of links \(arcs\) a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receives. In-degree is therefore first-level partners or implementing partners. The second is the out-degree, measured by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of links \(arcs\) it sends \(e.g. the number of organizations a donor transfers grants to\). In this context, it is the donor or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the direct source of the first-level partners. Therefore, these two measures must recognize the direction of links. In the case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where organizations use their own resources to distribute aid \(without intermediaries\), it is called self-sponsorship and, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore, is considered a self transaction which is seen as a solitaire node \(unconnected to the rest of the actors\) or loop. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, such solitaire nodes are all treated as part of the network because of their willingness to report their activities to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing reconstruction authority. Visually, a self-sponsorship organization appears as one unconnected node.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper also evaluates the k-core of the network. A k-core classifies relatively dense sub-networks to find cohesive )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(subgroups. A k-core is a maximal subnetwork in which each vertex \(node\) has at least )] TJ ET BT 409.883 640.929 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 440.235 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( k within the sub-network. K-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(core is used to identify clusters of nodes that are tightly connected because each node has a particular minimum )] TJ ET BT 516.685 629.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 547.037 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the cluster.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 77.184 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.821 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.231 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 98.868 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.277 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 110.915 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A 2-core or 3-core network means all nodes that are connected by )] TJ ET BT 408.416 617.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 438.768 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( subsequently two more or three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more to other nodes within the core network. Data Source. The data used in this analysis is derived from April 2007, updated by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency \(known as BRR\). This is the latest version accessible to the author. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author often contributed to BRR project updates using an online system which no longer exists. The updates are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed to international agencies and INGOs. Even though it is not the final version \(as BRR mandates ended in 2009\), there )] TJ ET BT 26.250 557.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is enough information to analyze the network properties. The spread sheet consists of financial updates different project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates from more than 800 different actors \(donors and implementing partners\). The updates contain 1300 project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates broken down into 5000 different project outputs. Any organization A can have more than two transactions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(and more project outputs\) supported by organization B in more than one different sector. Due to time limitations, the analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(focuses on the donor-partner data. Therefore, regardless of how many projects and the size of the contracted projects made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two nodes \(principal-client or donor-partner\), it will be treated as one single link. This approach does not discount )] TJ ET BT 26.250 486.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data quality in terms of the formal links between the organizations. After data cleaning, the data-set has a total of 797 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 474.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations; 797 organizations means 797 nodes. Software. For the overall analysis of the network of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governance in Aceh, the author used Pajeks algorithm a detailed explanation can be found in Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 553.023 463.865 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 562.660 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gephis algorithm is used as an alternative visualization for good qualitative interpretation.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.850 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(5. Results: Visualization of Post Disaster Actor Network)] TJ ET BT 26.250 393.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on both Gephis network analysis and Pajeks network algorithm, the diameter of the network is 5 \(see Figure 1, Figure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 381.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2A and Figure 2B\), with n = 797 nodes and 977 total links. The average path length is 1.715 \(based on Gephi\). The number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 370.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loops is 28, meaning that there are 28 nodes that link only to themselves. These loops are visible in Figure 2A.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ten categories \(partitions\) were made: Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency \(BRR Aceh Nias\); Indonesia )] TJ ET BT 26.250 338.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(government institutions at a national level; local government organizations; bilateral aid from independent countries; multilateral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 326.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid organizations such as the United Nations, including the World Bank; international NGOs; local-national NGOs; private firms; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 314.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(universities; and others \(none of the above\). There were 472 INGOs in Aceh and Nias during 2005/2007 \(Table 2\) delivering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their post disaster reconstruction aid \(from housing to agricultural to health and other sectors\). There were 147 NGOs. There )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were 25 multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies UNDP, WFP\), including the World Bank and European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission. There were 36 bilateral donors involved in this analysis \(including the Australian Government, US Government, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(French and German governments, and so on\). The Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency is grouped alone as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR \(Table 2\). BRR is a multisector agency as it involved with and governs all the reconstruction sectors. Table 2. Sums of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 105.927 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 127.611 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 165.548 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(a directed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network\).)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -10.747 555.000 232.500 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 221.753 m 581.250 221.753 l 581.250 221.003 l 26.250 221.003 l f q 225.000 0 0 216.750 35.250 -4.747 cm /I4 Do Q q 35.250 -10.747 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -10.747 577.500 787.747 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network, which is an indication of leadership or a hub function. Since a post-disaster interventions network involves donor-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(partner relationships, two measures will be introduced: the first is the in-degree, measured by the number of links \(arcs\) a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receives. In-degree is therefore first-level partners or implementing partners. The second is the out-degree, measured by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of links \(arcs\) it sends \(e.g. the number of organizations a donor transfers grants to\). In this context, it is the donor or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the direct source of the first-level partners. Therefore, these two measures must recognize the direction of links. In the case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where organizations use their own resources to distribute aid \(without intermediaries\), it is called self-sponsorship and, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore, is considered a self transaction which is seen as a solitaire node \(unconnected to the rest of the actors\) or loop. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, such solitaire nodes are all treated as part of the network because of their willingness to report their activities to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing reconstruction authority. Visually, a self-sponsorship organization appears as one unconnected node.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper also evaluates the k-core of the network. A k-core classifies relatively dense sub-networks to find cohesive )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(subgroups. A k-core is a maximal subnetwork in which each vertex \(node\) has at least )] TJ ET BT 409.883 640.929 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 440.235 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( k within the sub-network. K-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(core is used to identify clusters of nodes that are tightly connected because each node has a particular minimum )] TJ ET BT 516.685 629.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 547.037 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the cluster.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 77.184 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.821 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.231 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 98.868 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.277 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 110.915 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A 2-core or 3-core network means all nodes that are connected by )] TJ ET BT 408.416 617.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 438.768 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( subsequently two more or three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more to other nodes within the core network. Data Source. The data used in this analysis is derived from April 2007, updated by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency \(known as BRR\). This is the latest version accessible to the author. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author often contributed to BRR project updates using an online system which no longer exists. The updates are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed to international agencies and INGOs. Even though it is not the final version \(as BRR mandates ended in 2009\), there )] TJ ET BT 26.250 557.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is enough information to analyze the network properties. The spread sheet consists of financial updates different project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates from more than 800 different actors \(donors and implementing partners\). The updates contain 1300 project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates broken down into 5000 different project outputs. Any organization A can have more than two transactions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(and more project outputs\) supported by organization B in more than one different sector. Due to time limitations, the analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(focuses on the donor-partner data. Therefore, regardless of how many projects and the size of the contracted projects made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two nodes \(principal-client or donor-partner\), it will be treated as one single link. This approach does not discount )] TJ ET BT 26.250 486.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data quality in terms of the formal links between the organizations. After data cleaning, the data-set has a total of 797 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 474.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations; 797 organizations means 797 nodes. Software. For the overall analysis of the network of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governance in Aceh, the author used Pajeks algorithm a detailed explanation can be found in Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 553.023 463.865 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 562.660 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gephis algorithm is used as an alternative visualization for good qualitative interpretation.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.850 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(5. Results: Visualization of Post Disaster Actor Network)] TJ ET BT 26.250 393.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on both Gephis network analysis and Pajeks network algorithm, the diameter of the network is 5 \(see Figure 1, Figure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 381.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2A and Figure 2B\), with n = 797 nodes and 977 total links. The average path length is 1.715 \(based on Gephi\). The number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 370.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loops is 28, meaning that there are 28 nodes that link only to themselves. These loops are visible in Figure 2A.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ten categories \(partitions\) were made: Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency \(BRR Aceh Nias\); Indonesia )] TJ ET BT 26.250 338.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(government institutions at a national level; local government organizations; bilateral aid from independent countries; multilateral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 326.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid organizations such as the United Nations, including the World Bank; international NGOs; local-national NGOs; private firms; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 314.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(universities; and others \(none of the above\). There were 472 INGOs in Aceh and Nias during 2005/2007 \(Table 2\) delivering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their post disaster reconstruction aid \(from housing to agricultural to health and other sectors\). There were 147 NGOs. There )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were 25 multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies UNDP, WFP\), including the World Bank and European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission. There were 36 bilateral donors involved in this analysis \(including the Australian Government, US Government, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(French and German governments, and so on\). The Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency is grouped alone as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR \(Table 2\). BRR is a multisector agency as it involved with and governs all the reconstruction sectors. Table 2. Sums of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 105.927 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 127.611 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 165.548 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(a directed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network\).)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 -10.747 555.000 232.500 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 221.753 m 581.250 221.753 l 581.250 221.003 l 26.250 221.003 l f q 225.000 0 0 216.750 35.250 -4.747 cm /I6 Do Q q 35.250 -10.747 537.000 0.000 re W n Q Q q 15.000 -10.747 577.500 787.747 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network, which is an indication of leadership or a hub function. Since a post-disaster interventions network involves donor-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(partner relationships, two measures will be introduced: the first is the in-degree, measured by the number of links \(arcs\) a node )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receives. In-degree is therefore first-level partners or implementing partners. The second is the out-degree, measured by the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 731.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(number of links \(arcs\) it sends \(e.g. the number of organizations a donor transfers grants to\). In this context, it is the donor or )] TJ ET BT 26.250 719.857 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the direct source of the first-level partners. Therefore, these two measures must recognize the direction of links. In the case )] TJ ET BT 26.250 707.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where organizations use their own resources to distribute aid \(without intermediaries\), it is called self-sponsorship and, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 696.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(therefore, is considered a self transaction which is seen as a solitaire node \(unconnected to the rest of the actors\) or loop. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 684.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, such solitaire nodes are all treated as part of the network because of their willingness to report their activities to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 672.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing reconstruction authority. Visually, a self-sponsorship organization appears as one unconnected node.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 652.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This paper also evaluates the k-core of the network. A k-core classifies relatively dense sub-networks to find cohesive )] TJ ET BT 26.250 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(subgroups. A k-core is a maximal subnetwork in which each vertex \(node\) has at least )] TJ ET BT 409.883 640.929 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 440.235 640.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( k within the sub-network. K-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(core is used to identify clusters of nodes that are tightly connected because each node has a particular minimum )] TJ ET BT 516.685 629.024 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 547.037 629.024 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( within )] TJ ET BT 26.250 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the cluster.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 77.184 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(21)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 86.821 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 89.231 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 98.868 621.007 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 101.277 618.626 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(23)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 110.915 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( A 2-core or 3-core network means all nodes that are connected by )] TJ ET BT 408.416 617.119 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 438.768 617.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( subsequently two more or three )] TJ ET BT 26.250 605.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(more to other nodes within the core network. Data Source. The data used in this analysis is derived from April 2007, updated by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 593.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency \(known as BRR\). This is the latest version accessible to the author. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 581.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author often contributed to BRR project updates using an online system which no longer exists. The updates are often )] TJ ET BT 26.250 569.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(distributed to international agencies and INGOs. Even though it is not the final version \(as BRR mandates ended in 2009\), there )] TJ ET BT 26.250 557.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is enough information to analyze the network properties. The spread sheet consists of financial updates different project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 545.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates from more than 800 different actors \(donors and implementing partners\). The updates contain 1300 project )] TJ ET BT 26.250 533.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(financing updates broken down into 5000 different project outputs. Any organization A can have more than two transactions )] TJ ET BT 26.250 521.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(and more project outputs\) supported by organization B in more than one different sector. Due to time limitations, the analysis )] TJ ET BT 26.250 509.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(focuses on the donor-partner data. Therefore, regardless of how many projects and the size of the contracted projects made )] TJ ET BT 26.250 498.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two nodes \(principal-client or donor-partner\), it will be treated as one single link. This approach does not discount )] TJ ET BT 26.250 486.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(data quality in terms of the formal links between the organizations. After data cleaning, the data-set has a total of 797 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 474.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations; 797 organizations means 797 nodes. Software. For the overall analysis of the network of post-disaster )] TJ ET BT 26.250 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governance in Aceh, the author used Pajeks algorithm a detailed explanation can be found in Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 553.023 463.865 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 562.660 462.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( . )] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Gephis algorithm is used as an alternative visualization for good qualitative interpretation.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 413.850 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(5. Results: Visualization of Post Disaster Actor Network)] TJ ET BT 26.250 393.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on both Gephis network analysis and Pajeks network algorithm, the diameter of the network is 5 \(see Figure 1, Figure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 381.991 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2A and Figure 2B\), with n = 797 nodes and 977 total links. The average path length is 1.715 \(based on Gephi\). The number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 370.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(loops is 28, meaning that there are 28 nodes that link only to themselves. These loops are visible in Figure 2A.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 350.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ten categories \(partitions\) were made: Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Agency \(BRR Aceh Nias\); Indonesia )] TJ ET BT 26.250 338.777 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(government institutions at a national level; local government organizations; bilateral aid from independent countries; multilateral )] TJ ET BT 26.250 326.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(aid organizations such as the United Nations, including the World Bank; international NGOs; local-national NGOs; private firms; )] TJ ET BT 26.250 314.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(universities; and others \(none of the above\). There were 472 INGOs in Aceh and Nias during 2005/2007 \(Table 2\) delivering )] TJ ET BT 26.250 303.063 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(their post disaster reconstruction aid \(from housing to agricultural to health and other sectors\). There were 147 NGOs. There )] TJ ET BT 26.250 291.158 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(were 25 multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies UNDP, WFP\), including the World Bank and European )] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Commission. There were 36 bilateral donors involved in this analysis \(including the Australian Government, US Government, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 267.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(French and German governments, and so on\). The Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency is grouped alone as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 255.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR \(Table 2\). BRR is a multisector agency as it involved with and governs all the reconstruction sectors. Table 2. Sums of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 105.927 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 127.611 243.539 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 165.548 243.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. 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Q TO.49beh*fIZ G endstream endobj 265 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 267 0 R 270 0 R 272 0 R ] /Contents 266 0 R >> endobj 266 0 obj << /Length 11005 >> stream q 15.000 241.250 577.500 535.750 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 699.136 555.000 77.864 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 699.136 m 581.250 699.136 l 581.250 699.886 l 26.250 699.886 l f q 35.250 710.386 537.000 66.614 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Visualized Networks of Organizational Post Disasters Intervention 2005-2007)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on Force Atlas layout in Gephi. The size of the nodes reflect the degree of the nodes. The colors of the nodes reflect )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(90 communities detected within the network. The number of communities suggest the relative \(un\)connectedness of the )] TJ ET BT 35.250 720.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(dots \(organisations\). The nodes with low connection are scattered in outer boundary or periphery.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 415.537 555.000 276.100 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 691.636 m 581.250 691.636 l 581.250 690.886 l 26.250 690.886 l f 26.250 415.537 m 581.250 415.537 l 581.250 416.287 l 26.250 416.287 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 513.136 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 426.787 537.000 80.350 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 497.613 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Visualized Networks of based on degree , betweeness and k-core)] TJ ET BT 35.250 478.243 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A visualizes the all-degree \( or degree \) network \(based on the number of links each node possesses. Figure 2B )] TJ ET BT 35.250 464.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shows the centrality of actors \(or leadership of each node within the network. Figure 2C and 2D are k-core networks, )] TJ ET BT 35.250 450.