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BT 88.398 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 445.497 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 396.440 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Report Card)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 376.486 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The World Humanitarian Summit \(WHS\) in Istanbul took place on May 23-24, 2016 with 9000 attendees from humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 364.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and disaster relief organizations, crisis-affected countries and governments. It was in part prompted by the terrific flow of )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 340.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conflict and disasters and the realization that broad reform is essential to move forward.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 321.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) conducted pre-WHS consultations with non-governmental )] TJ ET
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BT 399.298 299.065 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OCHA attempted to attract a large number of global leaders to the summit with all indication of conducting a formal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intergovernmental process. However, when only 50 non-G7 leaders indicated attendance,)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 218.629 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(orchestrated program left little room for exploration and emerging issues had to be discussed in casual conversation.)] TJ ET
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BT 153.529 163.510 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In 2015, 150 health facilities had been bombed, and in Syria over 220 systematically targeted )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 139.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The inclusion of these elements was a reasonable expectation since the summit was oriented towards organizations engaged in )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcomes of the World Humanitarian Summit were mixed with some refreshing new directions being endorsed and a lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systemic reform. The selective agenda and OCHAs lack of success in engaging pre-meeting political participation not only )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.719 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hampered the Summit�s ability to deal with global issues and institutional reform, but also alienated it from leading aid agencies )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.814 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and governments. The UN�s failure to commit to humanitarian principles and global disarray of the humanitarian system )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.909 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(indicates the need for extensive reform or a new global humanitarian body. This agency needs to employ a decentralized model )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 482.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(affected by both conflict and disasters, and professionalize the humanitarian career.�)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.497 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 425.543 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this work)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.440 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Report Card)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 376.486 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The World Humanitarian Summit \(WHS\) in Istanbul took place on May 23-24, 2016 with 9000 attendees from humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 364.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and disaster relief organizations, crisis-affected countries and governments. It was in part prompted by the terrific flow of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees from the Middle East to Europe, the growing gap in being able to meet the needs of displaced peoples affected by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 340.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conflict and disasters and the realization that broad reform is essential to move forward.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 321.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) conducted pre-WHS consultations with non-governmental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 309.462 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations \(NGOs\), academia, youth, and the private sector on 13 October 2015. This was followed by a global meeting on )] TJ ET
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BT 396.889 301.446 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 399.298 299.065 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OCHA attempted to attract a large number of global leaders to the summit with all indication of conducting a formal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intergovernmental process. However, when only 50 non-G7 leaders indicated attendance,)] TJ ET
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BT 413.179 267.755 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.997 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( representing a paltry 5.2% of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.343 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(global population, it may have determined that an �unofficial� exploratory approach would be more useful in advancing the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 242.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reform agenda at this stage in the process. Unfortunately, nation states prefer to participate when the outcomes are clear and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 230.534 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(may have felt disinclined to attend due to a lack of extensive political involvement and dialogue.)] TJ ET
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BT 437.037 232.041 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 441.856 230.534 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, the tightly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 218.629 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(orchestrated program left little room for exploration and emerging issues had to be discussed in casual conversation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.224 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Based on the outcomes of the pre-WHS process and the resulting agenda and participant list, some decided not to attend. Most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 187.320 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(notable was the absence of M�decins Sans Fronti�res \(MSF\), which was frustrated by the lack of attention to international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 175.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian law and civilian protection � two issues that greatly affect its own ability to operate and function effectively in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 163.510 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conflict-prone environments.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 148.710 165.017 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(5)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 153.529 163.510 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In 2015, 150 health facilities had been bombed, and in Syria over 220 systematically targeted )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 151.605 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(attacks were launched on separate medical facilities making a shambles of any �law of war� protections in the 21st Century.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 557.840 153.113 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(6)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 139.701 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The inclusion of these elements was a reasonable expectation since the summit was oriented towards organizations engaged in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 127.796 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian assistance, which needs to be bundled with legal and physical protection. Likewise, this neglect was a slight on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 115.891 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cooperation with the security sector, which is invariably called upon for assistance as soon as governments and NGOs cannot )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 103.986 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(cope. Clearly, today�s wars are pursued on the same barbaric belief last seen centuries ago: �the more egregiously and violent )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.082 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the war is waged the shorter it will be.�)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 72.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Conflict results in displaced peoples crossing borders and subsequent international assistance. Much of what happens in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 60.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian action is thus about politics and security, which requires the support of international law and the enforcement of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 48.867 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(accepted standards. Nevertheless, no clarity was forthcoming on the required conditions that must exist for a UN agency to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.963 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(initiate humanitarian action and exactly what relevance the Geneva Convention requirements have today. Without these issues )] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 718.042 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Report Card: Both )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 693.094 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Failing Marks and Substantive Gains for an Increasingly )] TJ ET