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which mean all nodes that are connected by k degree \(or links\) \(or in this case 2 and 3 subsequently\). The Figures are base )] TJ ET BT 35.250 437.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(don Gephis ARF layout.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 398.513 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree, Indegree and Outdegree Analysis)] TJ ET BT 26.250 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A and 2B visualise the difference between )] TJ ET BT 246.278 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 276.630 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(possession of links\) and )] TJ ET BT 431.060 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweeness)] TJ ET BT 483.086 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(a measure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a more strategic position or influence\). Figure 2A and Table 3 show that 1.62% of nodes \(17 organizations\) are linked to more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 355.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(than 15 nodes. The highest connected node is UNDP \(degree centrality\). UNDP also possesses the highest )] TJ ET BT 493.382 355.299 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 26.250 343.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centrality. Bilateral donors such as USAID \(United States Assistance for International Development\), the Japanese Government )] TJ ET BT 26.250 331.489 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the Canadian Government were also included in the study. They apparently divided their funds to various organizations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ranging from local to international organizations. However, in regard to )] TJ ET BT 332.420 319.584 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 389.867 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality, the bilateral donors seem to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have less influence. One of the main reasons why nodes such as UNDP show such a high connection is because they play )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.775 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intermediary roles between donors, governments and civil society.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 241.250 577.500 535.750 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 699.136 555.000 77.864 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 699.136 m 581.250 699.136 l 581.250 699.886 l 26.250 699.886 l f q 35.250 710.386 537.000 66.614 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Visualized Networks of Organizational Post Disasters Intervention 2005-2007)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on Force Atlas layout in Gephi. The size of the nodes reflect the degree of the nodes. The colors of the nodes reflect )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(90 communities detected within the network. The number of communities suggest the relative \(un\)connectedness of the )] TJ ET BT 35.250 720.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(dots \(organisations\). The nodes with low connection are scattered in outer boundary or periphery.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 415.537 555.000 276.100 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 691.636 m 581.250 691.636 l 581.250 690.886 l 26.250 690.886 l f 26.250 415.537 m 581.250 415.537 l 581.250 416.287 l 26.250 416.287 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 513.136 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 426.787 537.000 80.350 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 497.613 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Visualized Networks of based on degree , betweeness and k-core)] TJ ET BT 35.250 478.243 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A visualizes the all-degree \( or degree \) network \(based on the number of links each node possesses. Figure 2B )] TJ ET BT 35.250 464.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shows the centrality of actors \(or leadership of each node within the network. Figure 2C and 2D are k-core networks, )] TJ ET BT 35.250 450.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which mean all nodes that are connected by k degree \(or links\) \(or in this case 2 and 3 subsequently\). The Figures are base )] TJ ET BT 35.250 437.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(don Gephis ARF layout.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 398.513 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree, Indegree and Outdegree Analysis)] TJ ET BT 26.250 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A and 2B visualise the difference between )] TJ ET BT 246.278 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 276.630 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(possession of links\) and )] TJ ET BT 431.060 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweeness)] TJ ET BT 483.086 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(a measure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a more strategic position or influence\). Figure 2A and Table 3 show that 1.62% of nodes \(17 organizations\) are linked to more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 355.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(than 15 nodes. The highest connected node is UNDP \(degree centrality\). UNDP also possesses the highest )] TJ ET BT 493.382 355.299 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 26.250 343.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centrality. Bilateral donors such as USAID \(United States Assistance for International Development\), the Japanese Government )] TJ ET BT 26.250 331.489 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the Canadian Government were also included in the study. They apparently divided their funds to various organizations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ranging from local to international organizations. However, in regard to )] TJ ET BT 332.420 319.584 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 389.867 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality, the bilateral donors seem to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have less influence. One of the main reasons why nodes such as UNDP show such a high connection is because they play )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.775 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intermediary roles between donors, governments and civil society.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 241.250 577.500 535.750 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 699.136 555.000 77.864 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 699.136 m 581.250 699.136 l 581.250 699.886 l 26.250 699.886 l f q 35.250 710.386 537.000 66.614 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 767.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 1: Visualized Networks of Organizational Post Disasters Intervention 2005-2007)] TJ ET BT 35.250 748.106 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Based on Force Atlas layout in Gephi. The size of the nodes reflect the degree of the nodes. The colors of the nodes reflect )] TJ ET BT 35.250 734.370 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(90 communities detected within the network. The number of communities suggest the relative \(un\)connectedness of the )] TJ ET BT 35.250 720.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(dots \(organisations\). The nodes with low connection are scattered in outer boundary or periphery.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 415.537 555.000 276.100 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 691.636 m 581.250 691.636 l 581.250 690.886 l 26.250 690.886 l f 26.250 415.537 m 581.250 415.537 l 581.250 416.287 l 26.250 416.287 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 513.136 cm /I11 Do Q q 35.250 426.787 537.000 80.350 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 497.613 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 2: Visualized Networks of based on degree , betweeness and k-core)] TJ ET BT 35.250 478.243 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A visualizes the all-degree \( or degree \) network \(based on the number of links each node possesses. Figure 2B )] TJ ET BT 35.250 464.506 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shows the centrality of actors \(or leadership of each node within the network. Figure 2C and 2D are k-core networks, )] TJ ET BT 35.250 450.770 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which mean all nodes that are connected by k degree \(or links\) \(or in this case 2 and 3 subsequently\). The Figures are base )] TJ ET BT 35.250 437.034 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(don Gephis ARF layout.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 398.513 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree, Indegree and Outdegree Analysis)] TJ ET BT 26.250 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 2A and 2B visualise the difference between )] TJ ET BT 246.278 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 276.630 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(possession of links\) and )] TJ ET BT 431.060 379.108 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweeness)] TJ ET BT 483.086 379.108 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality \(a measure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.203 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of a more strategic position or influence\). Figure 2A and Table 3 show that 1.62% of nodes \(17 organizations\) are linked to more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 355.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(than 15 nodes. The highest connected node is UNDP \(degree centrality\). UNDP also possesses the highest )] TJ ET BT 493.382 355.299 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 26.250 343.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centrality. Bilateral donors such as USAID \(United States Assistance for International Development\), the Japanese Government )] TJ ET BT 26.250 331.489 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the Canadian Government were also included in the study. They apparently divided their funds to various organizations )] TJ ET BT 26.250 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ranging from local to international organizations. However, in regard to )] TJ ET BT 332.420 319.584 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 389.867 319.584 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality, the bilateral donors seem to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 307.680 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(have less influence. One of the main reasons why nodes such as UNDP show such a high connection is because they play )] TJ ET BT 26.250 295.775 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intermediary roles between donors, governments and civil society.)] TJ ET Q q 225.000 0 0 168.750 35.250 513.136 cm /I11 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(6)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 267 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 268 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 513.1365 260.2500 681.8865 ] >> endobj 268 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2014/03/PLOSfigure1a-d1.jpg) >> endobj 269 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 225 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 25617>> stream JFIF;CREATOR: gd-jpeg v1.0 (using IJG JPEG v62), quality = 90 C     C   ," }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Q(( Q? _€c?~xJFf^yY"+29nj=+FZΚ7 .ț|ʆ48 q]iZWv΁Ѱr2 MgCik uf~@@7~Җwwv>ҧxbȚ8<n"@u8S|kS^M3U)^ڈ%BQvƐJ6$փs /]L?uEow~t"{* HԶC%sU][ }2-FF6<( #ήUd`oCC%%J2n)ꌛړ@/--|=sq&;T8R nO.FWߵ/ Dqj-Պ$qB&s#QHd!mc~՗VM;v5p#WsPB$_V͟$i(֞BF}|j\v~Gɼ =LN\M|E:&tI)h:u;p+2^٦"WY4*6!9ԯiUu +].<\ə\01* 6д$4G\ *T6<~nu[-;I泽 FW]t5=e;KE4j 8䍥/mB>i#'g]2^g2J Yy>:Uڍ6͍pvq3$ QQP'@ _€iCӑF=(.i7̩2 `8\>'+\M !ڇE+tr '|]xb٧յ[=>%۹gTs/SݙGՅs.%x/άːB066g $y"S-p_h-c^1`kZ]9Z)nOݲ?/+L+aZ?3Ěkρ`i1q%րEg$`!*.'e*~$(`k_5s6myyLXC~!20@)kJtYMi<^Ehe0PDʄ$96mZ^?O5 ,Z-Ԡҕdԕ@eȮ|!H[ŧ55-*oK3P*[,0L]B?z#qdb7Kυ݀#F%76=ql ]F+KnmP GR2#III]_7wxutkxM\1L(>6F삡yLMmfѦLȎ I6#ym**6ֽMB^c:FwNAxm泴8 4Ci$ҿ/n.RIH#+o6A8B!6.*ݞɧ躏- Rp m,ʹFzT5Z6֖lgɷ`R0>Qfa:k%f^z2V, [= HtH.u.etT*@/i*k^uRk[[M)I$-L\DIVVe?ׇk^ԐKf^Ww{j݋GMV8.tss[h^"uIbi!\rZ)BJ7g 9_I4Svougތ@/<Ԕ&}iyN=i9'|AeT%hP+HEPX` ε7P^;] ROI9FyDo4$EQ '*^}B7xh1x~3i;0A c&O^#%tG{/7G6Ki*Ȍ#@N+V=ީwjlhdtp +hc5^Ciks#Ƥ0TєHE\q\qKkuCCzGCޗms-b}Ugqjb{1ƌ\0f*\V˭P+Kz[[ȚyU$ 9y6yA{.ܦokj ;̖+k9 O ַZM֧hfFԵgQmG)mpp9씴kkF~z#ЦTQ?ſskc ޢn,XSkԊ9[lF1aah#i6A66ǧޖ9kյ-?S]kfBdkT$q \8t/F5`ddEqojwy4iP6pSR旹$^ӳq"yw=WGe3Gt۝:MF{5im\m.៙Yʾ&YϨh:ՠƕyKD$(6@EⷕRib0$(1iM rO4xZŦ$k=T\·ݞտ KFp6V )'*[.u{|ש'ɣVh6:jx#{I6g qm;ݽ>9`s ul'2A#9z.#<:bvou!$ȸmee}r9r)4m5[:4f5I`eygR՚]M;XUvo=ˏZ_Ƽo/4 V,Ѹf^+?b>WX+ؑÀA"Qqg$*B֎=iy@֌Z9N(֊Jq'aXZd@rb@;UFXI#Գ2Mx`5h$m6ٗ %*, Ff,TSP#9jSȢZ+naiVW2F6'46Etju n,UK@cU}ޝ"\E{ꬖv}VErWrյ}B94o2#%ܻ+mmW]Ӻok~ZsoK]4c[{ƓӜɑ-WVt}%/R ,X&WUi#cT}qX{뮽[׽Z7*$i2E|#MW13D뒱3x<_iFl~n!0l,".6\?, 5XiӮeygOX[s  m9Fx4oXԯgm<7Z($,$]ep}>/WQv˞TH">oC{kwgO kPxLuxl䖺C<2Qp/,.Bg$:o6$uHpz)ҼfM'Jj6MRmB9έּo⧈uw\Ne? |*\3$$|P2ާize٤LՐYUG66"܃tZoB[M4zp3  ڸuKӡu{ibQ*x)*1T4M%$7~-.e2٥p`EQ&JzWo5vV-[rDa÷رF0&I8-U ?Ohv&C/U~$lʅٶwv5ko"4-%ʹ2veh}E"kc#ʪ{N=،T1^*M 2G8)XD!T+Jj[֧dlMj\DŽAʶ2Kg5.[[絒AZP7AՃF,UX;cTMqi{X-ޏksq{PAR3 R)[ #T4?ڛk=;OPWͼddǖB ƥ#fwmvoecWԤ 2-{kt;̆oH ff9"h-m쿲/mnFER}P?/vʵv cfo@Oi{gasgjqb )d=06[#\[71[kOojD ՃژfR#2dZp$ף[V9)ѣNsOzSҗ#7n& 9Z(fD+)E\6,q+O xVx},-ichLCh EmkZi!I5˘vi,[ģ &<hb3DD\μvq e68w5G9ݗ}:zR)J+OO}GR]WXs+Y2p%"=&\3hmO 󿃴|@}iDs n7n*c$cp{&w_G;Z p4GH'c1|1#BωI5ƃܗ֖ eۛA#g,vp7t'.8\M*ӄ]{ݕ]dw|O᮳wZGo#Bd*|11_U F 'LtS]BdM *[,1-t;(.puޛܒpxV0kVzƝj|dVA<?+9&3(XU%7uGEӻ5 $+۹giMťk}ePDpZRQ]?ODX4BL$ Bˎ9xMbˠi#{X_\q*2#DP~cW^N%=͜rK<+-u*20yS}קbh/io B};UM"x3OH>x828Oɹ]סQ!k]v̩eK jʵ[kr+KA192Ԣ6Z>q=ʪQHAGfHndǿ{{:5H%Jr$x jڽ>,[ ňgp ԮeI)nDrwZο^;HvEX*3|u mJI;^GTx ;I) MfсGod{}6bkHC8l`:3V} p$]#H^͝F^F 1\NNY~FNzn__>oinjBY#o-Έm͝zW&4' 8~zœoLUwo'%Mz+O+^k[SV[믖:pρn3imJlzܚwar}>9 ,7F7\ UIʘG]۞qCx6 n;#b\8>c w `? 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Sums of degree, outdegree and indegree)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 282.437 555.000 449.919 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 707.422 90.824 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 91.199 0.750 re f 26.625 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Groups)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 117.824 707.422 50.875 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.824 731.231 50.875 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.324 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 168.699 707.422 60.052 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.699 731.231 60.052 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.199 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 228.750 707.422 69.877 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.750 731.231 69.877 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.250 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 298.628 707.422 40.654 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.628 731.231 40.654 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.128 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of )] TJ ET BT 303.128 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(orgs)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 339.282 707.422 54.624 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 339.282 731.231 54.624 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.782 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree )] TJ ET BT 343.782 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 393.906 707.422 73.626 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.906 731.231 73.626 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.406 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree )] TJ ET BT 398.406 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 467.532 707.422 63.801 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.532 731.231 63.801 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.032 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree )] TJ ET BT 472.032 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 531.333 707.422 49.167 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 531.333 731.231 49.542 0.750 re f 580.125 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.833 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# orgs )] TJ ET BT 535.833 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 707.047 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other )] TJ ET BT 31.875 689.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Organizations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 707.047 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.014)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 707.047 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 707.047 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 707.047 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 707.047 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 707.047 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.8 %)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 707.047 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 707.047 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 683.534 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 683.534 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.015)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 683.534 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.005)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 683.534 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.025)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 683.534 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 683.534 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 683.534 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 683.534 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 683.534 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 667.653 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Private Firms)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 667.653 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.043)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 667.653 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.067)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 667.653 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 667.653 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(51)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 667.653 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 667.653 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 667.653 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 667.653 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 651.772 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local/national )] TJ ET BT 31.875 634.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 651.772 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.180)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 651.772 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.029)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 651.772 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.332)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 651.772 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(147)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 651.772 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 651.772 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 651.772 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 651.772 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 628.259 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International )] TJ ET BT 31.875 610.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 628.259 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.695)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 628.259 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.720)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 628.259 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.670)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 628.259 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(472)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 628.259 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(56.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 628.259 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(58.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 628.259 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(54.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 628.259 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(59.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 604.747 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Multilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 604.747 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.133)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 604.747 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.185)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 604.747 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.082)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 604.747 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 604.747 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.8%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 604.747 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 604.747 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.6%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 604.747 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 588.865 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 588.865 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.101)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 588.865 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 588.865 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.001)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 588.865 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(36)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 588.865 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 588.865 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 588.865 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 588.865 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 572.984 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local )] TJ ET BT 31.875 555.498 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 572.984 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 572.984 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.009)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 572.984 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.039)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 572.984 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 572.984 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 572.984 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 572.984 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 572.984 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 580.125 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.456 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(National govt orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 330.456 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.012)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 330.456 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 330.456 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 330.456 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 330.456 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 330.456 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 330.456 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 330.456 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.575 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 314.575 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 314.575 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.004)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 314.575 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.018)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 314.575 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 314.575 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 314.575 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 314.575 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 314.575 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.693 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 298.693 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 298.693 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 298.693 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 298.693 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(797)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 298.693 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 298.693 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 298.693 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 298.693 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 3 shows that multilateral organizations comprised only 3.1% \(25 organizations\) of the total organisation, but they enjoyed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a higher percentage in outdegree \(15%\). Bilateral donors comprised 4.5% \(36 countries as registered in the April 2007 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(database\), however, their )] TJ ET BT 138.970 204.104 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 182.874 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( was 16.2%. BRR as the reconstruction authority is only 1 out of 797 \(or 0.1%\) but its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.199 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 64.187 192.199 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is 1.4% \(which is quite high and shows its level of importance as the highest reconstruction authority\). Overall, in terms )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.294 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of relational ties, INGOs have the higher percentage of degree distribution \(56.5\), slightly lower than their total number \(59.2% )] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.390 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or 172 organizations\). Local NGOs ranked second.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.985 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis demonstrates some interesting results. Bilateral organizations tend to play roles as donors. They tend to have high )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outdegree \(Figure 3\), but very low )] TJ ET BT 175.269 137.080 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 213.206 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \(Table 2\). This confirms the reality that donors are the ones that give grants, not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receive grants. However, the reason why donors )] TJ ET BT 240.292 125.175 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 278.229 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is not zero is due to the existence of intermediary donors \(or grant-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.271 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(making organizations that receive money from other organizations\). Local NGOs most often played roles as recipients of funds )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( proved by low )] TJ ET BT 97.240 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 141.144 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( but high )] TJ ET BT 181.256 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 219.193 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies\) tend to play roles as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 89.461 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both a grantor and a grantee. International NGOs tend to play the same roles as multilateral organizations, as they are grantees )] TJ ET BT 26.250 77.556 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as well as grantors. Some private firms \(such as commercial banks\) played roles as grantors for the Indian Ocean Tsunami )] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.652 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2004, and some local firms become project implementers. Meanwhile, BRR played both roles: as a grantee in order to be the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 53.747 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(grantor.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 43.866 577.500 733.134 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 2. Sums of degree, outdegree and indegree)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 282.437 555.000 449.919 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 707.422 90.824 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 91.199 0.750 re f 26.625 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Groups)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 117.824 707.422 50.875 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.824 731.231 50.875 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.324 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 168.699 707.422 60.052 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.699 731.231 60.052 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.199 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 228.750 707.422 69.877 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.750 731.231 69.877 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.250 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 298.628 707.422 40.654 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.628 731.231 40.654 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.128 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of )] TJ ET BT 303.128 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(orgs)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 339.282 707.422 54.624 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 339.282 731.231 54.624 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.782 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree )] TJ ET BT 343.782 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 393.906 707.422 73.626 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.906 731.231 73.626 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.406 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree )] TJ ET BT 398.406 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 467.532 707.422 63.801 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.532 731.231 63.801 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.032 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree )] TJ ET BT 472.032 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 531.333 707.422 49.167 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 531.333 731.231 49.542 0.750 re f 580.125 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.833 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# orgs )] TJ ET BT 535.833 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 707.047 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other )] TJ ET BT 31.875 689.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Organizations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 707.047 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.014)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 707.047 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 707.047 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 707.047 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 707.047 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 707.047 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.8 %)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 707.047 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 707.047 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 683.534 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 683.534 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.015)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 683.534 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.005)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 683.534 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.025)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 683.534 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 683.534 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 683.534 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 683.534 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 683.534 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 667.653 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Private Firms)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 667.653 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.043)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 667.653 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.067)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 667.653 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 667.653 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(51)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 667.653 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 667.653 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 667.653 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 667.653 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 651.772 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local/national )] TJ ET BT 31.875 634.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 651.772 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.180)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 651.772 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.029)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 651.772 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.332)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 651.772 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(147)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 651.772 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 651.772 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 651.772 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 651.772 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 628.259 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International )] TJ ET BT 31.875 610.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 628.259 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.695)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 628.259 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.720)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 628.259 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.670)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 628.259 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(472)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 628.259 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(56.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 628.259 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(58.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 628.259 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(54.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 628.259 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(59.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 604.747 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Multilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 604.747 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.133)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 604.747 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.185)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 604.747 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.082)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 604.747 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 604.747 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.8%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 604.747 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 604.747 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.6%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 604.747 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 588.865 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 588.865 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.101)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 588.865 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 588.865 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.001)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 588.865 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(36)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 588.865 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 588.865 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 588.865 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 588.865 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 572.984 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local )] TJ ET BT 31.875 555.498 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 572.984 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 572.984 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.009)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 572.984 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.039)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 572.984 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 572.984 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 572.984 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 572.984 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 572.984 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 580.125 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.456 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(National govt orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 330.456 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.012)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 330.456 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 330.456 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 330.456 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 330.456 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 330.456 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 330.456 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 330.456 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.575 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 314.575 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 314.575 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.004)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 314.575 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.018)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 314.575 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 314.575 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 314.575 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 314.575 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 314.575 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.693 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 298.693 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 298.693 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 298.693 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 298.693 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(797)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 298.693 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 298.693 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 298.693 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 298.693 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 3 shows that multilateral organizations comprised only 3.1% \(25 organizations\) of the total organisation, but they enjoyed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a higher percentage in outdegree \(15%\). Bilateral donors comprised 4.5% \(36 countries as registered in the April 2007 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(database\), however, their )] TJ ET BT 138.970 204.104 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 182.874 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( was 16.2%. BRR as the reconstruction authority is only 1 out of 797 \(or 0.1%\) but its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.199 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 64.187 192.199 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is 1.4% \(which is quite high and shows its level of importance as the highest reconstruction authority\). Overall, in terms )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.294 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of relational ties, INGOs have the higher percentage of degree distribution \(56.5\), slightly lower than their total number \(59.2% )] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.390 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or 172 organizations\). Local NGOs ranked second.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.985 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis demonstrates some interesting results. Bilateral organizations tend to play roles as donors. They tend to have high )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outdegree \(Figure 3\), but very low )] TJ ET BT 175.269 137.080 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 213.206 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \(Table 2\). This confirms the reality that donors are the ones that give grants, not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receive grants. However, the reason why donors )] TJ ET BT 240.292 125.175 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 278.229 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is not zero is due to the existence of intermediary donors \(or grant-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.271 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(making organizations that receive money from other organizations\). Local NGOs most often played roles as recipients of funds )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( proved by low )] TJ ET BT 97.240 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 141.144 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( but high )] TJ ET BT 181.256 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 219.193 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies\) tend to play roles as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 89.461 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both a grantor and a grantee. International NGOs tend to play the same roles as multilateral organizations, as they are grantees )] TJ ET BT 26.250 77.556 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as well as grantors. Some private firms \(such as commercial banks\) played roles as grantors for the Indian Ocean Tsunami )] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.652 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2004, and some local firms become project implementers. Meanwhile, BRR played both roles: as a grantee in order to be the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 53.747 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(grantor.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 43.866 577.500 733.134 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 2. Sums of degree, outdegree and indegree)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 282.437 555.000 449.919 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 707.422 90.824 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 91.199 0.750 re f 26.625 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Groups)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 117.824 707.422 50.875 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.824 731.231 50.875 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.324 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 168.699 707.422 60.052 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.699 731.231 60.052 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.199 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 228.750 707.422 69.877 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.750 731.231 69.877 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.250 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 298.628 707.422 40.654 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.628 731.231 40.654 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.128 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of )] TJ ET BT 303.128 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(orgs)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 339.282 707.422 54.624 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 339.282 731.231 54.624 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.782 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Degree )] TJ ET BT 343.782 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 393.906 707.422 73.626 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.906 731.231 73.626 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.406 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Outdegree )] TJ ET BT 398.406 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 467.532 707.422 63.801 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.532 731.231 63.801 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.032 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Indegree )] TJ ET BT 472.032 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 531.333 707.422 49.167 24.185 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 531.333 731.231 49.542 0.750 re f 580.125 707.047 0.750 24.935 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 535.833 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# orgs )] TJ ET BT 535.833 710.178 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(\(%\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 707.047 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Other )] TJ ET BT 31.875 689.560 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Organizations)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 707.047 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.014)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 707.047 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.010)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 707.047 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 707.047 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 707.047 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 707.047 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.8 %)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 707.047 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 707.047 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 683.534 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 697.192 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 683.534 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 683.534 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.015)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 683.534 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.005)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 683.534 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.025)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 683.534 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 683.534 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 683.534 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 683.534 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 683.534 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 667.653 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 673.679 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 667.653 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Private Firms)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 667.653 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.043)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 667.653 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.067)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 667.653 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.019)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 667.653 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(51)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 667.653 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 667.653 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 667.653 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 667.653 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 651.772 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 657.798 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 651.772 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local/national )] TJ ET BT 31.875 634.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 651.772 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.180)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 651.772 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.029)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 651.772 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.332)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 651.772 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(147)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 651.772 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 651.772 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 651.772 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 651.772 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 628.259 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 641.917 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 628.259 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(International )] TJ ET BT 31.875 610.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGOs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 628.259 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.695)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 628.259 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.720)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 628.259 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.670)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 628.259 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(472)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 628.259 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(56.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 628.259 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(58.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 628.259 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(54.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 628.259 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 580.125 604.747 0.750 24.262 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 618.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(59.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 604.747 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Multilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 604.747 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.133)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 604.747 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.185)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 604.747 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.082)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 604.747 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 604.747 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.8%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 604.747 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 604.747 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.6%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 604.747 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 588.865 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 594.892 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 588.865 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Bilateral orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 588.865 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.101)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 588.865 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.200)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 588.865 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.001)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 588.865 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(36)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 588.865 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 588.865 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 588.865 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 588.865 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 572.984 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 579.010 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 572.984 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Local )] TJ ET BT 31.875 555.498 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governments)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 572.984 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 572.984 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.009)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 572.984 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.039)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 572.984 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 572.984 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 572.984 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.7%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 572.984 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.2%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 572.984 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 580.125 330.456 0.750 243.278 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 563.129 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.5%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 330.456 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(National govt orgs)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 330.456 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.012)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 330.456 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [()] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 330.456 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.024)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 330.456 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 330.456 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 330.456 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 330.456 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 330.456 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 314.575 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 320.601 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.0%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 314.575 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 314.575 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.011)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 314.575 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.004)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 314.575 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.018)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 314.575 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 314.575 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.9%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 314.575 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.3%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 314.575 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.4%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 314.575 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 298.693 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 304.720 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(0.1%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 298.693 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 91.574 0.750 re f 26.625 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Total)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 117.449 298.693 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 51.625 0.750 re f 117.449 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 122.699 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 168.324 298.693 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 60.802 0.750 re f 168.324 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 173.574 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 228.375 298.693 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 70.627 0.750 re f 228.375 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.625 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.23)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 298.253 298.693 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 41.404 0.750 re f 298.253 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 303.503 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(797)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 338.907 298.693 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 55.374 0.750 re f 338.907 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 344.157 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 393.531 298.693 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 74.376 0.750 re f 393.531 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 398.781 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 467.157 298.693 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 64.551 0.750 re f 467.157 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 472.407 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 530.958 298.693 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 49.917 0.750 re f 530.958 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 282.812 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 536.208 288.838 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(100%)] TJ ET BT 26.250 227.913 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 3 shows that multilateral organizations comprised only 3.1% \(25 organizations\) of the total organisation, but they enjoyed )] TJ ET BT 26.250 216.009 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a higher percentage in outdegree \(15%\). Bilateral donors comprised 4.5% \(36 countries as registered in the April 2007 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(database\), however, their )] TJ ET BT 138.970 204.104 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 182.874 204.104 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( was 16.2%. BRR as the reconstruction authority is only 1 out of 797 \(or 0.1%\) but its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 192.199 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 64.187 192.199 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is 1.4% \(which is quite high and shows its level of importance as the highest reconstruction authority\). Overall, in terms )] TJ ET BT 26.250 180.294 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of relational ties, INGOs have the higher percentage of degree distribution \(56.5\), slightly lower than their total number \(59.2% )] TJ ET BT 26.250 168.390 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(or 172 organizations\). Local NGOs ranked second.