BT 15.000 668.146 Td /F2 21.0 Tf  [(Globalized Humanitarian Landscape)] TJ ET
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BT 15.000 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(August 30, 2016)] TJ ET
BT 83.523 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 88.398 650.140 Td /F3 9.8 Tf  [(Discussion)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Deon V. Canyon)] TJ ET
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BT 97.786 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(, )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 103.207 638.299 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Frederick M. Burkle Jr.)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 626.394 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(V. Canyon D, Burkle FM. The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Report Card: Both Failing Marks and Substantive Gains for an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 614.490 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Increasingly Globalized Humanitarian Landscape. PLOS Currents Disasters. 2016 Aug 30 . Edition 1. doi: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 602.585 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(10.1371/currents.dis.a94dd3e2f84d0a5abc179add7286851c.)] TJ ET
q
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BT 26.250 573.482 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Abstract)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 553.528 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Outcomes of the World Humanitarian Summit were mixed with some refreshing new directions being endorsed and a lack of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 541.623 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(systemic reform. The selective agenda and OCHAs lack of success in engaging pre-meeting political participation not only )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 529.719 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(hampered the Summit�s ability to deal with global issues and institutional reform, but also alienated it from leading aid agencies )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 517.814 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and governments. The UN�s failure to commit to humanitarian principles and global disarray of the humanitarian system )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 505.909 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(indicates the need for extensive reform or a new global humanitarian body. This agency needs to employ a decentralized model )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 494.004 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to manage aid funds, assume coordination of international responses, resolve civil-military coordination, cater for people )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 482.100 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(affected by both conflict and disasters, and professionalize the humanitarian career.�)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 445.497 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Funding Statement)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 425.543 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The authors received no specific funding for this work)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.440 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit Report Card)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 376.486 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The World Humanitarian Summit \(WHS\) in Istanbul took place on May 23-24, 2016 with 9000 attendees from humanitarian aid )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 364.581 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and disaster relief organizations, crisis-affected countries and governments. It was in part prompted by the terrific flow of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 352.677 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(refugees from the Middle East to Europe, the growing gap in being able to meet the needs of displaced peoples affected by )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 340.772 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conflict and disasters and the realization that broad reform is essential to move forward.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 321.367 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs \(OCHA\) conducted pre-WHS consultations with non-governmental )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 309.462 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(organizations \(NGOs\), academia, youth, and the private sector on 13 October 2015. This was followed by a global meeting on )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 297.558 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(14-16 Oct to capture the opinions, ideas and voices of the multitude of stakeholders. )] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 392.070 299.065 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(1)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 396.889 301.446 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 399.298 299.065 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 278.153 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(OCHA attempted to attract a large number of global leaders to the summit with all indication of conducting a formal )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(intergovernmental process. However, when only 50 non-G7 leaders indicated attendance,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 413.179 267.755 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 417.997 266.248 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( representing a paltry 5.2% of the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 254.343 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(global population, it may have determined that an �unofficial� exploratory approach would be more useful in advancing the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 242.439 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reform agenda at this stage in the process. Unfortunately, nation states prefer to participate when the outcomes are clear and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 230.534 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(may have felt disinclined to attend due to a lack of extensive political involvement and dialogue.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 437.037 232.041 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(4)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 441.856 230.534 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, the tightly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 218.629 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(orchestrated program left little room for exploration and emerging issues had to be discussed in casual conversation.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 199.224 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Based on the outcomes of the pre-WHS process and the resulting agenda and participant list, some decided not to attend. Most )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 187.320 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(notable was the absence of M�decins Sans Fronti�res \(MSF\), which was frustrated by the lack of attention to international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 175.415 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian law and civilian protection � two issues that greatly affect its own ability to operate and function effectively in )] TJ ET
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0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
q