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 148.985 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis demonstrates some interesting results. Bilateral organizations tend to play roles as donors. They tend to have high )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(outdegree \(Figure 3\), but very low )] TJ ET BT 175.269 137.080 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 213.206 137.080 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( \(Table 2\). This confirms the reality that donors are the ones that give grants, not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(receive grants. However, the reason why donors )] TJ ET BT 240.292 125.175 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 278.229 125.175 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( is not zero is due to the existence of intermediary donors \(or grant-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 113.271 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(making organizations that receive money from other organizations\). Local NGOs most often played roles as recipients of funds )] TJ ET BT 26.250 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( proved by low )] TJ ET BT 97.240 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(outdegree)] TJ ET BT 141.144 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( but high )] TJ ET BT 181.256 101.366 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 219.193 101.366 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(. Multilateral organizations \(such as United Nations agencies\) tend to play roles as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 89.461 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(both a grantor and a grantee. International NGOs tend to play the same roles as multilateral organizations, as they are grantees )] TJ ET BT 26.250 77.556 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(as well as grantors. Some private firms \(such as commercial banks\) played roles as grantors for the Indian Ocean Tsunami )] TJ ET BT 26.250 65.652 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2004, and some local firms become project implementers. Meanwhile, BRR played both roles: as a grantee in order to be the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 53.747 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(grantor.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(7)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 276 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 278 0 R 282 0 R 285 0 R 289 0 R 291 0 R 295 0 R ] /Contents 277 0 R >> endobj 277 0 obj << /Length 10530 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG q 15.000 103.777 577.500 673.223 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 524.109 555.000 252.891 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 524.109 m 581.250 524.109 l 581.250 524.859 l 26.250 524.859 l f q 225.000 0 0 186.750 35.250 580.500 cm /I13 Do Q q 35.250 535.359 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 564.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Degree, indegree and outdegree distribution analysis)] TJ ET BT 35.250 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 116.546 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 138.230 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 176.167 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( based on the categories of actors. Calculation based on Pajek.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 282.468 555.000 234.141 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 516.609 m 581.250 516.609 l 581.250 515.859 l 26.250 515.859 l f 26.250 282.468 m 581.250 282.468 l 581.250 283.218 l 26.250 283.218 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.000 35.250 338.859 cm /I14 Do Q q 35.250 293.718 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 323.335 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Degree and Betweenness Centrality distrbution)] TJ ET BT 35.250 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Calculation was based on Pajeks algorithm )] TJ ET BT 225.989 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Betweenness )] TJ ET BT 287.229 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and)] TJ ET BT 303.492 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( degree)] TJ ET BT 336.554 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 4 shows the power law phenomenon as seen \()] TJ ET BT 261.976 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 292.327 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution and )] TJ ET BT 363.863 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 421.310 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality distribution\). The United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations Office for Coordination and Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\), under the United Nations system, is the mandated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organization responsible for major humanitarian coordination and reconstruction coordination and information management, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is not included as a leader as measured by )] TJ ET BT 218.627 229.730 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 276.074 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. One of the reasons is that this exercise is based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR database on reconstruction for who does what supported by whom and it does not reflect the whole picture of how a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating agency played roles in the field. The reason BRR is part of the top 10 leaders in the selected network is due to its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(role as a donor in the reconstruction process \(see Figure 4\). Based on a heuristic or an educated guess, one may not be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surprised with the FAO and IFRC being on top, together with the UNDP. The question is whether this measure of financial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(transaction is the best way to understand coordination. The answer is it is not the only way to measure coordination as long as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is other data available to suggest more detail analysis.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 103.777 577.500 673.223 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 524.109 555.000 252.891 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 524.109 m 581.250 524.109 l 581.250 524.859 l 26.250 524.859 l f q 225.000 0 0 186.750 35.250 580.500 cm /I16 Do Q q 35.250 535.359 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 564.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Degree, indegree and outdegree distribution analysis)] TJ ET BT 35.250 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 116.546 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 138.230 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 176.167 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( based on the categories of actors. Calculation based on Pajek.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 282.468 555.000 234.141 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 516.609 m 581.250 516.609 l 581.250 515.859 l 26.250 515.859 l f 26.250 282.468 m 581.250 282.468 l 581.250 283.218 l 26.250 283.218 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.000 35.250 338.859 cm /I14 Do Q q 35.250 293.718 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 323.335 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Degree and Betweenness Centrality distrbution)] TJ ET BT 35.250 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Calculation was based on Pajeks algorithm )] TJ ET BT 225.989 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Betweenness )] TJ ET BT 287.229 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and)] TJ ET BT 303.492 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( degree)] TJ ET BT 336.554 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 4 shows the power law phenomenon as seen \()] TJ ET BT 261.976 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 292.327 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution and )] TJ ET BT 363.863 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 421.310 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality distribution\). The United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations Office for Coordination and Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\), under the United Nations system, is the mandated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organization responsible for major humanitarian coordination and reconstruction coordination and information management, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is not included as a leader as measured by )] TJ ET BT 218.627 229.730 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 276.074 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. One of the reasons is that this exercise is based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR database on reconstruction for who does what supported by whom and it does not reflect the whole picture of how a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating agency played roles in the field. The reason BRR is part of the top 10 leaders in the selected network is due to its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(role as a donor in the reconstruction process \(see Figure 4\). Based on a heuristic or an educated guess, one may not be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surprised with the FAO and IFRC being on top, together with the UNDP. The question is whether this measure of financial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(transaction is the best way to understand coordination. The answer is it is not the only way to measure coordination as long as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is other data available to suggest more detail analysis.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 103.777 577.500 673.223 re W n 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 524.109 555.000 252.891 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 777.000 m 581.250 777.000 l 581.250 776.250 l 26.250 776.250 l f 26.250 524.109 m 581.250 524.109 l 581.250 524.859 l 26.250 524.859 l f q 225.000 0 0 186.750 35.250 580.500 cm /I18 Do Q q 35.250 535.359 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 564.976 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 3: Degree, indegree and outdegree distribution analysis)] TJ ET BT 35.250 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Degree, outdegree)] TJ ET BT 116.546 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( and )] TJ ET BT 138.230 545.606 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(indegree)] TJ ET BT 176.167 545.606 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( based on the categories of actors. Calculation based on Pajek.)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 282.468 555.000 234.141 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 516.609 m 581.250 516.609 l 581.250 515.859 l 26.250 515.859 l f 26.250 282.468 m 581.250 282.468 l 581.250 283.218 l 26.250 283.218 l f q 225.000 0 0 168.000 35.250 338.859 cm /I14 Do Q q 35.250 293.718 537.000 39.141 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 35.250 323.335 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Fig. 4: Degree and Betweenness Centrality distrbution)] TJ ET BT 35.250 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Calculation was based on Pajeks algorithm )] TJ ET BT 225.989 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(Betweenness )] TJ ET BT 287.229 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and)] TJ ET BT 303.492 303.965 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [( degree)] TJ ET BT 336.554 303.965 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality.)] TJ ET Q BT 26.250 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Figure 4 shows the power law phenomenon as seen \()] TJ ET BT 261.976 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 292.327 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution and )] TJ ET BT 363.863 265.444 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 421.310 265.444 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality distribution\). The United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations Office for Coordination and Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\), under the United Nations system, is the mandated )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.635 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organization responsible for major humanitarian coordination and reconstruction coordination and information management, and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(is not included as a leader as measured by )] TJ ET BT 218.627 229.730 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 276.074 229.730 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality. One of the reasons is that this exercise is based on the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.825 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(BRR database on reconstruction for who does what supported by whom and it does not reflect the whole picture of how a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.920 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(coordinating agency played roles in the field. The reason BRR is part of the top 10 leaders in the selected network is due to its )] TJ ET BT 26.250 194.016 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(role as a donor in the reconstruction process \(see Figure 4\). Based on a heuristic or an educated guess, one may not be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 182.111 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(surprised with the FAO and IFRC being on top, together with the UNDP. The question is whether this measure of financial )] TJ ET BT 26.250 170.206 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(transaction is the best way to understand coordination. The answer is it is not the only way to measure coordination as long as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 158.301 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(there is other data available to suggest more detail analysis.)] TJ ET Q q 225.000 0 0 186.750 35.250 580.500 cm /I20 Do Q q 225.000 0 0 168.000 35.250 338.859 cm /I14 Do Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(8)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 278 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 279 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.2500 580.5000 260.2500 767.2500 ] >> endobj 279 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://currents.plos.org/disasters/files/2014/03/fig2a.png) >> endobj 280 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 249 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 300 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 527>> stream xA 0 =fy9뀟\X endstream endobj 281 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 300 /Height 249 /SMask 280 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 300 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 43748>> stream xwE?LOwa $zzwz&x獏zHY#g>zCepmUپE6?)ى%W6ϩ? ?s$ ]dMAq0gm߁#pE-kmϺXٲZzՍ\1c̒WO2v+Lihz&(&+5H2Ut_ZVNWJi EB1y L_ɢk^Y{%'Jrz8\^[jZVV-+~ػw//FqĦQCF*<3 AX\,X͒҈#Cn]bZa6xTB|>/o6[L7¬Kg$j)=PMjbׄIypEf6ڮ-Bw;9z+.~-<7k5wPa/Ebn:EтBHɨQ щ͆Ҷ[IغeI@Ȋvj)._RZ4 3xx'1c u5Rx;hM9*ݍ7RS2Ux #L O`eFkRf2nZ6 'gš ͒d،i2Z hVB[HĈ i|^Ajʐ)(Z._)0|%^Qյ` s3i2D+sC6Hh 2 eXъӡhcp`)m& 7E}>M r)CZ2٥VOYhkF5 fKK|ɃU Ju0 Dn%޲2B]2mLF>+^d l\х1Ɍa'_JH/lJ c,&?mh9i;"c垓"ȑMLd2nNj8QZb:(MTckt =3yĭK %ÓAE?͍GOEu!TaBBE^>+&1ݗX|HUvZ굣&8ISX~ У(U^ZP~n(dWJH73=vZ/6+EHl6!ɐt.mF"N[s:D"{/???77n4 `8-l0WA$c o-D26kԺb=+xoyn|͎g>o>բ ;o7̼n}Ý:df2+&7@Rg2 sˋb Օuuu't:Ӷmݻdffz''=iӦp8LƴСCQQQzWQs:u8PțiZ,s8X,ffgG":kUWWL>=##D۷oϞ=`!t:sssסCB h4`UUU B%%%;v쨯B#b1]nw<i߾H1>p oT9T9c%YL(o%LݩWh%a&XfފN +ڴπ}kn\S{̕*{o_l͙7̴]l&GI$d%xd ui&+++++{$ү,E"@ JKK[RRRVV1۷mvԨQ!]7 tx&7'hԩi.ذFc@vu]cѪUm>EN֑"P UD$nj0HnDNy$p8Ν XV:vի׈# 赨.,,,,,.mTaaruP j$zSD݊ =dQ@*S Z(1[đ)GQMӴHt|>2Cv17N¦9M0(𨍜ED<@v\q8nB@zMӺw޽{w;w\dIyyi1bDff&_7dXaf$`hf"Dewm>vd4cČ06-8zEaJc\WWy{`Сz|iQ5a$YL(j,x^EH26V*ivɑقnן0͚5pĥؼǣh @:pAś(/pNOT "gh<"<%܌*]BB-/sرc1ׯ_jU(jٲ1c; 4XT`^dVj*W#bP)Xhx I_7YnY|A(X'Ƭ,Beffpvr%!"Ă!]I "snEXPcAAԩSɛ`O:W_vڝUl>c ֙\YEv^X%ZEv /)[I-_(&C] c5!$F,G8R~ 'qNSuOD".ׯv>&Zj5gD">۫߿bDg]W;N2 u]ǀ1ƚ:FW 'q8J_ uǔ[D"a-\.Y\nrC"4LiɄ R ]YYY֖L$!q1GQ;: C5E-++V|&M1yڗ .  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V6Cnnp8|>V%q@$ 5VW ݤ(͟{O@$ijj UUU@_ P>;m\.qRRRNNKNN|^jXy20E]'(mCf'[ȓOS 3?vi,=!ߟpU >NRzI"I!t:>/%%x<i-״`)s. x 3kkr"ijjP/bzB啕{-//ljF"vGjjj~jja>7McNžMNsç0B;-wB>J8 E2&"B@,p'RKS'O[=MZ{v@0Gm g9*ݯMdx<2ăEIF{ͼBj>Zݞ޳gOYh4Eԁ@ĉGVں:-D".Q8yTXgvIⶍ Lf-bER˫F "A@>vHw5DPKڿ!p8GRRRVVV~~>C@{ٚPw@,G_=.q ߊ/wC%L 4&rž.DF< 69lI$:bɢc-}T "3ZF!½ LA ]l/&H?ňLgdPτ75O! )"dĈG;k1H#-1e/LG!`V PJ&y[~8NQqSSSuuuYYYaaaIf+& Y-31wV3zar٠0lgˆ#uċ Lahk`AO hJ"S~бPP9ܐ O3{1"Qne`н3 1o=ZRRR\\\^^1Frk׮k׮%?{a{w(tsh>W9o] U2V0x9(x[hH0o0#a!ϐw{jE~2J6`ӻ@ $WP(TQQQTT466666j.egg1"--~f-(}bl MAcXٚE4 (l\Pv٬Zp23+\Zy'D: 3&0M^x {$K /YEnۣ(Bf%''vv333 .+99t:ժBU?XdE޺M~ZFFkcTQQQ^^^XXXYYYQQ "jX,۷ܹѣ}>$̢a _h9"x0|BƳI"k;3.PBFA֐YTe! )>E,Qlir#_<bo=\96.HkkEmmChUUU$innx_]]jb- -^=3v^feJنA7t9o5+^8kY+9&:a$x]]w1l]ʟvԜ8yC`e 8O+j,އ{ud`l diKӾ'RN cLBP0p8|&ISzSSS4@ HDG4jF~?TUUi9vŢIqeAb2FA먾NEsv=33Sri:\.ǣ%ө}=)y]ERI:d}%K*qq牰JuU4+6$ܷoj]wEV>]3s[g>+κĬ|ۯb5-&2 h؊osLyrwԵk6H,$L~ީAZ6ZpLX Saé.B!Vө_T0 j [Tv+JzN;!@h4PrXi yyyZթo*Ra‚v ҽ 6*)%O޶t}`#$.BV[DC'z-u'ۚyԌʒÍVzɚݿ{nk<-5sjdu7bL0W'̾'*^`M5p#܈ Y%d{d# d\ٙ +tH&Bj]%r Fqdd{Тm$#E"{nk^^p)W5W˰;45_-s+J52wf/>Z/C__?~<~xqqСCA6 yo; f=P`ƥ Ԕ?W9FXae5)+T;pcPʮ V8PjUG-Lk:)I8l0`L"|_+tj|9+͊ ʅa 1^jb>maE.yH:2T0xB]cfۣ2|b|TVu`ˌGd=?H|*Te%Lw(%A伕 ed|L0p,ԅi/P͟3 QJPW~e{vL؊q40V 7 ގMY&4O:1 3`L_|/| )_(r<Y4+ *%KEFЦ&ӳ+~\ѧ2/ l30hc |h$$ϰe'-2I㐹4zu%d$oV=nF"I>.TaqKEEVJ8BxjsU(DMc֧~[7G>Z"͍V*ܿ79#jﳭߴKl&g@ݎ$#^K ΏBŚ 4oEۼeYOѵswu|{7Ъ79}8K=)iPr`?7aw٥ON_60ph%eg=߭sn S]UyZ|\_ӣOܼx`aa: O$la'_o.BpImEݴtuꫦ#;5p҂/4Dw=HW:$#z3„mVM;$$:!8%)W؋"8uDa:HFҵIQѷ P$ugI+ Aw!;QlQ_Bʶ@m)u%b"yxn ,-X $l( Hd4m8ijRoZN +* 1q1> endobj 300 0 obj << /Length 36319 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 33.327 577.500 743.673 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Shrinked network)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 550.240 555.000 182.116 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 160.074 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 160.449 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Shrinked networks)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 187.074 719.326 102.699 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 187.074 731.231 102.699 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.574 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 289.772 719.326 106.352 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.772 731.231 106.352 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.272 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 396.124 719.326 88.899 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 396.124 731.231 88.899 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.624 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of links)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 485.023 719.326 95.477 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 485.023 731.231 95.852 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.523 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 718.951 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(249)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 718.951 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(31.05)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 718.951 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(478)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 718.951 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(48.93)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 703.070 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(76)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 703.070 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.48)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 703.070 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 703.070 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 580.125 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.04)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 598.259 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 5-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 598.259 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(92)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 598.259 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.47)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 598.259 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(160)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 598.259 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.38)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.378 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 10-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 582.378 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(29)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 582.378 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 582.378 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 582.378 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.03)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.497 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 15-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 566.497 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 566.497 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 566.497 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 566.497 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.74)] TJ ET BT 26.250 495.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, in Social Network Analysis, there is already established knowledge concerning the strength of small ties that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shadowed by the large connection of some nodes, which may be missed by a non-SNA expert. The concept of the strength of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(small ties is already common and can be found in the Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.314 473.414 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 385.951 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( What is also interesting is the fact that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.002 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 83.697 460.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality measures the true leaders on the ground, which brought some unfamiliar \(especially before the 2004 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Indian Ocean tsunami\) names to the humanitarian network in Indonesia such as Tearfund UK, World Relief, American Red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross, Mercy Malaysia, and so on. The result is rather counter-intuitive but indeed important for the government and preexisting )] TJ ET BT 26.250 424.288 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national network to recognize the emerging important actors on the field, for better humanitarian coordination.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.686 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(6. Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.731 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights for Network and Social Network Theory)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It is quite surprising that the diameter of humanitarian organizations is 5. Take any two organizations, of which one is any local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 336.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGO and the other is any international NGO, and the findings suggest that either the former or the latter will need, on average, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 324.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five intermediaries to get connected for transaction. This suggests that humanitarian actors network typology in the context of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 312.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(large catastrophic disasters in the developing world \(like Aceh, Indonesia\) reflects real-world individual networks, as shown by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(former studies such as the work by Milgram.