15.000 21.991 577.500 755.009 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of law being resolved, the protection of assisters and the assisted continues to be problematic.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizers made the best of the situation and abandoned the prospect of political solutions and serious reform in favor of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(smaller, more achievable objectives. The outcomes reflected this predicament and manifested in the form of many fairly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(technical commitments, such as the �Grand Bargain,� the name given for a package of reforms to humanitarian funding designed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to make humanitarian assistance more �effective and efficient.� However, despite considerable attention to technical financial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solutions, the reforms were accused of being watered down during the negotiation process. Not much emerged to fill the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian aid gap or address the need for flexible multiyear financing and longer time-frames. It is hoped that efforts will now )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(turn towards monitoring action and accountability to avoid depressing effects on the ground.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There were also very positive outcomes with promising endeavors in the areas of localization, innovation and education. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fundamental shift on how to provide humanitarian assistance, especially in situations of protracted conflict, was promoted in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(new business model for the sector. The UN and international donors were asked to move from �What action we take� to �What )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(action you take with our support� to foster action by local organizations. The WHS provided a platform for an international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversation by humanitarian practitioners on the need for change and its endorsement of this shift lends the process new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(energy and direction. Under the Emergency Medical Team movement, local and national capacity should grow in leaps and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bounds once the UN and other local, national and international humanitarian players adopt this model.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 466.307 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This shift in the way that humanitarian assistance is provided is nothing new and some organizations have been transferring the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(burden of local effort to local organizations for a long time while they move command and control further afield. Other trends in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(innovation, recognizing the role of education and the relief-development relationship in protracted conflict and urban situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were inspiring.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.099 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is argued that the formal humanitarian system �faces a crisis of legitimacy, capacity and means, blocked by significant and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(enduring flaws that prevent it from being effective�.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 244.640 500.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.459 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This is not only due to increased frequency, magnitude, severity, duration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and complexity of crises. It is due to the UN failing to follow its own principles and breaking its own system.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, following the WHS, a scathing report revealed that the UN, by abdicating control of the delivery of aid in Syria to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Assad government, is in serious breach of the humanitarian principles of impartiality, independence and neutrality directly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resulting in the prevention of aid to those most in need.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.087 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 272.725 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In the 1980s in Africa, subsequent Security Council resolutions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sanctioned government interference in the delivery of food and medical aid. This resulted in unmitigated civilian deaths and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(starvation, but the UN has repeated this breach of principle. This represents a dramatic departure from the first goal of the WHS )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to �Reaffirm our commitment to humanity and humanitarian principles�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 328.051 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 337.689 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and the second core responsibility � to �uphold the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(norms that safeguard humanity.�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 166.601 398.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The WHS was in a way, recognition that the humanitarian system is dysfunctional. It encouraged the participation of a large )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people to foster open and productive dialogue in a massive information-sharing endeavor. It facilitated explicit and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(elevated, sector-wide, formal and informal policy discussion on humanitarian systems, structures and funding.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 498.764 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 503.583 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, it )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(failed to adequately address systemic issues and focused on piecemeal technical solutions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 322.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian aid is no longer only about the UN and donors. We need to move away from the current highly centralized model )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in which local and national NGOs only receive 0.2% of OECD Development Assistance Committee aid funding while UN )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agencies receive the bulk.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 138.970 299.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 143.788 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( A naturally evolving ecosystem of diverse actors that collectively represent and work for common )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian objectives is arising. The need to identify how to work cooperatively is driving the call for reform, which is the next )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(logical step that will influence how civil society, political entities and the security sector work together in the years to come.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 255.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The WHS was successful in promoting the idea of local ownership and leadership in humanitarian action, and this is an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 243.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(essential precursor to a structural reform of the humanitarian system. The summit has created pressure for change that is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expected from the next, soon to be elected UN Secretary General. Subsequent reform meetings should focus on why the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(current humanitarian system exists, who it serves, what behaviors it encourages, how this impacts on the delivery of aid, how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the world has changed, and how humanitarian standards and laws need to evolve to continue to be relevant and functional. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While powerful political support is required, it is the donors that hold the purse strings and it is them that need to support this )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reform.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 164.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We need a global humanitarian body employing a decentralized operational model to manage the flow of funds from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 152.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(governments and the cloud, and coordinate international responses. Such an agency would be able to end the divide between )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(aid organizations and the security sector and would cater not only for people affected by conflict, but also disasters. Such an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agency would be able to step in when small nations are unable to coordinate responses to overwhelming crises. The over )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(210,000 people working in humanitarian assistance also need legitimization which can be achieved by professionalizing the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian occupation.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 135.177 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 144.814 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 147.224 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.861 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The UN has demonstrated a failure to commit to its own humanitarian principles and is no longer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(qualified to lead this effort without far more significant reform.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 21.991 577.500 755.009 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of law being resolved, the protection of assisters and the assisted continues to be problematic.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizers made the best of the situation and abandoned the prospect of political solutions and serious reform in favor of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(smaller, more achievable objectives. The outcomes reflected this predicament and manifested in the form of many fairly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(technical commitments, such as the �Grand Bargain,� the name given for a package of reforms to humanitarian funding designed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to make humanitarian assistance more �effective and efficient.� However, despite considerable attention to technical financial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solutions, the reforms were accused of being watered down during the negotiation process. Not much emerged to fill the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian aid gap or address the need for flexible multiyear financing and longer time-frames. It is hoped that efforts will now )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(turn towards monitoring action and accountability to avoid depressing effects on the ground.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There were also very positive outcomes with promising endeavors in the areas of localization, innovation and education. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fundamental shift on how to provide humanitarian assistance, especially in situations of protracted conflict, was promoted in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(new business model for the sector. The UN and international donors were asked to move from �What action we take� to �What )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(action you take with our support� to foster action by local organizations. The WHS provided a platform for an international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversation by humanitarian practitioners on the need for change and its endorsement of this shift lends the process new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(energy and direction. Under the Emergency Medical Team movement, local and national capacity should grow in leaps and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bounds once the UN and other local, national and international humanitarian players adopt this model.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 466.307 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This shift in the way that humanitarian assistance is provided is nothing new and some organizations have been transferring the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(burden of local effort to local organizations for a long time while they move command and control further afield. Other trends in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(innovation, recognizing the role of education and the relief-development relationship in protracted conflict and urban situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were inspiring.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.099 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is argued that the formal humanitarian system �faces a crisis of legitimacy, capacity and means, blocked by significant and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(enduring flaws that prevent it from being effective�.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 244.640 500.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.459 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This is not only due to increased frequency, magnitude, severity, duration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and complexity of crises. It is due to the UN failing to follow its own principles and breaking its own system.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, following the WHS, a scathing report revealed that the UN, by abdicating control of the delivery of aid in Syria to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Assad government, is in serious breach of the humanitarian principles of impartiality, independence and neutrality directly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resulting in the prevention of aid to those most in need.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.087 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 272.725 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In the 1980s in Africa, subsequent Security Council resolutions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sanctioned government interference in the delivery of food and medical aid. This resulted in unmitigated civilian deaths and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(starvation, but the UN has repeated this breach of principle. This represents a dramatic departure from the first goal of the WHS )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to �Reaffirm our commitment to humanity and humanitarian principles�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 328.051 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 337.689 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( and the second core responsibility � to �uphold the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 396.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(norms that safeguard humanity.�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 166.601 398.150 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(2)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 377.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The WHS was in a way, recognition that the humanitarian system is dysfunctional. It encouraged the participation of a large )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 365.334 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(number of people to foster open and productive dialogue in a massive information-sharing endeavor. It facilitated explicit and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(elevated, sector-wide, formal and informal policy discussion on humanitarian systems, structures and funding.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 498.764 354.936 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 503.583 353.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( However, it )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 341.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(failed to adequately address systemic issues and focused on piecemeal technical solutions.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 322.119 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian aid is no longer only about the UN and donors. We need to move away from the current highly centralized model )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 310.215 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(in which local and national NGOs only receive 0.2% of OECD Development Assistance Committee aid funding while UN )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agencies receive the bulk.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 138.970 299.817 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 143.788 298.310 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( A naturally evolving ecosystem of diverse actors that collectively represent and work for common )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 286.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian objectives is arising. The need to identify how to work cooperatively is driving the call for reform, which is the next )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 274.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(logical step that will influence how civil society, political entities and the security sector work together in the years to come.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 255.096 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The WHS was successful in promoting the idea of local ownership and leadership in humanitarian action, and this is an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 243.191 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(essential precursor to a structural reform of the humanitarian system. The summit has created pressure for change that is )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 231.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(expected from the next, soon to be elected UN Secretary General. Subsequent reform meetings should focus on why the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 219.