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.970 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 221.788 304.596 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 224.198 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.835 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Milgram conducted an experiment where he targeted two persons in Boston by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sending 160 letters from Wichita, Kansas, and Omaha, Nebraska. His objective was to know how many links or intermediate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(persons were needed for any two people. Based on this experiment in the US, Milgram \(1967\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 433.761 278.405 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 443.398 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that the distance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two people is connected by 5.2 intermediate persons, or degrees of separation. Dodds, Muhamad and Watts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.089 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(experimented with 60,000 email users in an attempt to reach one of 18 target persons in 13 countries by forwarding messages )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.184 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to acquaintances, which involved 24,163 email chains; only 1.59% reached the targets. Their network is a small-world network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.279 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which concludes that social searches can reach their targets in a median of five to seven steps, depending on the separation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.374 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(source and target, although small variations in chain lengths and participation rates generate large differences in target )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reachability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 81.513 206.977 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 186.065 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The measure of network diameter is important because it shows the maximum distance between any two disaster response )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.160 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. The implication of the network diameter in times of emergency intervention is more serious than Milgrams )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.255 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ordinary social network. It is about life and death decisions and where organizations should get connected to achieve their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.351 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(common goals in saving lives and rebuilding the livelihoods of survivors. This means that if high authoritative agencies such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.446 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the)] TJ ET BT 26.250 119.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction authority BRR and United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) were willing to ensure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(level of quality control for a thousand organizations, they could simply send emails to all of them. However, how could they get )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.232 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the addresses or emails of those organizations? It may seem obvious that by reaching through the humanitarian clusters, they )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(could reach the other organizations that were partners of the cluster members. The thing is, how can the noncluster actors be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(connected? Reaching out to all the actors is obviously a heavy task. One can argue that the authorities can simply use other )] TJ ET BT 26.250 59.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(forms of media. However, the realities on the ground are not that simple. The author argues that the flow of technical knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 47.613 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that ensures quality of implementation often flows according to the flow of grants. Implementing partners and aid distributors to )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 33.327 577.500 743.673 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Shrinked network)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 550.240 555.000 182.116 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 160.074 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 160.449 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Shrinked networks)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 187.074 719.326 102.699 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 187.074 731.231 102.699 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.574 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 289.772 719.326 106.352 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.772 731.231 106.352 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.272 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 396.124 719.326 88.899 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 396.124 731.231 88.899 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.624 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of links)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 485.023 719.326 95.477 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 485.023 731.231 95.852 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.523 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 718.951 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(249)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 718.951 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(31.05)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 718.951 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(478)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 718.951 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(48.93)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 703.070 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(76)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 703.070 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.48)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 703.070 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 703.070 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 580.125 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.04)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 598.259 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 5-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 598.259 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(92)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 598.259 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.47)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 598.259 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(160)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 598.259 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.38)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.378 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 10-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 582.378 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(29)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 582.378 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 582.378 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 582.378 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.03)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.497 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 15-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 566.497 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 566.497 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 566.497 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 566.497 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.74)] TJ ET BT 26.250 495.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, in Social Network Analysis, there is already established knowledge concerning the strength of small ties that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shadowed by the large connection of some nodes, which may be missed by a non-SNA expert. The concept of the strength of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(small ties is already common and can be found in the Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.314 473.414 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 385.951 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( What is also interesting is the fact that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.002 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 83.697 460.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality measures the true leaders on the ground, which brought some unfamiliar \(especially before the 2004 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Indian Ocean tsunami\) names to the humanitarian network in Indonesia such as Tearfund UK, World Relief, American Red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross, Mercy Malaysia, and so on. The result is rather counter-intuitive but indeed important for the government and preexisting )] TJ ET BT 26.250 424.288 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national network to recognize the emerging important actors on the field, for better humanitarian coordination.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.686 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(6. Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.731 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights for Network and Social Network Theory)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It is quite surprising that the diameter of humanitarian organizations is 5. Take any two organizations, of which one is any local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 336.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGO and the other is any international NGO, and the findings suggest that either the former or the latter will need, on average, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 324.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five intermediaries to get connected for transaction. This suggests that humanitarian actors network typology in the context of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 312.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(large catastrophic disasters in the developing world \(like Aceh, Indonesia\) reflects real-world individual networks, as shown by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(former studies such as the work by Milgram.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.970 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 221.788 304.596 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 224.198 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.835 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Milgram conducted an experiment where he targeted two persons in Boston by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sending 160 letters from Wichita, Kansas, and Omaha, Nebraska. His objective was to know how many links or intermediate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(persons were needed for any two people. Based on this experiment in the US, Milgram \(1967\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 433.761 278.405 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 443.398 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that the distance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two people is connected by 5.2 intermediate persons, or degrees of separation. Dodds, Muhamad and Watts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.089 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(experimented with 60,000 email users in an attempt to reach one of 18 target persons in 13 countries by forwarding messages )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.184 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to acquaintances, which involved 24,163 email chains; only 1.59% reached the targets. Their network is a small-world network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.279 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which concludes that social searches can reach their targets in a median of five to seven steps, depending on the separation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.374 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(source and target, although small variations in chain lengths and participation rates generate large differences in target )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reachability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 81.513 206.977 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 186.065 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The measure of network diameter is important because it shows the maximum distance between any two disaster response )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.160 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. The implication of the network diameter in times of emergency intervention is more serious than Milgrams )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.255 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ordinary social network. It is about life and death decisions and where organizations should get connected to achieve their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.351 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(common goals in saving lives and rebuilding the livelihoods of survivors. This means that if high authoritative agencies such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.446 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the)] TJ ET BT 26.250 119.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction authority BRR and United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) were willing to ensure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(level of quality control for a thousand organizations, they could simply send emails to all of them. However, how could they get )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.232 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the addresses or emails of those organizations? It may seem obvious that by reaching through the humanitarian clusters, they )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(could reach the other organizations that were partners of the cluster members. The thing is, how can the noncluster actors be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(connected? Reaching out to all the actors is obviously a heavy task. One can argue that the authorities can simply use other )] TJ ET BT 26.250 59.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(forms of media. However, the realities on the ground are not that simple. The author argues that the flow of technical knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 47.613 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that ensures quality of implementation often flows according to the flow of grants. Implementing partners and aid distributors to )] TJ ET Q q 15.000 33.327 577.500 743.673 re W n q 26.250 763.264 555.000 13.736 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 766.011 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Table 3. Shrinked network)] TJ ET Q 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 26.250 732.356 555.000 23.407 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG 26.250 755.764 m 581.250 755.764 l 580.500 755.014 l 27.000 755.014 l f 581.250 755.764 m 581.250 732.356 l 580.500 732.356 l 580.500 755.014 l f 26.250 755.764 m 26.250 732.356 l 27.000 732.356 l 27.000 755.014 l f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 33.000 741.688 Td /F1 9.0 Tf [(Source: Author. Data from BRR April 2007. The calculation uses Pajek mode 1 \(directed network\).)] TJ ET 1.000 1.000 1.000 rg 26.250 550.240 555.000 182.116 re f 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 27.000 719.326 160.074 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 731.231 160.449 0.750 re f 26.625 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.500 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Shrinked networks)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 187.074 719.326 102.699 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 187.074 731.231 102.699 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.574 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 289.772 719.326 106.352 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.772 731.231 106.352 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.272 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of nodes)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 396.124 719.326 88.899 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 396.124 731.231 88.899 0.750 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.624 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(# of links)] TJ ET 0.965 0.965 0.965 rg 485.023 719.326 95.477 12.280 re f 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 485.023 731.231 95.852 0.750 re f 580.125 718.951 0.750 13.030 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.523 722.082 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(% of links)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 718.951 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 718.951 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(249)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 718.951 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(31.05)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 718.951 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(478)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 718.951 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 703.070 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 709.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(48.93)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 703.070 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3-core)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 703.070 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(76)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 703.070 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.48)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 703.070 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(186)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 703.070 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 580.125 598.259 0.750 105.561 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 693.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.04)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 598.259 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 5-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 598.259 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(92)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 598.259 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.47)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 598.259 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(160)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 598.259 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 582.378 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 588.404 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.38)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 582.378 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 10-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 582.378 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(29)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 582.378 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 582.378 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(42)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 582.378 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 566.497 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 572.523 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.03)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 26.625 566.497 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 160.824 0.750 re f 26.625 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 31.875 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(? 15-degree nodes)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 186.699 566.497 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 103.449 0.750 re f 186.699 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 191.949 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 289.397 566.497 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 107.102 0.750 re f 289.397 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 294.647 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.62)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 395.749 566.497 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 89.649 0.750 re f 395.749 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 400.999 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg 484.648 566.497 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 96.227 0.750 re f 484.648 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 580.125 550.615 0.750 16.631 re f 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 489.898 556.642 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.74)] TJ ET BT 26.250 495.717 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(However, in Social Network Analysis, there is already established knowledge concerning the strength of small ties that may be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 483.812 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(shadowed by the large connection of some nodes, which may be missed by a non-SNA expert. The concept of the strength of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(small ties is already common and can be found in the Nooy, Mrvar, and Batagelj.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 376.314 473.414 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(22)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 385.951 471.907 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( What is also interesting is the fact that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 460.002 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 83.697 460.002 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( centrality measures the true leaders on the ground, which brought some unfamiliar \(especially before the 2004 )] TJ ET BT 26.250 448.098 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Indian Ocean tsunami\) names to the humanitarian network in Indonesia such as Tearfund UK, World Relief, American Red )] TJ ET BT 26.250 436.193 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Cross, Mercy Malaysia, and so on. The result is rather counter-intuitive but indeed important for the government and preexisting )] TJ ET BT 26.250 424.288 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national network to recognize the emerging important actors on the field, for better humanitarian coordination.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 387.686 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(6. Discussion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 367.731 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights for Network and Social Network Theory)] TJ ET BT 26.250 348.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(It is quite surprising that the diameter of humanitarian organizations is 5. Take any two organizations, of which one is any local )] TJ ET BT 26.250 336.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(NGO and the other is any international NGO, and the findings suggest that either the former or the latter will need, on average, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 324.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(five intermediaries to get connected for transaction. This suggests that humanitarian actors network typology in the context of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 312.612 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(large catastrophic disasters in the developing world \(like Aceh, Indonesia\) reflects real-world individual networks, as shown by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(former studies such as the work by Milgram.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 216.970 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(5)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 221.788 304.596 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 224.198 302.215 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 233.835 300.708 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Milgram conducted an experiment where he targeted two persons in Boston by )] TJ ET BT 26.250 288.803 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(sending 160 letters from Wichita, Kansas, and Omaha, Nebraska. His objective was to know how many links or intermediate )] TJ ET BT 26.250 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(persons were needed for any two people. Based on this experiment in the US, Milgram \(1967\))] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 433.761 278.405 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 443.398 276.898 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( found that the distance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 264.993 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(between any two people is connected by 5.2 intermediate persons, or degrees of separation. Dodds, Muhamad and Watts )] TJ ET BT 26.250 253.089 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(experimented with 60,000 email users in an attempt to reach one of 18 target persons in 13 countries by forwarding messages )] TJ ET BT 26.250 241.184 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(to acquaintances, which involved 24,163 email chains; only 1.59% reached the targets. Their network is a small-world network )] TJ ET BT 26.250 229.279 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which concludes that social searches can reach their targets in a median of five to seven steps, depending on the separation of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 217.374 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(source and target, although small variations in chain lengths and participation rates generate large differences in target )] TJ ET BT 26.250 205.470 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reachability.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 81.513 206.977 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 186.065 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The measure of network diameter is important because it shows the maximum distance between any two disaster response )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.160 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(organizations. The implication of the network diameter in times of emergency intervention is more serious than Milgrams )] TJ ET BT 26.250 162.255 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(ordinary social network. It is about life and death decisions and where organizations should get connected to achieve their )] TJ ET BT 26.250 150.351 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(common goals in saving lives and rebuilding the livelihoods of survivors. This means that if high authoritative agencies such as )] TJ ET BT 26.250 138.446 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the)] TJ ET BT 26.250 119.041 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction authority BRR and United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) were willing to ensure )] TJ ET BT 26.250 107.136 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(level of quality control for a thousand organizations, they could simply send emails to all of them. However, how could they get )] TJ ET BT 26.250 95.232 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the addresses or emails of those organizations? It may seem obvious that by reaching through the humanitarian clusters, they )] TJ ET BT 26.250 83.327 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(could reach the other organizations that were partners of the cluster members. The thing is, how can the noncluster actors be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 71.422 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(connected? Reaching out to all the actors is obviously a heavy task. One can argue that the authorities can simply use other )] TJ ET BT 26.250 59.517 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(forms of media. However, the realities on the ground are not that simple. The author argues that the flow of technical knowledge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 47.613 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that ensures quality of implementation often flows according to the flow of grants. Implementing partners and aid distributors to )] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(9)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 301 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 302 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 376.3140 472.6127 385.9513 481.4310 ] >> endobj 302 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 303 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 304 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 216.9698 301.4132 221.7884 310.2315 ] >> endobj 304 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 305 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 306 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 224.1978 301.4132 233.8351 310.2315 ] >> endobj 306 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 307 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 308 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 433.7610 277.6037 443.3983 286.4220 ] >> endobj 308 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 309 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 310 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 81.5130 206.1752 91.1503 214.9935 ] >> endobj 310 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 311 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 312 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 376.3140 472.6127 385.9513 481.4310 ] >> endobj 312 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 313 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 314 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 216.9698 301.4132 221.7884 310.2315 ] >> endobj 314 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 315 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 316 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 224.1978 301.4132 233.8351 310.2315 ] >> endobj 316 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 317 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 318 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 433.7610 277.6037 443.3983 286.4220 ] >> endobj 318 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 319 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 320 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 81.5130 206.1752 91.1503 214.9935 ] >> endobj 320 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 321 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 322 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 376.3140 472.6127 385.9513 481.4310 ] >> endobj 322 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 323 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 324 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 216.9698 301.4132 221.7884 310.2315 ] >> endobj 324 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 325 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 326 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 224.1978 301.4132 233.8351 310.2315 ] >> endobj 326 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 327 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 328 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 433.7610 277.6037 443.3983 286.4220 ] >> endobj 328 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 329 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 330 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 81.5130 206.1752 91.1503 214.9935 ] >> endobj 330 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 331 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 333 0 R 335 0 R 337 0 R 339 0 R 341 0 R 343 0 R 345 0 R 347 0 R 349 0 R 351 0 R 353 0 R 355 0 R 357 0 R 359 0 R 361 0 R 363 0 R 365 0 R 367 0 R ] /Contents 332 0 R >> endobj 332 0 obj << /Length 29342 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg 0.267 0.267 0.267 RG q 15.000 23.429 577.500 753.571 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities tend to only comply with their funders. The intention to avoid overlaps of aid cannot be fully controlled along the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(almost 1000 kilometers of affected coastal communities \(from the Nias Islands to south of Aceh to the west of Aceh and to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(far east of Aceh\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research shows the )] TJ ET BT 134.621 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 164.973 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution follows power law due to the preferential attachment phenomenon,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 509.089 725.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(27)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 518.727 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( where some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the most highly connected nodes are those that are the leads of humanitarian clusters. More important, the cluster leads )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often play intermediary roles that connect NGOs, governments, donors and private sectors. The birth of new NGOs after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters is likely to be connected to certain highly connected nodes. The implication of this finding is that for other large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters in the developing world, such as Haiti, Myanmar and Pakistan, the networks structure is more than likely the same. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This begs for more investigation and research.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(What is unique about this research is the fact that it is not an experimental research. It is based on the real records concerning )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1300 financial updates from almost 800 different organizations. Even though it does not reflect the absolute number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian and reconstruction organizations in Aceh during 2005/2007, the recorded list is estimated to be more than half of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the total actors. In addition, all of these international and national actors were more or less used to visiting or to being based for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a certain period of time in Aceh Province and the Nias Island during 2005/2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The question remains whether all of the links between the nodes can only be explained by financial transaction. The answer is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of course, not necessarily. Email communications can be one of the options. However, getting all the email records from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is also a serious challenge. The most important steps in network analysis are clearly defining what are the nodes and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links represented. In this exercise, the links are the financial transactions. The nodes are the organizations. Therefore, for future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(research, one could investigate more complex dimensions where the nodes can be any organization and any individual and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links can either be more broadly defined \(financial transactions, knowledge and innovation sharing and standards\) or more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(specific in relations, such as informal gatherings of individuals.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights of network theory for disasters studies)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The findings have significant implications for disaster management communities. Field coordination of humanitarian emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is a complex and difficult task. The author did not expect to find that the network typology of humanitarian and post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster reconstruction actors is similar to real world social networks.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 322.075 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 331.712 448.150 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 334.121 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.759 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Despite critics concerns over Milgrams)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 517.660 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.297 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( incomplete )] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chain of letters to the targeted subject, the incomplete chain of letters reflects the real world difficulties of doing coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the problems of policy coordination in real, chaotic disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The use of Acehs reconstruction updates provides more realistic views of the organizational coordination. It is also noted that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the emergence of hubs in humanitarian networks, namely humanitarian clusters, are proven to be central nodes. Therefore, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governing post-disaster interventions can be better guided by understanding this phenomenon. United Nations agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local authorities can improve coordination effectiveness through the existing humanitarian clusters. What is lacking is that some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hubs are not included in the \(traditional\) humanitarian clusters. Therefore, the vision of coordination should move beyond the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing humanitarian clusters. Ramalingam et al. highlights that cross-organizational networks have played pivotal roles in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions in recent decades.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 225.667 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 235.304 333.508 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 237.713 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(When a disaster emergency occurs at the scale of, or larger than, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, there can suddenly develop )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an ad-hoc big-bang formation of humanitarian emergency networks. The networks often grew and then faded away. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore, they may be transformed into new network structures. Key government agencies were often not able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehend the complexity, and the network novelty grows as thousands of events \(intervention projects\) occur during the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(emergency and reconstruction phases. The emergency network may later transform into a new network as new reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and recovery begins in a new disaster affected area in another part of the world.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disasters in developing countries triggered more than a hundred donor countries, hundreds of international NGOs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that also serve as donors, and created the new formation of local NGOs in Aceh and Sri Lanka; Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(devastating earthquake in Haiti, and floods in Pakistan 2010 led to the recruitment of thousands reconstruction workers from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hundreds of NGOs.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis can be done as the events \(or humanitarian responses\) occur on the ground. It may create opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(respective authorities to play smart coordination roles through several informed decentralized systems. Organizations like )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA have often played roles in the first week of disasters in developing worlds like Indonesia. Their approach, to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(who is doing what where and when, can be rapidly analyzed regularly in the field. However, this requires human resources )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which are often not locally available. Nevertheless, as long as there is accurate information concerning who is doing what )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where and when and as long as there is qualified staff at headquarters, the analysis can be done and networks can be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored regularly. In addition, if this can be done, the formation of a network and the burst of the network can be adequately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored before, during and after humanitarian mission.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There is confirmed evidence that post-disaster intervention after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami emerged as a governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network. The involvement of actors and stakeholders \(from the local to the global level\) ranged from local NGOs, to national and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.620 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local governments, to international financial institutions and the United Nations, to universities, private firms, bilateral aid and so )] TJ ET BT 26.250 37.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on. Government is not the only central actor, as there are many central actors as evidenced by the centrality analysis \()] TJ ET BT 535.639 37.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 23.429 577.500 753.571 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities tend to only comply with their funders. The intention to avoid overlaps of aid cannot be fully controlled along the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(almost 1000 kilometers of affected coastal communities \(from the Nias Islands to south of Aceh to the west of Aceh and to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(far east of Aceh\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research shows the )] TJ ET BT 134.621 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 164.973 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution follows power law due to the preferential attachment phenomenon,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 509.089 725.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(27)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 518.727 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( where some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the most highly connected nodes are those that are the leads of humanitarian clusters. More important, the cluster leads )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often play intermediary roles that connect NGOs, governments, donors and private sectors. The birth of new NGOs after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters is likely to be connected to certain highly connected nodes. The implication of this finding is that for other large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters in the developing world, such as Haiti, Myanmar and Pakistan, the networks structure is more than likely the same. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This begs for more investigation and research.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(What is unique about this research is the fact that it is not an experimental research. It is based on the real records concerning )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1300 financial updates from almost 800 different organizations. Even though it does not reflect the absolute number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian and reconstruction organizations in Aceh during 2005/2007, the recorded list is estimated to be more than half of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the total actors. In addition, all of these international and national actors were more or less used to visiting or to being based for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a certain period of time in Aceh Province and the Nias Island during 2005/2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The question remains whether all of the links between the nodes can only be explained by financial transaction. The answer is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of course, not necessarily. Email communications can be one of the options. However, getting all the email records from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is also a serious challenge. The most important steps in network analysis are clearly defining what are the nodes and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links represented. In this exercise, the links are the financial transactions. The nodes are the organizations. Therefore, for future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(research, one could investigate more complex dimensions where the nodes can be any organization and any individual and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links can either be more broadly defined \(financial transactions, knowledge and innovation sharing and standards\) or more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(specific in relations, such as informal gatherings of individuals.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights of network theory for disasters studies)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The findings have significant implications for disaster management communities. Field coordination of humanitarian emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is a complex and difficult task. The author did not expect to find that the network typology of humanitarian and post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster reconstruction actors is similar to real world social networks.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 322.075 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 331.712 448.150 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 334.121 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.759 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Despite critics concerns over Milgrams)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 517.660 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.297 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( incomplete )] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chain of letters to the targeted subject, the incomplete chain of letters reflects the real world difficulties of doing coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the problems of policy coordination in real, chaotic disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The use of Acehs reconstruction updates provides more realistic views of the organizational coordination. It is also noted that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the emergence of hubs in humanitarian networks, namely humanitarian clusters, are proven to be central nodes. Therefore, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governing post-disaster interventions can be better guided by understanding this phenomenon. United Nations agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local authorities can improve coordination effectiveness through the existing humanitarian clusters. What is lacking is that some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hubs are not included in the \(traditional\) humanitarian clusters. Therefore, the vision of coordination should move beyond the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing humanitarian clusters. Ramalingam et al. highlights that cross-organizational networks have played pivotal roles in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions in recent decades.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 225.667 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 235.304 333.508 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 237.713 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(When a disaster emergency occurs at the scale of, or larger than, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, there can suddenly develop )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an ad-hoc big-bang formation of humanitarian emergency networks. The networks often grew and then faded away. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore, they may be transformed into new network structures. Key government agencies were often not able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehend the complexity, and the network novelty grows as thousands of events \(intervention projects\) occur during the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(emergency and reconstruction phases. The emergency network may later transform into a new network as new reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and recovery begins in a new disaster affected area in another part of the world.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disasters in developing countries triggered more than a hundred donor countries, hundreds of international NGOs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that also serve as donors, and created the new formation of local NGOs in Aceh and Sri Lanka; Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(devastating earthquake in Haiti, and floods in Pakistan 2010 led to the recruitment of thousands reconstruction workers from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hundreds of NGOs.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis can be done as the events \(or humanitarian responses\) occur on the ground. It may create opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(respective authorities to play smart coordination roles through several informed decentralized systems. Organizations like )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA have often played roles in the first week of disasters in developing worlds like Indonesia. Their approach, to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(who is doing what where and when, can be rapidly analyzed regularly in the field. However, this requires human resources )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which are often not locally available. Nevertheless, as long as there is accurate information concerning who is doing what )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where and when and as long as there is qualified staff at headquarters, the analysis can be done and networks can be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored regularly. In addition, if this can be done, the formation of a network and the burst of the network can be adequately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored before, during and after humanitarian mission.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There is confirmed evidence that post-disaster intervention after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami emerged as a governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network. The involvement of actors and stakeholders \(from the local to the global level\) ranged from local NGOs, to national and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.620 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local governments, to international financial institutions and the United Nations, to universities, private firms, bilateral aid and so )] TJ ET BT 26.250 37.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on. Government is not the only central actor, as there are many central actors as evidenced by the centrality analysis \()] TJ ET BT 535.639 37.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 23.429 577.500 753.571 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(communities tend to only comply with their funders. The intention to avoid overlaps of aid cannot be fully controlled along the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(almost 1000 kilometers of affected coastal communities \(from the Nias Islands to south of Aceh to the west of Aceh and to the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 743.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(far east of Aceh\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This research shows the )] TJ ET BT 134.621 724.262 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET BT 164.973 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( distribution follows power law due to the preferential attachment phenomenon,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 509.089 725.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(27)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 518.727 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( where some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of the most highly connected nodes are those that are the leads of humanitarian clusters. More important, the cluster leads )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(often play intermediary roles that connect NGOs, governments, donors and private sectors. The birth of new NGOs after )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters is likely to be connected to certain highly connected nodes. The implication of this finding is that for other large-scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disasters in the developing world, such as Haiti, Myanmar and Pakistan, the networks structure is more than likely the same. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This begs for more investigation and research.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(What is unique about this research is the fact that it is not an experimental research. It is based on the real records concerning )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1300 financial updates from almost 800 different organizations. Even though it does not reflect the absolute number of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(humanitarian and reconstruction organizations in Aceh during 2005/2007, the recorded list is estimated to be more than half of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the total actors. In addition, all of these international and national actors were more or less used to visiting or to being based for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(a certain period of time in Aceh Province and the Nias Island during 2005/2007.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 578.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The question remains whether all of the links between the nodes can only be explained by financial transaction. The answer is, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(of course, not necessarily. Email communications can be one of the options. However, getting all the email records from the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is also a serious challenge. The most important steps in network analysis are clearly defining what are the nodes and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links represented. In this exercise, the links are the financial transactions. The nodes are the organizations. Therefore, for future )] TJ ET BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(research, one could investigate more complex dimensions where the nodes can be any organization and any individual and the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 518.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(links can either be more broadly defined \(financial transactions, knowledge and innovation sharing and standards\) or more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 506.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(specific in relations, such as informal gatherings of individuals.