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(current humanitarian system exists, who it serves, what behaviors it encourages, how this impacts on the delivery of aid, how )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 207.477 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the world has changed, and how humanitarian standards and laws need to evolve to continue to be relevant and functional. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 195.572 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(While powerful political support is required, it is the donors that hold the purse strings and it is them that need to support this )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 183.667 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(reform.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 164.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(We need a global humanitarian body employing a decentralized operational model to manage the flow of funds from )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 152.358 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(governments and the cloud, and coordinate international responses. Such an agency would be able to end the divide between )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 140.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(aid organizations and the security sector and would cater not only for people affected by conflict, but also disasters. Such an )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 128.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(agency would be able to step in when small nations are unable to coordinate responses to overwhelming crises. The over )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 116.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(210,000 people working in humanitarian assistance also need legitimization which can be achieved by professionalizing the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian occupation.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 135.177 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(12)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 144.814 108.627 Td /F1 8.7 Tf  [(,)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 147.224 106.246 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(13)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 156.861 104.739 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( The UN has demonstrated a failure to commit to its own humanitarian principles and is no longer )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 92.834 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(qualified to lead this effort without far more significant reform.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 56.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 36.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the )] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 21.991 577.500 755.009 re W n
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(of law being resolved, the protection of assisters and the assisted continues to be problematic.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 748.071 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(The organizers made the best of the situation and abandoned the prospect of political solutions and serious reform in favor of )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 736.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(smaller, more achievable objectives. The outcomes reflected this predicament and manifested in the form of many fairly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 724.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(technical commitments, such as the �Grand Bargain,� the name given for a package of reforms to humanitarian funding designed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 712.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to make humanitarian assistance more �effective and efficient.� However, despite considerable attention to technical financial )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 700.452 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(solutions, the reforms were accused of being watered down during the negotiation process. Not much emerged to fill the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 688.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian aid gap or address the need for flexible multiyear financing and longer time-frames. It is hoped that efforts will now )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 676.643 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(turn towards monitoring action and accountability to avoid depressing effects on the ground.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 657.238 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(There were also very positive outcomes with promising endeavors in the areas of localization, innovation and education. A )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 645.333 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(fundamental shift on how to provide humanitarian assistance, especially in situations of protracted conflict, was promoted in a )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 633.429 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(new business model for the sector. The UN and international donors were asked to move from �What action we take� to �What )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 621.524 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(action you take with our support� to foster action by local organizations. The WHS provided a platform for an international )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 609.619 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(conversation by humanitarian practitioners on the need for change and its endorsement of this shift lends the process new )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 597.714 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(energy and direction. Under the Emergency Medical Team movement, local and national capacity should grow in leaps and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 585.810 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(bounds once the UN and other local, national and international humanitarian players adopt this model.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 466.307 587.317 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(7)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 566.405 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(This shift in the way that humanitarian assistance is provided is nothing new and some organizations have been transferring the )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 554.500 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(burden of local effort to local organizations for a long time while they move command and control further afield. Other trends in )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 542.595 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(innovation, recognizing the role of education and the relief-development relationship in protracted conflict and urban situations )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.691 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(were inspiring.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 89.099 532.198 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(8)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 26.250 511.286 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(It is argued that the formal humanitarian system �faces a crisis of legitimacy, capacity and means, blocked by significant and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(enduring flaws that prevent it from being effective�.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 244.640 500.888 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(9)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 249.459 499.381 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( This is not only due to increased frequency, magnitude, severity, duration )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(and complexity of crises. It is due to the UN failing to follow its own principles and breaking its own system.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 468.072 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Unfortunately, following the WHS, a scathing report revealed that the UN, by abdicating control of the delivery of aid in Syria to )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.167 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(the Assad government, is in serious breach of the humanitarian principles of impartiality, independence and neutrality directly )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(resulting in the prevention of aid to those most in need.)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 263.087 445.769 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(10)] TJ ET