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F4 9.8 Tf [(Insights of network theory for disasters studies)] TJ ET BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The findings have significant implications for disaster management communities. Field coordination of humanitarian emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(actors is a complex and difficult task. The author did not expect to find that the network typology of humanitarian and post-)] TJ ET BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster reconstruction actors is similar to real world social networks.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 322.075 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 331.712 448.150 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 334.121 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(26)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 343.759 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( Despite critics concerns over Milgrams)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 517.660 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 527.297 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [( incomplete )] TJ ET BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(chain of letters to the targeted subject, the incomplete chain of letters reflects the real world difficulties of doing coordination )] TJ ET BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and the problems of policy coordination in real, chaotic disaster situations.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 401.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The use of Acehs reconstruction updates provides more realistic views of the organizational coordination. It is also noted that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 389.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the emergence of hubs in humanitarian networks, namely humanitarian clusters, are proven to be central nodes. Therefore, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(governing post-disaster interventions can be better guided by understanding this phenomenon. United Nations agencies and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local authorities can improve coordination effectiveness through the existing humanitarian clusters. What is lacking is that some )] TJ ET BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hubs are not included in the \(traditional\) humanitarian clusters. Therefore, the vision of coordination should move beyond the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(existing humanitarian clusters. Ramalingam et al. highlights that cross-organizational networks have played pivotal roles in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 329.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(post-disaster interventions in recent decades.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 225.667 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(25)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 235.304 333.508 Td /F1 8.7 Tf [(,)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 237.713 331.127 Td /F4 8.7 Tf [(28)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(When a disaster emergency occurs at the scale of, or larger than, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, there can suddenly develop )] TJ ET BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(an ad-hoc big-bang formation of humanitarian emergency networks. The networks often grew and then faded away. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Furthermore, they may be transformed into new network structures. Key government agencies were often not able to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehend the complexity, and the network novelty grows as thousands of events \(intervention projects\) occur during the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 262.596 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(emergency and reconstruction phases. The emergency network may later transform into a new network as new reconstruction )] TJ ET BT 26.250 250.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and recovery begins in a new disaster affected area in another part of the world.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disasters in developing countries triggered more than a hundred donor countries, hundreds of international NGOs )] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(that also serve as donors, and created the new formation of local NGOs in Aceh and Sri Lanka; Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, a )] TJ ET BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(devastating earthquake in Haiti, and floods in Pakistan 2010 led to the recruitment of thousands reconstruction workers from )] TJ ET BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(hundreds of NGOs.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 176.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(This analysis can be done as the events \(or humanitarian responses\) occur on the ground. It may create opportunities for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 164.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(respective authorities to play smart coordination roles through several informed decentralized systems. Organizations like )] TJ ET BT 26.250 152.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(OCHA have often played roles in the first week of disasters in developing worlds like Indonesia. Their approach, to document )] TJ ET BT 26.250 140.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(who is doing what where and when, can be rapidly analyzed regularly in the field. However, this requires human resources )] TJ ET BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(which are often not locally available. Nevertheless, as long as there is accurate information concerning who is doing what )] TJ ET BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(where and when and as long as there is qualified staff at headquarters, the analysis can be done and networks can be )] TJ ET BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored regularly. In addition, if this can be done, the formation of a network and the burst of the network can be adequately )] TJ ET BT 26.250 92.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(monitored before, during and after humanitarian mission.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 73.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There is confirmed evidence that post-disaster intervention after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami emerged as a governance )] TJ ET BT 26.250 61.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network. The involvement of actors and stakeholders \(from the local to the global level\) ranged from local NGOs, to national and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 49.620 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(local governments, to international financial institutions and the United Nations, to universities, private firms, bilateral aid and so )] TJ ET BT 26.250 37.715 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(on. Government is not the only central actor, as there are many central actors as evidenced by the centrality analysis \()] TJ ET BT 535.639 37.715 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(degree)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(10)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 333 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 334 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 509.0895 724.9674 518.7268 733.7858 ] >> endobj 334 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 335 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 336 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 322.0747 444.9677 331.7121 453.7860 ] >> endobj 336 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 337 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 338 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 334.1214 444.9677 343.7588 453.7860 ] >> endobj 338 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 339 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 340 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 517.6598 444.9677 527.2971 453.7860 ] >> endobj 340 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 341 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 342 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 225.6668 330.3249 235.3041 339.1433 ] >> endobj 342 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 343 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 344 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 237.7134 330.3249 247.3508 339.1433 ] >> endobj 344 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 345 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 346 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 509.0895 724.9674 518.7268 733.7858 ] >> endobj 346 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 347 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 348 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 322.0747 444.9677 331.7121 453.7860 ] >> endobj 348 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 349 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 350 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 334.1214 444.9677 343.7588 453.7860 ] >> endobj 350 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 351 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 352 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 517.6598 444.9677 527.2971 453.7860 ] >> endobj 352 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 353 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 354 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 225.6668 330.3249 235.3041 339.1433 ] >> endobj 354 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 355 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 356 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 237.7134 330.3249 247.3508 339.1433 ] >> endobj 356 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 357 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 358 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 509.0895 724.9674 518.7268 733.7858 ] >> endobj 358 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 359 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 360 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 322.0747 444.9677 331.7121 453.7860 ] >> endobj 360 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 361 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 362 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 334.1214 444.9677 343.7588 453.7860 ] >> endobj 362 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 363 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 364 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 517.6598 444.9677 527.2971 453.7860 ] >> endobj 364 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 365 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 366 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 225.6668 330.3249 235.3041 339.1433 ] >> endobj 366 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 367 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 368 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 237.7134 330.3249 247.3508 339.1433 ] >> endobj 368 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 369 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 370 0 R >> endobj 370 0 obj << /Length 20969 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 45.893 577.500 731.107 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and )] TJ ET BT 45.224 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 102.671 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This confirms both the theory and the hypothesis that post-disaster governance emerges as a polycentric )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network with many centers of authority that devise responsibility for post-disaster intervention.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The exercise can go beyond the grantors-grantees relationship as presented in this paper. Real exercises on the ground )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(should be possible, and network theory can help coordinating agencies, such as disaster risk management authorities \(local and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national\) and international humanitarian coordinating agencies such as OCHA, and other humanitarian clusters leaders to map )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the complex landscape of post-disaster intervention in order to inform their actions to provide more effective and efficient )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. Based on the experience from Aceh, the author also suggests that the concept of humanitarian cluster approaches )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(can be strengthen using social network analysis. This can certainly help both national and international intervention systems to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be more effective and efficient.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The emergence of hubs highlights the strength of a disaster governance framework, because the hubs are in fact multiple )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centers where command and resources are flowed through to the fields. This is the polycentric feature of emergency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction management. It promotes the notion that there are many overlapping centers of authority and responsibility for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster risk reduction and post-disaster intervention. It can be concluded that the structure of a post-disaster system is highly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decentralized. Therefore, any effort to guarantee the quality of interventions must understand the nature of the network. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon is called networked governance of post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 549.207 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(7. Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disaster risks bring their own typology of actors networks. However, the network is not randomly formed. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Interestingly, the network diameter reflects the real world network. This seems to be counter intuitive, as people may think that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the level of ties or connection between any two humanitarian actors in a specific disaster affected geography can be less than )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(real world individual networks. It is clear that without understanding the landscape of complexity, government authority may not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be able to create organized behavior among nearly thousands of reconstruction players to guaranty quality in emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention and reconstruction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are limitations in this research. Despite clear operational benefits of this approach, future works should provide more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(empirical evidence from recent large-scale disasters beyond financial transaction. This analysis is limited to principal-client )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(networks among donors and implementers, regardless of the localities where they work. More exploration on the different use of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social network analytical tools for disaster studies is suggested. Cases from Haiti can also be presented in the future \(work in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(progress\). The application of the theory is arguably wide and can be applied in the wider context of disaster research. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(includes more valuable measurements such as the density of a network that can be measured over different periods of time )] TJ ET BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(rather than treating the network as a single period\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster governance is therefore not entirely unique. It is rather a microcosmos of real world networks. However, more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive study concerning the type and scale of disasters and their typical networks may guide authorities in the United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations and governments to perform better in future post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.079 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interest Declaration)] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist. This research is an independent work.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.522 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 222.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The quality of this paper improved due to constructive reviews from the reviewers and editor at PLOS Current Disasters. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 210.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author would like to thank Indonesia Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 6th )] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2011, in Conjunction with 4th South China )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.854 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Sea Tsunami Workshop. The draft was also shared online as a working paper of IRGSC \(www.irgsc.org\). The views in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.949 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper is the authors own.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.847 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stumpenhorst, Miriam; Stumpenhorst, Rolf; and Razum; Oliver \(2011\) The UN OCHA cluster approach: gaps between )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(theory and practice. Journal of Public Health Volume 19\(6\): 587-592.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pandya, Chhandasi \(2006\) Private Authority and Disaster Relief: The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.178 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Studies 38\(2\): 298-308.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 55.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hardin, Garrett \(1968\) "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science 162 \(3859\): 12431248)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 45.893 577.500 731.107 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and )] TJ ET BT 45.224 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 102.671 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This confirms both the theory and the hypothesis that post-disaster governance emerges as a polycentric )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network with many centers of authority that devise responsibility for post-disaster intervention.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The exercise can go beyond the grantors-grantees relationship as presented in this paper. Real exercises on the ground )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(should be possible, and network theory can help coordinating agencies, such as disaster risk management authorities \(local and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national\) and international humanitarian coordinating agencies such as OCHA, and other humanitarian clusters leaders to map )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the complex landscape of post-disaster intervention in order to inform their actions to provide more effective and efficient )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. Based on the experience from Aceh, the author also suggests that the concept of humanitarian cluster approaches )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(can be strengthen using social network analysis. This can certainly help both national and international intervention systems to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be more effective and efficient.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The emergence of hubs highlights the strength of a disaster governance framework, because the hubs are in fact multiple )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centers where command and resources are flowed through to the fields. This is the polycentric feature of emergency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction management. It promotes the notion that there are many overlapping centers of authority and responsibility for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster risk reduction and post-disaster intervention. It can be concluded that the structure of a post-disaster system is highly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decentralized. Therefore, any effort to guarantee the quality of interventions must understand the nature of the network. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon is called networked governance of post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 549.207 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(7. Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disaster risks bring their own typology of actors networks. However, the network is not randomly formed. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Interestingly, the network diameter reflects the real world network. This seems to be counter intuitive, as people may think that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the level of ties or connection between any two humanitarian actors in a specific disaster affected geography can be less than )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(real world individual networks. It is clear that without understanding the landscape of complexity, government authority may not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be able to create organized behavior among nearly thousands of reconstruction players to guaranty quality in emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention and reconstruction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are limitations in this research. Despite clear operational benefits of this approach, future works should provide more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(empirical evidence from recent large-scale disasters beyond financial transaction. This analysis is limited to principal-client )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(networks among donors and implementers, regardless of the localities where they work. More exploration on the different use of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social network analytical tools for disaster studies is suggested. Cases from Haiti can also be presented in the future \(work in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(progress\). The application of the theory is arguably wide and can be applied in the wider context of disaster research. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(includes more valuable measurements such as the density of a network that can be measured over different periods of time )] TJ ET BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(rather than treating the network as a single period\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster governance is therefore not entirely unique. It is rather a microcosmos of real world networks. However, more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive study concerning the type and scale of disasters and their typical networks may guide authorities in the United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations and governments to perform better in future post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.079 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interest Declaration)] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist. This research is an independent work.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.522 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 222.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The quality of this paper improved due to constructive reviews from the reviewers and editor at PLOS Current Disasters. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 210.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author would like to thank Indonesia Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 6th )] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2011, in Conjunction with 4th South China )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.854 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Sea Tsunami Workshop. The draft was also shared online as a working paper of IRGSC \(www.irgsc.org\). The views in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.949 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper is the authors own.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.847 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stumpenhorst, Miriam; Stumpenhorst, Rolf; and Razum; Oliver \(2011\) The UN OCHA cluster approach: gaps between )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(theory and practice. Journal of Public Health Volume 19\(6\): 587-592.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(2.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 87.083 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Pandya, Chhandasi \(2006\) Private Authority and Disaster Relief: The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.178 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Studies 38\(2\): 298-308.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(3.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 55.773 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Hardin, Garrett \(1968\) "The Tragedy of the Commons". Science 162 \(3859\): 12431248)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 45.893 577.500 731.107 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and )] TJ ET BT 45.224 767.476 Td /F5 9.8 Tf [(betweenness)] TJ ET BT 102.671 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\). This confirms both the theory and the hypothesis that post-disaster governance emerges as a polycentric )] TJ ET BT 26.250 755.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(network with many centers of authority that devise responsibility for post-disaster intervention.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The exercise can go beyond the grantors-grantees relationship as presented in this paper. Real exercises on the ground )] TJ ET BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(should be possible, and network theory can help coordinating agencies, such as disaster risk management authorities \(local and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(national\) and international humanitarian coordinating agencies such as OCHA, and other humanitarian clusters leaders to map )] TJ ET BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the complex landscape of post-disaster intervention in order to inform their actions to provide more effective and efficient )] TJ ET BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention. Based on the experience from Aceh, the author also suggests that the concept of humanitarian cluster approaches )] TJ ET BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(can be strengthen using social network analysis. This can certainly help both national and international intervention systems to )] TJ ET BT 26.250 664.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be more effective and efficient.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The emergence of hubs highlights the strength of a disaster governance framework, because the hubs are in fact multiple )] TJ ET BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(centers where command and resources are flowed through to the fields. This is the polycentric feature of emergency and )] TJ ET BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(reconstruction management. It promotes the notion that there are many overlapping centers of authority and responsibility for )] TJ ET BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(disaster risk reduction and post-disaster intervention. It can be concluded that the structure of a post-disaster system is highly )] TJ ET BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(decentralized. Therefore, any effort to guarantee the quality of interventions must understand the nature of the network. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(phenomenon is called networked governance of post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 549.207 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(7. Conclusion)] TJ ET BT 26.250 529.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Large-scale disaster risks bring their own typology of actors networks. However, the network is not randomly formed. )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Interestingly, the network diameter reflects the real world network. This seems to be counter intuitive, as people may think that )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.443 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(the level of ties or connection between any two humanitarian actors in a specific disaster affected geography can be less than )] TJ ET BT 26.250 493.539 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(real world individual networks. It is clear that without understanding the landscape of complexity, government authority may not )] TJ ET BT 26.250 481.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(be able to create organized behavior among nearly thousands of reconstruction players to guaranty quality in emergency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 469.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(intervention and reconstruction.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 450.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(There are limitations in this research. Despite clear operational benefits of this approach, future works should provide more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 438.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(empirical evidence from recent large-scale disasters beyond financial transaction. This analysis is limited to principal-client )] TJ ET BT 26.250 426.515 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(networks among donors and implementers, regardless of the localities where they work. More exploration on the different use of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 414.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(social network analytical tools for disaster studies is suggested. Cases from Haiti can also be presented in the future \(work in )] TJ ET BT 26.250 402.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(progress\). The application of the theory is arguably wide and can be applied in the wider context of disaster research. This )] TJ ET BT 26.250 390.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(includes more valuable measurements such as the density of a network that can be measured over different periods of time )] TJ ET BT 26.250 378.896 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(\(rather than treating the network as a single period\).)] TJ ET BT 26.250 359.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Post-disaster governance is therefore not entirely unique. It is rather a microcosmos of real world networks. However, more )] TJ ET BT 26.250 347.586 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(comprehensive study concerning the type and scale of disasters and their typical networks may guide authorities in the United )] TJ ET BT 26.250 335.682 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nations and governments to perform better in future post-disaster interventions.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 299.079 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Competing Interest Declaration)] TJ ET BT 26.250 279.125 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The author has declared that no competing interests exist. This research is an independent work.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 242.522 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET BT 26.250 222.568 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The quality of this paper improved due to constructive reviews from the reviewers and editor at PLOS Current Disasters. The )] TJ ET BT 26.250 210.663 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(author would like to thank Indonesia Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 6th )] TJ ET BT 26.250 198.759 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Annual International Workshop & Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster & Recovery 2011, in Conjunction with 4th South China )] TJ ET BT 26.250 186.854 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Sea Tsunami Workshop. The draft was also shared online as a working paper of IRGSC \(www.irgsc.org\). The views in this )] TJ ET BT 26.250 174.949 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(paper is the authors own.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 145.847 Td /F4 12.0 Tf [(References)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(1.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 118.392 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stumpenhorst, Miriam; Stumpenhorst, Rolf; and Razum; Oliver \(2011\) The UN OCHA cluster approach: gaps between )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.488 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(theory and practice. 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American Review of Public Administration 36: 207-225.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda, Danielle M., Forgette, Rich., Banks, David., Contractor, Noshir. \(2007\) Social Network Methodology in the Study of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-Katrina Research. Popul Res Policy Rev, 2009\(28\):1129.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Magsino, Sammantha L. Ed. \(2009\) Applications of social network analysis for building community disaster resilience: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop summary. Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies, The National Academies )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2011\) Institutional vulnerability and governance of disaster risk reduction: macro, meso and micro scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment. PhD Thesis, University of Bonn.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 465.300 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2013\) Disaster Policy Change in Indonesia 1930-2010: From Government to Governance? International )] TJ ET BT 26.250 434.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, Vol 31\(2\): 130-159)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 426.359 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 407.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 407.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stoddard, Abby; Haver, Katherine; Salomons, Dirk; Wheeler, Victoria \(2007\) Cluster Approach Evaluation ODI Evaluation )] TJ ET BT 26.250 395.904 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Management and OCHA Evaluation and Studies Section \(ESS\) November 2007)] TJ ET BT 26.250 376.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 376.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stoker, Gerry \(2006\) Public Value Management A New Narrative for Networked Governance? American Review of Public )] TJ ET BT 26.250 364.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Administration Vol. 36 No 1 pp. 41-45.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 345.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 345.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Jones, C., Hesterly, W. and Borgatti, S. \(1997\) A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 333.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mechanism. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22\(4\): 911-945.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 313.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Crawford, Adam \(2006\) Networked governance and the post-regulatory state? Steering, rowing and anchoring the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provision of policing and security. Theoretical Criminology10\(4\): 449479.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 282.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 282.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Goldsmith, Stephen and Eggers, William D. \(2004\) Governing by network: the new shape of the public sector. Brookings )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Institution Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Barabsi, Albert-Laszlo \(2003\) Linked: How everything is connected to everything else and what I means for business, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 239.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(science and everyday life. London: Pinguin.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Castells, Manuel \(1996\) The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd edition, Blackwell: Oxford.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Scott, James \(2000\) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Sage Publication)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nooy, De Wouter, Mrvar Andrej and Batagelj Vladimir \(2005\) Exploratory Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University Press, New York.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(23.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Opsahl, Tore., Agneessens Filip, and Skvoretz John \(2010\) Node Centrality in Weighted Networks: Generalizing Degree )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Shortest Paths. Social Network 32: 245-251)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(24.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Arbesman, Samuel and Christakis Nicholas \(2010\) Leadership Insularity: A New Measure of Connectivity Between Central )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nodes in Networks. Connections 30\(1\): 4-10.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Travers, Jeffrey and Milgram, Stanley \(1969\) An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem. Sociometry, Vol. 32\(4\): )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.309 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(425-443.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., and Watts, D. J., \(2003\) An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(301: 827-829.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 34.119 577.500 742.881 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Boin, Arjen., Kelle, Peter., Whybark, D. Clay \(2010\) Resilient supply chains for extreme situations: Outlining a new field of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(study. Int. J. Production Economics 126: 16.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(David Fisher 2010 - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, presentation in International Risk )] TJ ET BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Forum in Davos, June 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kapucu, Naim, Arslan, Tolga and Collins, Lloyd Matthew \(2010\) Examining Intergovernmental and Interorganizational )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Response to Catastrophic Disasters: Toward a Network-Centered Approach. Administration & Society 42: 222.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Comfort, Louise K., Ko, Kilkon and Zagorecki, Adam \(2004\) Coordination in Rapidly Evolving Disaster Response Systems: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The Role of Information. American Behavioural Scientist 2004 48: 295.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Butts, Carter T., Petrescu-Prahova, Miruna and Cross, B. Remy \(2007\) Responder Communication Networks in the World )] TJ ET BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Trade Centre Disaster: Implications for Modelling of Communication Within Emergency Settings. Journal of Mathematical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Sociology, 31\(2\): 121-147.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kapucu, Naim \(2006\) Interagency Communication Networks During Emergencies: Boundary Spanners in Multiagency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Coordination. American Review of Public Administration 36: 207-225.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda, Danielle M., Forgette, Rich., Banks, David., Contractor, Noshir. \(2007\) Social Network Methodology in the Study of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-Katrina Research. Popul Res Policy Rev, 2009\(28\):1129.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Magsino, Sammantha L. Ed. \(2009\) Applications of social network analysis for building community disaster resilience: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop summary. Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies, The National Academies )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2011\) Institutional vulnerability and governance of disaster risk reduction: macro, meso and micro scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment. PhD Thesis, University of Bonn.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 465.300 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2013\) Disaster Policy Change in Indonesia 1930-2010: From Government to Governance? International )] TJ ET BT 26.250 434.845 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, Vol 31\(2\): 130-159)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 426.359 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 407.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(14.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 407.809 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stoddard, Abby; Haver, Katherine; Salomons, Dirk; Wheeler, Victoria \(2007\) Cluster Approach Evaluation ODI Evaluation )] TJ ET BT 26.250 395.904 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Management and OCHA Evaluation and Studies Section \(ESS\) November 2007)] TJ ET BT 26.250 376.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(15.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 376.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Stoker, Gerry \(2006\) Public Value Management A New Narrative for Networked Governance? American Review of Public )] TJ ET BT 26.250 364.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Administration Vol. 36 No 1 pp. 41-45.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 345.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(16.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 345.190 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Jones, C., Hesterly, W. and Borgatti, S. \(1997\) A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social )] TJ ET BT 26.250 333.285 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Mechanism. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22\(4\): 911-945.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 313.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(17.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 313.881 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Crawford, Adam \(2006\) Networked governance and the post-regulatory state? Steering, rowing and anchoring the )] TJ ET BT 26.250 301.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(provision of policing and security. Theoretical Criminology10\(4\): 449479.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 282.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(18.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 282.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Goldsmith, Stephen and Eggers, William D. \(2004\) Governing by network: the new shape of the public sector. Brookings )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Institution Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Barabsi, Albert-Laszlo \(2003\) Linked: How everything is connected to everything else and what I means for business, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 239.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(science and everyday life. London: Pinguin.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Castells, Manuel \(1996\) The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd edition, Blackwell: Oxford.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Scott, James \(2000\) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Sage Publication)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nooy, De Wouter, Mrvar Andrej and Batagelj Vladimir \(2005\) Exploratory Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University Press, New York.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(23.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Opsahl, Tore., Agneessens Filip, and Skvoretz John \(2010\) Node Centrality in Weighted Networks: Generalizing Degree )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Shortest Paths. Social Network 32: 245-251)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(24.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Arbesman, Samuel and Christakis Nicholas \(2010\) Leadership Insularity: A New Measure of Connectivity Between Central )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nodes in Networks. Connections 30\(1\): 4-10.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Travers, Jeffrey and Milgram, Stanley \(1969\) An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem. Sociometry, Vol. 32\(4\): )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.309 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(425-443.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., and Watts, D. J., \(2003\) An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(301: 827-829.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 34.119 577.500 742.881 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(4.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Boin, Arjen., Kelle, Peter., Whybark, D. Clay \(2010\) Resilient supply chains for extreme situations: Outlining a new field of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(study. Int. J. Production Economics 126: 16.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(5.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(David Fisher 2010 - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, presentation in International Risk )] TJ ET BT 26.250 716.762 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Forum in Davos, June 2010.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(6.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 697.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kapucu, Naim, Arslan, Tolga and Collins, Lloyd Matthew \(2010\) Examining Intergovernmental and Interorganizational )] TJ ET BT 26.250 685.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Response to Catastrophic Disasters: Toward a Network-Centered Approach. Administration & Society 42: 222.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(7.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 666.048 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Comfort, Louise K., Ko, Kilkon and Zagorecki, Adam \(2004\) Coordination in Rapidly Evolving Disaster Response Systems: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 654.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(The Role of Information. American Behavioural Scientist 2004 48: 295.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(8.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 634.738 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Butts, Carter T., Petrescu-Prahova, Miruna and Cross, B. Remy \(2007\) Responder Communication Networks in the World )] TJ ET BT 26.250 622.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Trade Centre Disaster: Implications for Modelling of Communication Within Emergency Settings. Journal of Mathematical )] TJ ET BT 26.250 610.929 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Sociology, 31\(2\): 121-147.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(9.)] TJ ET BT 38.132 591.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Kapucu, Naim \(2006\) Interagency Communication Networks During Emergencies: Boundary Spanners in Multiagency )] TJ ET BT 26.250 579.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Coordination. American Review of Public Administration 36: 207-225.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(10.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 560.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Varda, Danielle M., Forgette, Rich., Banks, David., Contractor, Noshir. \(2007\) Social Network Methodology in the Study of )] TJ ET BT 26.250 548.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Disasters: Issues and Insights Prompted by Post-Katrina Research. Popul Res Policy Rev, 2009\(28\):1129.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(11.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 528.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Magsino, Sammantha L. Ed. \(2009\) Applications of social network analysis for building community disaster resilience: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 517.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(workshop summary. Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies, The National Academies )] TJ ET BT 26.250 505.095 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(12.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 485.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2011\) Institutional vulnerability and governance of disaster risk reduction: macro, meso and micro scale )] TJ ET BT 26.250 473.786 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(assessment. PhD Thesis, University of Bonn.)] TJ ET 0.267 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 465.300 Td /F1 7.5 Tf [(REFERENCE LINK)] TJ ET 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(13.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 446.750 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Lassa, Jonatan \(2013\) Disaster Policy Change in Indonesia 1930-2010: From Government to Governance? 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Brookings )] TJ ET BT 26.250 270.666 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Institution Press: Washington.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(19.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 251.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Barabsi, Albert-Laszlo \(2003\) Linked: How everything is connected to everything else and what I means for business, )] TJ ET BT 26.250 239.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(science and everyday life. London: Pinguin.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(20.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 219.952 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Castells, Manuel \(1996\) The Rise of the Network Society. 2nd edition, Blackwell: Oxford.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(21.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 200.547 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Scott, James \(2000\) Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. Sage Publication)] TJ ET BT 26.250 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(22.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 181.143 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nooy, De Wouter, Mrvar Andrej and Batagelj Vladimir \(2005\) Exploratory Network Analysis with Pajek. Cambridge )] TJ ET BT 26.250 169.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(University Press, New York.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(23.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 149.833 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Opsahl, Tore., Agneessens Filip, and Skvoretz John \(2010\) Node Centrality in Weighted Networks: Generalizing Degree )] TJ ET BT 26.250 137.928 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(and Shortest Paths. Social Network 32: 245-251)] TJ ET BT 26.250 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(24.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 118.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Arbesman, Samuel and Christakis Nicholas \(2010\) Leadership Insularity: A New Measure of Connectivity Between Central )] TJ ET BT 26.250 106.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Nodes in Networks. Connections 30\(1\): 4-10.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(25.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 87.214 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Travers, Jeffrey and Milgram, Stanley \(1969\) An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem. Sociometry, Vol. 32\(4\): )] TJ ET BT 26.250 75.309 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(425-443.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(26.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 55.905 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Dodds, P. S., Muhamad, R., and Watts, D. J., \(2003\) An experimental study of search in global social networks. Science )] TJ ET BT 26.250 44.000 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(301: 827-829.)] TJ ET Q q 0.000 0.000 0.000 rg BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(12)] TJ ET BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET Q endstream endobj 373 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 374 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 464.6062 91.2600 472.2375 ] >> endobj 374 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2451/2451.pdf) >> endobj 375 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 376 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 425.6655 91.2600 433.2967 ] >> endobj 376 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://ijmed.org/issues/31/2/) >> endobj 377 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 378 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 464.6062 91.2600 472.2375 ] >> endobj 378 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2451/2451.pdf) >> endobj 379 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 380 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 425.6655 91.2600 433.2967 ] >> endobj 380 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://ijmed.org/issues/31/2/) >> endobj 381 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 382 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 464.6062 91.2600 472.2375 ] >> endobj 382 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2011/2451/2451.pdf) >> endobj 383 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 384 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 26.2500 425.6655 91.2600 433.2967 ] >> endobj 384 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://ijmed.org/issues/31/2/) >> endobj 385 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 386 0 R >> endobj 386 0 obj << /Length 1910 >> stream 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg q 15.000 711.286 577.500 65.714 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Barabsi, A.-L and Albert \(1999\). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286 \(5439\): 509512.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(28.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ramalingam, Ben; Mendizabal Enrique and Van Mierop Ed Schenkenberg \(2008\) Strengthening humanitarian networks: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Applying the network functions approach. ODI Background Notes April 2008.)] TJ ET Q q 15.000 711.286 577.500 65.714 re W n 0.271 0.267 0.267 rg BT 26.250 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(27.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 759.976 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Barabsi, A.-L and Albert \(1999\). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286 \(5439\): 509512.)] TJ ET BT 26.250 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(28.)] TJ ET BT 43.553 740.571 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Ramalingam, Ben; Mendizabal Enrique and Van Mierop Ed Schenkenberg \(2008\) Strengthening humanitarian networks: )] TJ ET BT 26.250 728.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf [(Applying the network functions approach. 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