0.271 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 272.725 444.262 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [( In the 1980s in Africa, subsequent Security Council resolutions )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 432.357 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(sanctioned government interference in the delivery of food and medical aid. This resulted in unmitigated civilian deaths and )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 420.453 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(starvation, but the UN has repeated this breach of principle. This represents a dramatic departure from the first goal of the WHS )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 408.548 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(to �Reaffirm our commitment to humanity and humanitarian principles�)] TJ ET
0.267 0.267 0.267 rg
BT 328.051 410.055 Td /F4 8.7 Tf  [(11)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 56.231 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(Acknowledgements)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 710.919 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(WHS. Global consultation Geneva 14-16 October 2015 Final Report. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 636.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://consultations2.worldhumanitariansummit.org/bitcache/c1470f510633538317e3c07fe4c7b3b27169c7a8?vid=580917&disposition=inline&op=view. )] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 467.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Aly H. The World Humanitarian Summit: winners and losers. May 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 456.039 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.irinnews.org/analysis/2016/05/26/world-humanitarian-summit-winners-and-losers. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 499.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 467.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Aly H. The World Humanitarian Summit: winners and losers. May 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 424.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.odi.org/hpg/remake-aid/. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 405.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(TSC. Taking sides: the United Nations� loss of impartiality, independence and neutrality in Syria. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 374.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(WHS. World Humanitarian Summit. 2016. Available at: www.unocha.org/about-us/world-humanitarian-summit. Accessed )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 330.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010;25:191-199.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 311.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Walker P, Hein K, Russ C, Bertleff G, Caspersz D. A blueprint for professionalizing humanitarian assistance. Health Affairs. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(June 2016;35\(6\):2223-2230.)] TJ ET
Q
q
15.000 282.110 577.500 494.890 re W n
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BT 26.250 767.476 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Daniel K. Inouye Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 738.374 Td /F4 12.0 Tf  [(References)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 710.919 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(1.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 710.919 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(WHS. Global consultation Geneva 14-16 October 2015 Final Report. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 699.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/WHS_GloCon_final_report.pdf. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 679.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 679.610 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(UN. One humanity: shared responsibility. Report of the Secretary-General for the World Humanitarian Summit, 2016; )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 667.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(A/70/709. Geneva 2016. A/70/709.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 648.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(3.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 648.300 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(WHS. Participants in the WHS leaders� segment. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 636.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://consultations2.worldhumanitariansummit.org/bitcache/c1470f510633538317e3c07fe4c7b3b27169c7a8?vid=580917&disposition=inline&op=view. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 624.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 605.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(4.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 605.086 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Sengupta S. Thin on influence, World Humanitarian Summit will tackle aid crisis. May 21, 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 593.181 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/world/thin-on-influence-world-humanitarian-summit-will-tackle-aid-crisis.html?_r=0. Accessed Jul )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 581.277 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 561.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(5.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 561.872 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(MSF. MSF to pull out of World Humanitarian Summit. May 5, 2016. Available at: www.msf.org/en/article/msf-pull-out-world-)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 549.967 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(humanitarian-summit. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 530.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(6.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 530.562 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Shaheen K. MSF stops sharing Syria hospital locations after �deliberate� attacks. theguardian. Feb 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 518.658 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/18/msf-will-not-share-syria-gps-locations-after-deliberate-attacks. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 499.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(7.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 499.253 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Burkle F. The World Health Organization global health emergency workforce: what role will the United States play? Disaster )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 487.348 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2016;DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2016.114.)] TJ ET
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BT 38.132 467.943 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Aly H. The World Humanitarian Summit: winners and losers. May 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
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BT 26.250 436.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(9.)] TJ ET
BT 38.132 436.634 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Humanitarian Policy Group. Time to let go: remaking humanitarian action for the modern era. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 424.729 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://www.odi.org/hpg/remake-aid/. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
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BT 43.553 405.324 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(TSC. Taking sides: the United Nations� loss of impartiality, independence and neutrality in Syria. 2016. Available at: )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 393.420 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(https://takingsides.thesyriacampaign.org/. Accessed Jul 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 374.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(11.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 374.015 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(WHS. World Humanitarian Summit. 2016. Available at: www.unocha.org/about-us/world-humanitarian-summit. Accessed )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 362.110 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(July 03, 2016.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 342.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(12.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 342.705 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Burkle F. Future humanitarian crises: challenges for practice, policy, and public health. Prehospital Disaster Medicine. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 330.801 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(2010;25:191-199.)] TJ ET
BT 26.250 311.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(13.)] TJ ET
BT 43.553 311.396 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(Walker P, Hein K, Russ C, Bertleff G, Caspersz D. A blueprint for professionalizing humanitarian assistance. Health Affairs. )] TJ ET
BT 26.250 299.491 Td /F1 9.8 Tf  [(June 2016;35\(6\):2223-2230.)] TJ ET
Q
q
0.000 0.000 0.000 rg
BT 291.710 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(3)] TJ ET
BT 25.000 19.825 Td /F1 11.0 Tf  [(PLOS Currents Disasters)] TJ ET

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